Sóc pallasso. 'Soy payaso'.

Resumen basado en el del autor

Correlación entre el test de la figura humana de F.L. Goodenough y Harris y las notas escolares de media general del curso anterior : Área de Ciencias Naturales y Dibujo y comprensión del hombre y de la mujer en dos muestras de 610 y 500 alumnos de Sevilla y Córdoba y Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, y dos pequeñas muestras de deficientes mentales escolarizados controlando las variables edad y sexo.

1) Realizar un trabajo experimental con sujetos normales y deficientes de Sevilla, Córdoba y Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 2) Averiguar la correlación existente entre el test de la figura humana de F.L. Goodenough y D.B Harris y las calificaciones escolares de media general de la muestra escogida 3) Ofrecer a dichas zonas una estandarización del test de la figura humana de Goodenough y Harris, y de este modo hacer extensible a la población española un nuevo elemento más en la diagnosis de la inteligencia. 610 sujetos de escuelas normales en edades comprendidas entre los 6 y 10 años y 162 deficientes mentales de 5 a 21 años escolarizados en centros específicos, todos ellos de Sevilla y Córdoba, 500 niños de escuelas normales de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria de edades comprendidas entre 6 y 10 años y 50 sujetos de centros específicos de 9 años de edad. Analiza las bases teóricas del test de Goodenough y Harris, relaciona los estudios españoles en torno al test de Goodenough y plantea algunas hipótesis para comprobarlas con una investigación que se realiza en dos muestras con niños normales y niños deficientes mentales en las provincias españolas de Sevilla, Córdoba y Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Test del dibujo de la figura humana de Goodenough-Harris. El test de Goodneough y Harris ha sido aplicado según las normas indicadas en el manual del Test della figura umana (ed. Organizzazioni Speciali, Firenze) en cuanto a motivar a los niños en la realización del dibujo del hombre y de la mujer y siguiendo las pautas descriptivas. Terminado el dibujo del hombre se les presentaba otra hoja para que dibujasen una mujer y concluido éste, se les presentaba un cuestionario para que lo respondiesen teniendo delante la figura del hombre y de la mujer. La aplicación del test se realizó en las primeras horas de clase, bien de la mañana o de la tarde, para evitar momentos en que los alumnos se encontrasen cansados y dicho cansancio pudiese influir en los resultados del test. Se procuró durante la aplicación del test un ambiente de relax y simpatía entre testista y alumnos y se invalidaron todos aquellos protocolos que no cumplían las normas exigidas por el test, los cuales fueron 10 en total. 1) La obtención de una correlación positiva y significativa entre el dibujo del hombre y de la mujer en ambas muestras de sujetos normales, demuestran la fidelidad del test. 2) La correlación del test tanto en el dibujo del hombre como en el de la mujer, con las notas escolares de media del curso anterior, en las áreas de ciencias naturales y dibujo, son todas ellas positivas y en su mayoría significativas, lo que significa una efectiva correlación entre el test y el rendimiento escolar. 3) el resultado de las diversas correlaciones positivas y significativas entre las notas de media del curso anterior y de estas con el test, pueden ofrecer información del tipo de inteligencia que mide el test, pudiendo predecir el éxito escolar en las áreas tratadas más que en otras materias. Sin olvidar que la predicción debe ser estudiada y profundizada. 4) No existen diferencias significativas en los resultados del test entre una edad y la inmediatamente superior, pero en general, existe diferencia significativa cuando se trata de dos años de diferencia. 5) Las diferencias entre la muestra Sevilla y Córdoba con Las Palmas de Gran Canaria son significativas, a favor de los niños andaluces. 6) En la muestra de sujetos deficientes mentales existe entre el dibujo del hombre y de la mujer una correlación positiva y significativa en todos los casos, salvo en las niñas de la muestra de Las Palmas, que aunque positiva no es significativa. Por lo cual sólo se puede hablar de una moderada correlación entre los dos dibujos. 7) Nada certero se puede afirmar respecto a las diferencias significativas de medias tanto al comparar los resultados obtenidos por los deficientes mentales niños y niñas de la muestra Sevilla y Córdoba, como al compararlos con la muestra de Las Palmas. El pequeño número de sujetos, el grado diferente de deficiencia dentro de las diversas edades no controladas harían equívocas e infundadas cualquier afirmación. 1) Entre las técnicas y los tests que se emplean con niños, el test de la figura humana es significativo, interesante y agradable, ya que a la mayoría de los sujetos les encanta dibujar y pintar. Además, tanto los sujetos normales como los deficientes dibujan, en numerosas ocasiones, figuras humanas. La representación del dibujo de la persona humana en sus diversas etapas es un reflejo del desarrollo intelectual del niño, puesto que el niño no pinta lo que ve sino lo que sabe. Por consiguiente, los resultado con el uso del test utilizado han sido satisfactorios tanto en normales como en deficientes.

Modelos creativos para el cambio docente.

Revisar la literatura mas reciente sobre los principales problemas da creatividad como el producto- proceso abierto con las teorías psicológicas que lo sustentan, el estilo de pensar y ser, las modalidades y programas de aprendizaje de Creatividad con una revisión de su eficacia, así como los condicionantes socio-culturales, educativos y familiares obstaculizantes o facilitadores de su desarrollo. 386 profesores. cuestionario. Tablas de contingencia, Chi Cuadrado, porcentajes. Se analiza el modo de ser un profesor creativo, y la eficacia de los programas para su desarrollo, para centrarse en la investigación de los modelos creativos de Torbellino de Ideas, la solución creativa de problemas, el relax imaginativo para aprender con la fantasía y otros procedimientos creativos diseñados como métodos didácticos. La primera parte empírica muestra la tipología del camibo docente inducida por dos programas de creatividad: uno de sensibilización masiva de 15 horas de duración para más de 300 profesores de EGB y otro de semiadiestramiento durante 40 horas con grupos de 25 a 55 profesores. La tipología de cambio señalada por los 386 profesores de la muestra mediante cuestionario es un indicador del progresismo paidocéntrico de un estilo educativo más motivador, utiliatario, productivo, grupal y participativo y de un nuevo rol del profesor como animador, como didacta innovador y como estimulador y como estimulador, abierto a las técnicas creativas. En la segunda parte empírica, un grupo de ocho expertos en creatividad y de 55 profesores creativos diseñan las características de un programa de Desarrollo de la Creatividad y Expresión Total del profesorado para una Docencia creativa e innovadora sistematicamente aplicable de modo irreversible, así como los facores obstaculizantes del mismo. Fecha finalización tomada del Código del Documento.

Dise??o de ambientes con ni??os de 3 a 6 a??os

La experiencia lleva a cabo una redistribuci??n del espacio del aula. Se pretende crear un ambiente acogedor, unos espacios bien organizados y un clima afectuoso y distendido. Se establecen distintos rincones: psicomotricidad, pl??stica, lenguaje, matem??ticas, naturaleza y juego simb??lico. En ellos se realizan distintas actividades: de dramatizaci??n de cuentos y disfraces, ritmo, m??sica, perfeccionamiento del trazo, juegos de relax, etc. La valoraci??n de la experiencia ha sido muy positiva. Se ha logrado un ambiente adecuado a las necesidades ps??quicas del ni??o.

La Informática como innovación de la enseñanza.

Potenciar la enseñanza de la Informática como ciencia, en cuanto herramienta imprescindible en el mundo actual. Ayudar al profesor mediante las técnicas de enseñanza asistida por ordenador a realizar una enseñanza más personalizada. La investigación se realiza en el INB 'Eduardo Pondal' y en el Instituto Politécnico Nacional de Santiago de Compostela. Enseñanza de la Informática: 30 alumnos seleccionados de BUP y COU. Implantación de los módulos: un grupo de 39 alumnos de primero de BUP y otro de 35 alumnos de COU. Mes de Informática: 400 alumnos de FP II y 500 alumnos de BUP y COU. Trabajo de investigación por alumnos: 10 alumnos de COU. En cuanto a ciencia a enseñar, se desarrolló un programa de la enseñanza de la Informática, valorando sus resultados en utilidad, atractivo y asequibilidad para el alumno. Respecto a la enseñanza asistida por ordenador, el proyecto está centrado en elaborar y procesar módulos de temas correspondientes a las asignaturas de Ciencias Naturales, Latín, Geografía e Historia y Física. Por la amplitud del trabajo solamente se han podido experimentar con los alumnos los módulos correspondientes a la asignatura de Ciencias Naturales. Los alumnos aprenden con rapidez las particularidades referentes a la programación y funcionamiento de los ordenadores. Son capaces de aprender y repasar conceptos con facilidad y rapidez. Es más, la versatilidad de las máquinas ofrece una nueva dimensión que se adapta a la mente inquieta y curiosa de nuestros adolescentes, acoplándose a la personalidad de cada uno con gran rendimiento. Como elemento auxiliar en la calificación, el ordenador resulto sorprendentemente eficaz ya que los alumnos se examinaron en un estado de mayor relax que si se tratase de una prueba tradicional. En lo referente al profesorado es recomendable el iniciarlo, a través de cursos de Informática, reuniones, jornadas, etc. para favorecer su aceptación total. El sistema educativo puede ignorar los medios que la técnica le ofrece, ni las necesidades de la sociedad. Aspectos ambos que encajan perfectamente con las inquietudes de nuestros alumnos.

A kinematically distorted flux rope model for magnetic clouds

Constant-α force-free magnetic flux rope models have proven to be a valuable first step toward understanding the global context of in situ observations of magnetic clouds. However, cylindrical symmetry is necessarily assumed when using such models, and it is apparent from both observations and modeling that magnetic clouds have highly noncircular cross sections. A number of approaches have been adopted to relax the circular cross section approximation: frequently, the cross-sectional shape is allowed to take an arbitrarily chosen shape (usually elliptical), increasing the number of free parameters that are fit between data and model. While a better “fit” may be achieved in terms of reducing the mean square error between the model and observed magnetic field time series, it is not always clear that this translates to a more accurate reconstruction of the global structure of the magnetic cloud. We develop a new, noncircular cross section flux rope model that is constrained by observations of CMEs/ICMEs and knowledge of the physical processes acting on the magnetic cloud: The magnetic cloud is assumed to initially take the form of a force-free flux rope in the low corona but to be subsequently deformed by a combination of axis-centered self-expansion and heliocentric radial expansion. The resulting analytical solution is validated by fitting to artificial time series produced by numerical MHD simulations of magnetic clouds and shown to accurately reproduce the global structure.

Receding and disparity cues aid relaxation of accommodation

Purpose. Accommodation can mask hyperopia and reduce the accuracy of non-cycloplegic refraction. It is, therefore, important to minimize accommodation to obtain a measure of hyperopia as accurate as possible. To characterize the parameters required to measure the maximally hyperopic error using photorefraction, we used different target types and distances to determine which target was most likely to maximally relax accommodation and thus more accurately detect hyperopia in an individual. Methods. A PlusoptiX SO4 infra-red photorefractor was mounted in a remote haploscope which presented the targets. All participants were tested with targets at four fixation distances between 0.3 and 2 m containing all combinations of blur, disparity, and proximity/looming cues. Thirty-eight infants (6 to 44 weeks) were studied longitudinally, and 104 children [4 to 15 years (mean 6.4)] and 85 adults, with a range of refractive errors and binocular vision status, were tested once. Cycloplegic refraction data were available for a sub-set of 59 participants spread across the age range. Results. The maximally hyperopic refraction (MHR) found at any time in the session was most frequently found when fixating the most distant targets and those containing disparity and dynamic proximity/looming cues. Presence or absence of blur was less significant, and targets in which only single cues to depth were present were also less likely to produce MHR. MHR correlated closely with cycloplegic refraction (r = 0.93, mean difference 0.07 D, p = n.s., 95% confidence interval +/-<0.25 D) after correction by a calibration factor. Conclusions. Maximum relaxation of accommodation occurred for binocular targets receding into the distance. Proximal and disparity cues aid relaxation of accommodation to a greater extent than blur, and thus non-cycloplegic refraction targets should incorporate these cues. This is especially important in screening contexts with a brief opportunity to test for significant hyperopia. MHR in our laboratory was found to be a reliable estimation of cycloplegic refraction. (Optom Vis Sci 2009;86:1276-1286)

The structure of the mixed OH+H2O overlayer on Pt{111}

The structure of the mixed p(3x3)-(3OH+3H(2)O) phase on Pt{111} has been investigated by low-energy electron diffraction-IV structure analysis. The OH+H2O overlayer consists of hexagonal rings of coplanar oxygen atoms interlinked by hydrogen bonds. Lateral shifts of the O atoms away from atop sites result in different O-O separations and hexagons with only large separations (2.81 and 3.02 angstrom) linked by hexagons with alternating separations of 2.49 and 2.81/3.02 A. This unusual pattern is consistent with a hydrogen-bonded network in which water is adsorbed in cyclic rings separated by OH in a p(3x3) structure. The topmost two layers of the Pt atoms relax inwards with respect to the clean surface and both show vertical buckling of up to 0.06 angstrom. In addition, significant shifts away from the lateral bulk positions have been found for the second layer of Pt atoms. (C) 2005 American Institute of Physics.

WAXS studies of global molecular orientation induced in nematic liquid crystals by simple shear flow

Global molecular orientation function coefficients for the nematic liquid crystal 4-cyano 4'-nn -pentylbiphenyl (5CB) in shear flow are presented, being extracted from 2-dimensional Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering data. A linear increase in orientation parameter P2 is observed with a logarithmic increase in shear rate. It is proposed that this arises from an increased number of LC directors aligning to the shear axis. Upon cessation of shear flow, the anisotropy is seen to relax away completely, over a time scale which is inversely proportional to the previously applied shear rate.

Relaxing the Tropics to an ‘observed’ state: analysis using a simple baroclinic model

The technique of relaxation of the tropical atmosphere towards an analysis in a month-season forecast model has previously been successfully exploited in a number of contexts. Here it is shown that when tropical relaxation is used to investigate the possible origin of the observed anomalies in June–July 2007, a simple dynamical model is able to reproduce the observed component of the pattern of anomalies given by an ensemble of ECMWF forecast runs. Following this result, the simple model is used for a range of experiments on time-scales of relaxation, variables and regions relaxed based on a control model run with equatorial heating in a zonal flow. A theory based on scale analysis for the large-scale tropics is used to interpret the results. Typical relationships between scales are determined from the basic equations, and for a specified diabatic heating a chain of deductions for determining the dependent variables is derived. Different critical time-scales are found for tropical relaxation of different dependent variables to be effective. Vorticity has the longest critical time-scale, typically 1.2 days. For temperature and divergence, the time-scales are 10 hours and 3 hours, respectively. However not all the tropical fields, in particular the vertical motion, are reproduced correctly by the model unless divergence is heavily damped. To obtain the correct extra-tropical fields, it is crucial to have the correct rotational flow in the subtropics to initiate the Rossby wave propagation from there. It is sufficient to relax vorticity or temperature on a time-scale comparable or less than their critical time-scales to obtain this. However if the divergent advection of vorticity is important in the Rossby Wave Source then strong relaxation of divergence is required to accurately represent the tropical forcing of Rossby waves.

Breakdown of hydrostatic balance at convective scales in the forecast errors in the Met Office Unified Model

For data assimilation in numerical weather prediction, the initial forecast-error covariance matrix Pf is required. For variational assimilation it is particularly important to prescribe an accurate initial matrix Pf, since Pf is either static (in the 3D-Var case) or constant at the beginning of each assimilation window (in the 4D-Var case). At large scales the atmospheric flow is well approximated by hydrostatic balance and this balance is strongly enforced in the initial matrix Pf used in operational variational assimilation systems such as that of the Met Office. However, at convective scales this balance does not necessarily hold any more. Here we examine the extent to which hydrostatic balance is valid in the vertical forecast-error covariances for high-resolution models in order to determine whether there is a need to relax this balance constraint in convective-scale data assimilation. We use the Met Office Global and Regional Ensemble Prediction System (MOGREPS) and a 1.5 km resolution version of the Unified Model for a case study characterized by the presence of convective activity. An ensemble of high-resolution forecasts valid up to three hours after the onset of convection is produced. We show that at 1.5 km resolution hydrostatic balance does not hold for forecast errors in regions of convection. This indicates that in the presence of convection hydrostatic balance should not be enforced in the covariance matrix used for variational data assimilation at this scale. The results show the need to investigate covariance models that may be better suited for convective-scale data assimilation. Finally, we give a measure of the balance present in the forecast perturbations as a function of the horizontal scale (from 3–90 km) using a set of diagnostics. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society and British Crown Copyright, the Met Office

Mutamenti politico-istituzionali nella Venezia Giulia e a Trieste tra Tito e gli americani alla luce delle nuove testimonianze documentarie da Washington, 1944-1954

“La questione di Trieste”, ovvero la questione del confine italo-yugoslavo all’indomani della seconda guerra mondiale costituisce da lungo tempo oggetto di attenzione e di esame da parte della storiografia italiana e straniera. Con alcune importanti eccezioni, la ricostruzione complessiva di quelle vicende ha visto il più delle volte il prevalere di un approccio storico-diplomatico che ha reso difficile comprendere con chiarezza i rapporti e le interdipendenze fra contesto locale, contesto nazionale e contesto internazionale. Attraverso la lettura incrociata dell’ampia documentazione proveniente dai fondi dei National Archives Records Administration (NARA) questo studio tenta una rilettura delle varie fasi di sviluppo della questione nel periodo compreso tra il giugno del 1945 e l’ottobre del 1954 secondo una duplice prospettiva: nella prima parte si concentra sulla politica americana a Trieste, guardando nello specifico a due aspetti interni tra loro strettamente correlati, la gestione dell’ordine pubblico e la “strategia” del consenso da realizzarsi mediante il controllo dell’informazione da un lato e la promozione di una politica culturale dall’altro. Sono aspetti entrambi riconducibili al modello del direct rule, che conferiva al governo militare alleato (GMA) piena ed esclusiva autorità di governo sulla zona A della Venezia Giulia, e che ci appaiono centrali anche per cogliere l’interazione fra istituzioni e soggetti sociali. Nella seconda parte, invece, il modificarsi della fonte d’archivio indica un cambiamento di priorità nella politica estera americana relativa a Trieste: a margine dei negoziati internazionali, i documenti del fondo Clare Boothe Luce nelle carte dell’Ambasciata mostrano soprattutto come la questione di Trieste venne proiettata verso l’esterno, verso l’Italia in particolare, e sfruttata – principalmente dall’ambasciatrice – nell’ottica bipolare della guerra fredda per rinforzare il sostegno interno alla politica atlantica. Il saggio, dunque, si sviluppa lungo due linee: dentro e fuori Trieste, dentro 1945-1952, fuori 1953-1954, perché dalle fonti consultate sono queste ad emergere come aree di priorità nei due periodi. Abstract - English The “Trieste question”, or the question regarding the Italian - Yugoslav border after the Second World War, has been the object of careful examination in both Italian and foreign historiography for a long time. With a few important exceptions, the overall reconstruction of these events has been based for the most part on historic and diplomatic approaches, which have sometimes made it rather difficult to understand clearly the relationships and interdependences at play between local, national and international contexts. Through a comparative analysis of a large body of documents from the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), College Park MD, this essay attempts a second reading of the various phases in which the question developed between June 1945 and October 1954, following a twofold perspective: the first part focuses on American policy for Trieste, specifically looking at two internal and closely linked aspects, on the one hand, the management of ‘law and order’, as well as a ‘strategy’ of consent, to be achieved through the control of all the means of information , and, on the other, the promotion of a cultural policy. Both aspects can be traced back to the ‘direct rule’ model, which gave the Allied Military Government (AMG) full and exclusive governing authority over Venezia Giulia’s Zone A. These issues are also fundamental to a better understanding of the relationships between institutions and social subjects. In the second part of the essay , the change in archival sources clearly indicates a new set of priorities in American foreign policy regarding Trieste: outside any international negotiations for the settlement of the question, the Clare Boothe Luce papers held in the Embassy’s archives, show how the Trieste question was focused on external concerns, Italy in particular, and exploited – above all by the ambassador – within the bi-polar optic of the Cold War, in order to strengthen internal support for Atlantic policies. The essay therefore follows two main lines of inquiry: within and outside Trieste, within in 1945-1952, and outside 1953-1954, since, from the archival sources used, these emerge as priority areas in the two periods.

On the tropospheric response to anomalous stratospheric wave drag and radiative heating

Observational and numerical evidence suggest that variability in the extratropical stratospheric circulation has a demonstrable impact on tropospheric variability on intraseasonal time scales. In this study, it is demonstrated that the amplitude of the observed tropospheric response to vacillations in the stratospheric flow is quantitatively similar to the zonal-mean balanced response to the anomalous wave forcing at stratospheric levels. It is further demonstrated that the persistence of the tropospheric response is consistent with the impact of anomalous diabatic heating in the polar stratosphere as stratospheric temperatures relax to climatology. The results contradict previous studies that suggest that variations in stratospheric wave drag are too weak to account for the attendant changes in the tropospheric flow. However, the results also reveal that stratospheric processes alone cannot account for the observed meridional redistribution of momentum within the troposphere.

An experiment on spatial competition with endogenous pricing

Hotelling's (1929) principle of minimum differentiation and the alternative prediction that firms will maximally differentiate from their rivals in order to relax price competition have not been explicitly tested so far. We report results from experimental spatial duopolies designed to address this issue. The levels of product differentiation observed are systematically lower than predicted in equilibrium under risk neutrality and compatible with risk aversion. The observed prices are consistent with collusion attempts. Our main findings are robust to variations in three experimental conditions: automated vs. human market sharing rule for ties, individual vs. collective decision making, and even vs. odd number of locations.

Regulating vertical relations in the presence of retailer differentiation costs

We discuss public policy towards vertical relations, comparing different types of contracts between a manufacturer and a maximum of two retailers. Together with (potential) price competition between the retailers, we study the role of a (sunk) differentiation cost paid by them in order to relax competition in the retail market and broaden the market potential of the distributed product. This non-price competition element in the downstream market is responsible for our conclusion that, unlike in standard policy guidelines and previous theoretical analysis, restrictions in intra-brand competition may deserve a permissive treatment even in the absence of inter-brand competition, if retailer differentiation is costly.