Ocorrência de dermatófitos em amostras de unhas, pés e mãos coletadas de estudantes universitários

Este trabalho teve como objetivo, avaliar a presença de dermatófitos, especificamente em unhas, pés e mãos de estudantes universitários com e sem lesões sugestivas de dermatofitose. Foram coletadas 280 amostras dessas regiões, das quais 31 (11,1%) apresentaram positividade apenas pelo exame direto, e 20 (7,1%) tiveram, além do exame direto positivo, crescimento de dermatófito, mediante cultivo da amostra biológica. T. rubrum foi o dermatófito isolado com maior freqüência (80%), seguido por T. mentagrophytes (20%). Considerando os sítios analisados neste trabalho, a ocorrência de dermatófitos foi observada em 10,4% nas unhas dos pés, 5% nas escamas de pés, 2,5% nas unhas das mãos e apenas 0,4% nas escamas das mãos.

Avaliação da produção de melanina por espécies de Cryptococcus em quatro diferentes meios de cultura

A capacidade de Cryptococcus spp produzir melanina em meios contendo compostos fenólicos é amplamente utilizada na identificação destas espécies no laboratório. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi comparar a produção desse pigmento em quatro meios de cultura por Cryptococcus sp. Foram testadas 16 cepas de Cryptococcus neoformans, 17 de Cryptococcus albidus, 13 de Cryptococcus laurentii, e 2 de Cryptococcus uniguttulatus nos meios: ágar batata e cenoura, ágar alpiste, ágar semente de girassol e ágar L-dopa. A produção de melanina foi avaliada com base na pigmentação das colônias, e demonstrada em 5 dias de incubação por 93,8% das cepas de Cryptococcus neoformans nos meios ágar batata e cenoura, ágar semente de girassol e ágar L-dopa. Dos isolados de Cryptococcus albidus, 29,4% produziram o pigmento em ágar batata e cenoura e L-dopa, 11,8% em ágar alpiste, e 36% em ágar girassol. De Cryptococcus laurentii, 53,8% produziram em batata e cenoura e em semente de girassol, 61,5% em L-dopa, 84,6% em ágar alpiste. Somente uma cepa de Cryptococcus uniguttulatus produziu fracamente o pigmento em ágar batata e cenoura.

Papilomavírus humano: prevalência e genótipos encontrados em mulheres HIV positivas e negativas, em um centro de referência no extremo Sul do Brasil

INTRODUÇÃO: O objetivo deste estudo foi detectar a presença do papilomavírus humano e verificar a prevalência e distribuição dos genótipos HPV-6, -11, -16 e -18 em mulheres HIV-1 positivas e negativas. MÉTODOS: Analisou-se amostras de secreção cervical de 98 mulheres por reação em cadeia da polimerase nested para presença do HPV e tipo-específica para detecção dos genótipos, sendo estes confirmados por análise dos fragmentos de restrição. Realizou-se os testes do qui-quadrado e Fisher para a análise estatística. RESULTADOS: O DNA-HPV foi observado em 66,3% das amostras analisadas, 76,4% no grupo HIV positivo e 60% no grupo HIV negativo (p=0,1). Uma prevalência maior de infecção viral por genótipos oncogênicos foi observada no grupo de pacientes HIV positivo (65,2%) quando comparado ao grupo HIV negativo (28,6%), (p=0,006), sendo HPV-16 foi o mais frequente nos dois grupos, seguido pelo HPV-18. CONCLUSÕES: Sugere-se que mulheres HIV positivas apresentam maior probabilidade de se infectar por genótipos oncogênicos de HPV, ressaltando a importância de um programa de rastreamento e diagnóstico diferenciado para este grupo.

Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi em canídeos silvestres mantidos em cativeiro, no Estado de Mato Grosso

INTRODUÇÃO: Leishmaniose visceral é uma zoonose que acomete diversos mamíferos tendo os canídeos domésticos como principais reservatórios em ambiente urbano. A presente nota descreve a infecção de canídeos silvestres por Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi mantidos em cativeiro no Estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil. MÉTODOS: De seis raposas (Cerdocyon thous) e um cachorro vinagre (Spheotos venaticus), foram coletadas amostras de pele, medula óssea e linfonodo para detecção e caracterização de Leishmania sp pela técnica de PCR-RFLP. RESULTADOS: Todos as animais pesquisados apresentaram-se positivos para Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi. CONCLUSÕES: Destaca-se a importância de monitoramento adequado dos mesmos, além do maior controle desta enfermidade já que estes animais estão em ambientes de recreação pública.

Diagnosis of hantavirus infection in humans and rodents in Ribeirão Preto, State of São Paulo, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Hantavirus pulmonary and cardiovascular syndrome (HPCS) is an emerging serious disease in the Americas. Hantaviruses (Bunyaviridae) are the causative agents of this syndrome and are mainly transmitted through inhalation of aerosols containing the excreta of wild rodents. In the Ribeirão Preto region (state of São Paulo, Brazil), HPCS has been reported since 1998, caused by the Araraquara virus (ARAV), for which Necromys lasiurus is the rodent reservoir. This study aimed to show diagnostic results relating to infection in humans and rodents, obtained at the Virology Research Center of the Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, between 2005 and 2008. METHODS: HPCS was diagnosed by means of ELISA and/or RT-PCR in 11 (21.2%) out of 52 suspected cases, and 54.4% of these were fatal. Furthermore, 595 wild rodents (Necromys lasiurus, Akodon sp, Calomys tener and Oligoryzomys sp) were caught between 2005 and 2008. RESULTS: Fifteen (2.5%) of these rodents presented antibodies for hantavirus, as follows: Necromys lasiurus (4%), Calomys tener (1.9%) and Akodon sp (1.5%). Nucleotide sequences obtained through RT-PCR from one HPCS patient and one Calomys tener rodent were compared with hantavirus sequences from GenBank, which showed that both were homologous with ARAV. CONCLUSIONS: This work corroborates previous studies showing that ARAV is the hantavirus causing HPCS in the Ribeirão Preto region. It also shows that rodents infected with hantavirus represent a constant risk of transmission of this virus to man.

SDAR: a package for plotting and analyzing stratigraphy data in R

Stratigraphic Columns (SC) are the most useful and common ways to represent the eld descriptions (e.g., grain size, thickness of rock packages, and fossil and lithological components) of rock sequences and well logs. In these representations the width of SC vary according to the grain size (i.e., the wider the strata, the coarser the rocks (Miall 1990; Tucker 2011)), and the thickness of each layer is represented at the vertical axis of the diagram. Typically these representations are drawn 'manually' using vector graphic editors (e.g., Adobe Illustrator®, CorelDRAW®, Inskape). Nowadays there are various software which automatically plot SCs, but there are not versatile open-source tools and it is very di cult to both store and analyse stratigraphic information. This document presents Stratigraphic Data Analysis in R (SDAR), an analytical package1 designed for both plotting and facilitate the analysis of Stratigraphic Data in R (R Core Team 2014). SDAR, uses simple stratigraphic data and takes advantage of the exible plotting tools available in R to produce detailed SCs. The main bene ts of SDAR are: (i) used to generate accurate and complete SC plot including multiple features (e.g., sedimentary structures, samples, fossil content, color, structural data, contacts between beds), (ii) developed in a free software environment for statistical computing and graphics, (iii) run on a wide variety of platforms (i.e., UNIX, Windows, and MacOS), (iv) both plotting and analysing functions can be executed directly on R's command-line interface (CLI), consequently this feature enables users to integrate SDAR's functions with several others add-on packages available for R from The Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN).

Numerical prediction of diffusion and electric field-induced iron nanoparticle transport

Zero valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) are considered very promising for the remediation of contaminated soils and groundwaters. However, an important issue related to their limited mobility remains unsolved. Direct current can be used to enhance the nanoparticles transport, based on the same principles of electrokinetic remediation. In this work, a generalized physicochemical model was developed and solved numerically to describe the nZVI transport through porous media under electric field, and with different electrolytes (with different ionic strengths). The model consists of the Nernst–Planck coupled system of equations, which accounts for the mass balance of ionic species in a fluid medium, when both the diffusion and electromigration of the ions are considered. The diffusion and electrophoretic transport of the negatively charged nZVI particles were also considered in the system. The contribution of electroosmotic flow to the overall mass transport was included in the model for all cases. The nZVI effective mobility values in the porous medium are very low (10−7–10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1), due to the counterbalance between the positive electroosmotic flow and the electrophoretic transport of the negatively charged nanoparticles. The higher the nZVI concentration is in the matrix, the higher the aggregation; therefore, low concentration of nZVI suspensions must be used for successful field application.

An analysis of the spatiotemporal distribution of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in counties located along road and railway corridors in the State of Maranhao, Brazil

Introduction The incidence of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is increasing in Latin America, especially in Brazil, where 256,587 cases were confirmed in the last decade. Methods This study used a Bayesian model to examine the spatial and temporal distribution of ACL cases between 2000 and 2009 in 61 counties of State of Maranhão located along the three main road and railway corridors. Results During the study period, 13,818 cases of ACL were recorded. There was a significant decrease in the incidence of ACL in the ten study years. The recorded incidence rate ranged from 7.36 to 241.45 per 100,000 inhabitants. The relative risk increased in 77% of the counties, decreased in 18% and was maintained in only five counties. Conclusions Although there was a decreased incidence of the disease, ACL was present in all of the examined municipalities, thus maintaining the risk of contracting this illness.

Nutritional status and CD4 cell counts in patients with HIV/AIDS receiving antiretroviral therapy

Introduction Even with current highly active antiretroviral therapy, individuals with AIDS continue to exhibit important nutritional deficits and reduced levels of albumin and hemoglobin, which may be directly related to their cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) cell counts. The aim of this study was to characterize the nutritional status of individuals with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and relate the findings to the albumin level, hemoglobin level and CD4 cell count. Methods Patients over 20 years of age with AIDS who were hospitalized in a university hospital and were receiving antiretroviral therapy were studied with regard to clinical, anthropometric, biochemical and sociodemographic characteristics. Body mass index, percentage of weight loss, arm circumference, triceps skinfold and arm muscle circumference were analyzed. Data on albumin, hemoglobin, hematocrit and CD4 cell count were obtained from patient charts. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test, Student's t-test for independent variables and the Mann-Whitney U-test. The level of significance was set to 0.05 (α = 5%). Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 17.0 software for Windows. Results Of the 50 patients evaluated, 70% were male. The prevalence of malnutrition was higher when the definition was based on arm circumference and triceps skinfold measurement. The concentrations of all biochemical variables were significantly lower among patients with a body mass index of less than 18.5kg/m2. The CD4 cell count, albumin, hemoglobin and hematocrit anthropometric measures were directly related to each other. Conclusions These findings underscore the importance of nutritional follow-up for underweight patients with AIDS, as nutritional status proved to be related to important biochemical alterations.

Use of licit and illicit drugs at the university of Alfenas

This paper reports the study of drug consumption carried out within the population of undergraduate students from 2 colleges of Alfenas, in the state of Minas Gerais state. Both licit and illicit drugs were studied, including alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, cocaine, heroin, crack, inhalants, glue, tranquilizers, stimulants, and others. METHODOLOGY: The research included a wide bibliographical search and the application of a questionnaire to approximately 23% of the students (total of 6500 students). RESULTS: A total of 1500 students participated in this investigation. The results demonstrated that there was a significant consumption of both licit and illicit drugs. The pattern of drug consumption in the research sample was similar to other investigations conducted in Brazil and in other countries. DISCUSSION: It was observed that 55% of the university students use drugs. However, the most surprising finding was that most of the students (88%) answered "yes" to the inquiry, "Have you already tried any type of drug, including alcohol and cigarettes?" The students revealed that they had taken drugs even prior to the admission to the university. The results suggest clearly that the university environment does not necessarily represent the starting point for student drug consumption.

Plantas nativas de uso en medicina popular en el Paraguay. Parte III

La quimioterapia has sido un gran adelanto en Farmacologia, pero las secuelas de las racciones adversas han despertado una tendencia a volver a lo natural, especialmente hacia el reino vegetal, esto nos estimuló a la orientación de nuestra investigación para iniciar esta labor. En la primera y segunda parte se identificaron un total de 100 especues, la identificación ha comprobado que los ejemplares pertenecen a distintas familias y sus usos para combatir diveresas afecciones. Se indentificaron en esta tercera parte outras 50 especies. Se recopilaron datos sobre el uso de plantas que curar afecciones, luego se procedieron a la herborización e identificación de las especies, cuyos ejemplares se conservan en el herbario de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas de la Universidad nacional de Asunción. La identificaíon botánica y la recopilación de sus usos populares, servirán de base para posteriores investigaciones fitoquímicas y farmacológicas que es nuestro propósito.

MORFOLOGIA DOS FRUTOS, SEMENTES E PLÂNTULAS DE Platonia insigms MART. (CLUSIACEAE). I. ASPECTOS ANATÔMICOS DOS FRUTOS E SEMENTES EM DESENVOLVIMENTO

São descritos aspectos morfológicos e estruturais dos frutos e sementes, em desenvolvimento, de Platonia insignis(Clusiaceae), visando principalmente esclarecer a origem da camada comestível presente no fruto. Concluiu-se que a camada carnosa branco-amarelada, que envolve as sementes, é de origem endocárpica e começa a se diferenciar já nos estádios iniciais do desenvolvimento do fruto, através de um acentuado alongamento radial das camadas mais internas do endocarpo. Estas, juntamente com as células dos septos, que também se alongam à medida que o fruto se desenvolve, vão se aderindo à testa por meio de interdigitações. Posteriormente, no fruto maduro, o endocarpo destaca-se do restante do pericarpo, permanecendo firmemente ligado à semente.

MORFOLOGIA DOS FRUTOS, SEMENTES E PLÂNTULAS DE Platonia insignis MART. (CLUSIACEAE). II. MORFO-ANATOMIA DOS FRUTOS E SEMENTES MADUROS

O fruto de Platonia insignisé uma baga uniloculada cuja forma varia de oblata a oblonga. O exocarpo é unisseriado; o mesocarpo é parenquimático, contendo numerosos dutos secretores e feixes vasculares ramificados; o endocarpo constitui a camada pulposa que envolve as sementes no fruto maduro, quando se destaca do restante do pericarpo. As camadas celulares mais internas do endocarpo são radialmente alongadas e permanecem firmemente aderidas às camadas mais externas da testa, por meio de interdigitações. As sementes são anátropas e se tornam unitegumentadas e exalbuminosas. A testa é multisseriada e apresenta numerosos feixes vasculares que partem do feixe rafeal único como ramos pós-calazais; o tégmen encontra-se colapsado, sendo distintos apenas alguns braquisclereídes dispersos. O embrião, do tipo conferruminado, consta de um espesso eixo hipocótilo-radícula, rico em reservas lipídicas, em cujo meristema fundamental estão presentes abundantes dutos secretores.

MORFOLOGIA DOS FRUTOS, SEMENTES E PLÂNTULAS DE Platonici insignis MART. (CLUSIACEAE). III GERMINAÇÃO E PLÂNTULAS

São apresentados aspectos morfológicos das plântulas em desenvolvimento de Platonici insignisMart.. Apiàntala é criptocotiledonar, hipógea A raiz é axial e no epicótilo, desenvolvem-se 2-5 pares de catáfilos opostos, antes do aparecimento do primeiro par de metáfilos. Estes são simples, de disposição oposta cruzada, elípticos, tendo pecíolos curtos, com duas minúsculas alas; a venação é pinada, camptódroma, fortemente broquidódroma.