Habitatges convencionals vs. habitatges sostenibles

Actualment a la nostra societat estan molt de moda els grans temes. Ens agrada parlar i criticar sobre grans esdeveniments, sobre fets que ens commouen encara que sigui per un període de temps determinat i de curta durada. Això sí, no sempre la magnitud de la importància que li donem (a través sobretot dels mitjans de comunicació) és la importància real. Grans temes com el futbol, els personatges mediàtics que mouen el dia a dia de la nostra societat... i, des de fa no gaire, el canvi climàtic. Des de fa ja molt de temps, petits grups socials ens han estat alertant sobre un possible canvi en les temperatures de la Terra que tindrien efectes en molts aspectes de la nostra vida diària en un futur no gaire llunyà. Però no ha estat fins que les persones realment influents en el planeta s’han preocupat per, aparentment, donar una cobertura especialment mediàtica al tema que la gent ha començat a despertar. Tot i així, la frivolitat amb la que es tracta fa pensar que és una altra d’aquelles modes que comentàvem abans: tal vegada quan la gent se’n cansi, tot tornarà a ser com abans. I en aquesta onada d’impulsos que ens mouen avui dia, cal destacar altres aspectes socials, com ara la immigració, la seguretat, el treball...i l’habitatge. Aquest últim és un dels temes dels darrers anys que més preocupen a la gent del carrer. I no es tracta precisament d’una moda passatgera. Tant és així que la classe política actual centra bona part dels seus discursos en aquest aspecte. És a dir, si fem convergir dos dels grans temes que avui dia estan a primera línia d’actualitat, ens dóna com a resultat el tema del nostre treball: els habitatges sostenibles. No pretenem donar cap solució a l’encariment dels preus dels pisos, ja que no és l’objecte del nostre estudi. Les nostres motivacions inicials són completament diferents: com que no podem incidir en el principal problema que és el preu, intentem disminuir el consum i fomentar l’estalvi en energies que permetin una reducció de la despesa en els subministraments de les famílies.

Cost del tractament del SIDA i d'Hepatitis C per a l'Estat : Comparació de la despesa d'una persona en llibertat vs. un pres

Un dels principals motius que ens va impulsar en l’elecció del tema és que es tracta d’untema que pot despertar curiositat entre la població.Un altre motiu, es que varem trobar que està íntimament relacionat amb els estudis queestem cursant, donat que afecta als pressupostos de l’estat i a la seva restricciópressupostària, i per tant, està directament relacionat amb la macroeconomia. En el nostrecas, reduirem l’àmbit d’estudi al territori català, de manera que estudiarem aquestes duesmalalties dins la despesa en sanitat pública catalana. A demés, estan finançades amb elsnostres impostos, i per tant la seva despesa afecta a la restricció pressupostària delsciutadans.L’elecció d’aquestes malalties no ha estat feta a l’atzar. Inicialment, varem pensar enestudiar els costos dels interns penitenciaris que patien aquestes malalties. Com que laSIDA i d’hepatitis C són les malalties més freqüents dins la presó, i les que tenen unscostos més característics donada la complexitat dels seus tractaments, varem pensar queserien prou representatives.No obstant, a mesura que ens anàvem endinsant en el tema, ens varem adonar que tambéseria molt interessant comparar el cost de les malalties amb el de les persones no recluses, iesbrinar si hi havia algun tipus de cost diferencial. És per això que varem decidir analitzaraquestes dues malalties tant dins com fora.Un altre factor que ens ha impulsat en l’elecció del tema és el fet que el nombre d’interns ales presons té un ritme de creixement constant que s’ha accelerat en els últims anys,sobretot degut a l’augment de la immigració. Això implica un augment progressiu de ladespesa, que es tradueix en una necessitat d’ingressos majors per tal de poder equilibrar larestricció de la qual parlàvem abans.També varem voler anar una mica més lluny i analitzar el pes d’aquestes malalties dins dela despesa que la generalitat ha establert per a la sanitat pública. Com les dues son MDO (malalties de declaració obligatòria ) estan finançades completament pel sector públic.L’objectiu era veure si representaven un cost tant elevat com pensàvem.OBJECTIUS DEL TREBALL:· Demostrar l’elevat cost que suposen certes malalties per l’estat.· Manifestar els canvis en el cost de les malalties amb l’evolució delstractaments.· Analitzar els costos sanitaris extres que es produeixen a les presons.· Destacar l’augment accelerat del nombre d’interns i l’augment del cost sanitarique això suposa. METODOLOGIA: Per tal de poder realitzar l’estudi comparatiu, hem hagut de calcular manualment els costosde les malalties, tot informant-nos del preu dels medicament, les dosis, el cost de lesconsultes externes,etc. A més, per a calcular el cost del tractament dins la presó, ens hemhagut d’informar dels aspectes més generals que envolten a un pres, per poder veure sirealment existeix un cost diferencial respecte la malaltia a l’exterior. Per obtenir aquestesdiverses informacions, ens hem hagut de posar en contacte amb el personal que treballa ala presó que hem pres com a model d’estudi.Així, podem dividir les nostres fonts d’informació en 3 categories:• Obtenció d’informació directament amb el personal de la presó:– Entrevista amb la directora d’infermeria de la Secretaria de ServeisPenitenciaris, Rehabilitació i Justícia Juvenil– Entrevista amb la Cap d’infermeria del Centre Quatre Camins.• Informació a partir de mostres facilitades pels propis funcionaris de la presó• Informació a partir d’estudis sobre el tema i de dades oficials, concretament lesdades oficials sobre els Pressupostos de la Generalitat.

La Investigació farmacèutica i les seves dues realitats : malària vs. hipertensió

El món està mal repartit, això és evident. La qüestió és: fins a quin punt? El treball que segueix a continuació pretén estudiar aquest mal repartiment a través d'un àmbit concret: el de la indústria farmacèutica.Els recursos per a la investigació farmacèutica sovint es destinen a finalitats que estan lluny d'aconseguir benestar pel màxim nombre de persones possible. En canvi, es destinen allà on hi ha més possibilitat d'obtenir uns elevats rendiments econòmics. Malgrat no haver-hi dades concretes que evidenciïn aquest fet, sí que n'hi ha d'indirectes que ens ajudaran a esbrinar-ho.En l'estudi es posa en evidència les enormes discriminacions que pateixen diferents tipus de malalties, així com també algunes solucions que permetrien arreglar el problema, però que no es duen a terme. A més, ens endinsem en el món de la indústria farmacèutica a partir de dos països i dues malalties que mostren de primera mà la situació de la indústria farmacèutica mundial.

Rules vs. political discretion: evidence from constitutionally guaranteed transfers to local governments in Brazil

Can rules be used to shield public resources from political interference? The Brazilian constitution and national tax code stipulate that revenue sharing transfers to municipal governments be determined by the size of counties in terms of estimated population. In this paper I document that the population estimates which went into the transfer allocation formula for the year 1991 were manipulated, resulting in significant transfer differentials over the entire 1990's. I test whether conditional on county characteristics that might account for the manipulation, center-local party alignment, party popularity and the extent of interparty fragmentation at the county level are correlated with estimated populations in 1991. Results suggest that revenue sharing transfers were targeted at right-wing national deputies in electorally fragmented counties as well as aligned local executives.

Book vs. Fair Value Accounting in Banking, and Intertemporal Smoothing

The aim of this paper is to examine the pros and cons of book and fair value accounting from the perspective of the theory of banking. We consider the implications of the two accounting methods in an overlapping generations environment. As observed by Allen and Gale(1997), in an overlapping generation model, banks have a role as intergenerational connectors as they allow for intertemporal smoothing. Our main result is that when dividends depend on profits, book value ex ante dominates fair value, as it provides better intertemporal smoothing. This is in contrast with the standard view that states that, fair value yields a better allocation as it reflects the real opportunity cost of assets. Banking regulation play an important role by providing the right incentives for banks to smooth intertemporal consumption whereas market discipline improves intratemporal efficiency.

Computacao Voluntaria

A computação voluntária tem vindo a ganhar uma importância crescente devido a capacidade de computação disponível actualmente nos computadores pessoais. Para muitos trabalhos científicos estima-se que esta estratégia possa complementar (ou até substituir) a necessidade de grandes investimentos em infra-estruturas de computação de elevado desempenho. Esta forma de computação surgiu em 1996 com o projecto GIMPS que consistia na procura computorizada de grandes números primos, utilizando a fórmula de Mersenne, 2p-1, em que “p” representa o número primo. Qualquer pessoa com computador e com uma ligação a Internet podia instalar o programa cliente do GIMPS e participar no projecto disponibilizando poder de computação durante períodos de tempo de não utilização. Seguindo esta analogia seguiram-se os projectos distributed.net em 1997 e SETI@home em 1999, sendo este último o mais popular de todos. Com base neste paradigma de computação muitos projectos de investigação científica foram desenvolvidos, trabalhos na área da física, astronomia, matemática, biologia molecular, normalmente ligados a instituições universitárias que podem beneficiar desta forma de computação, o principal problema é saber como fazer isso e que tecnologias utilizar. Para solucionar esse problema foram propostos protótipos, utilizando as tecnologias BOINC, Condor e Hadoop, onde se pôde avaliar a oportunidade da introdução destes serviços em Instituições Universitárias. Para este fim foram realizados alguns testes nos sistemas implementados com as tecnologias já referidas e definida uma matriz de comparação destas tecnologias focando em características que definem um sistema distribuído.

Desenvolvimento Sustentavel VS Sobrevivência Aspectos Antagonicos ou Complementares. O caso de Santa Catarina

Desenvolvimento e sutentabilidade, dois conceitos totalmente diferentes. O que os torna actuais e problematicos. Dai o objecto deste estudo prender-se com a possibilidade de se complementarem num cenario de crise internacional e num pais que so recentemente obteve o estatuto de desenvomvimento.

Comunicação Social e Justiça Noticias Judiciais em Dois Semanarios Sol vs Sabado

O presente trabalho expõe uma breve reflexão em torno da relação entre os media e a justiça e tenta evidenciar o que os aproxima e os distingue, apresentando ideias desenvolvidas por vários autores. Tenta-se perceber as razões das conflitualidades e as discrepâncias entre ambas as instituições, mas apontando os elos de convergência. As fontes são também alvo de uma reflexão, partindo da ideia que são elementos fundamentais para quase todo o trabalho jornalístico ligado à justiça, embora se questione muitas vezes as intenções de quererem que algo se torne público. As próprias fontes estão directa ou indirectamente conectadas a um elemento-chave que tem alimentado várias polémicas na relação dos media com a justiça: o Segredo de Justiça. Adiante, desenvolve-se uma pesquisa que consistiu no levantamento de conteúdos judiciais nas páginas de um jornal e uma revista semanais, o jornal Sol e a revista Sábado, durante dois meses (de Dezembro de 2008 a Janeiro de 2009) e perceber se pautam pelo mesmo destaque dos temas em agenda ou não.

Recurrent stroke predictors differ in medically treated patients with pathogenic vs. other PFOs.

OBJECTIVE: To examine predictors of stroke recurrence in patients with a high vs a low likelihood of having an incidental patent foramen ovale (PFO) as defined by the Risk of Paradoxical Embolism (RoPE) score. METHODS: Patients in the RoPE database with cryptogenic stroke (CS) and PFO were classified as having a probable PFO-related stroke (RoPE score of >6, n = 647) and others (RoPE score of ≤6 points, n = 677). We tested 15 clinical, 5 radiologic, and 3 echocardiographic variables for associations with stroke recurrence using Cox survival models with component database as a stratification factor. An interaction with RoPE score was checked for the variables that were significant. RESULTS: Follow-up was available for 92%, 79%, and 57% at 1, 2, and 3 years. Overall, a higher recurrence risk was associated with an index TIA. For all other predictors, effects were significantly different in the 2 RoPE score categories. For the low RoPE score group, but not the high RoPE score group, older age and antiplatelet (vs warfarin) treatment predicted recurrence. Conversely, echocardiographic features (septal hypermobility and a small shunt) and a prior (clinical) stroke/TIA were significant predictors in the high but not low RoPE score group. CONCLUSION: Predictors of recurrence differ when PFO relatedness is classified by the RoPE score, suggesting that patients with CS and PFO form a heterogeneous group with different stroke mechanisms. Echocardiographic features were only associated with recurrence in the high RoPE score group.

Efficacy and Safety of Canakinumab Vs Triamcinolone Acetonide in Patients with Gouty Arthritis Unable to Use Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Colchicine, and On Stable Urate Lowering Therapy (ULT) or Unable to Use ULT

Background/Purpose: The primary treatment goals for gouty arthritis (GA) are rapid relief of pain and inflammation during acute attacks, and long-term hyperuricemia management. A post-hoc analysis of 2 pivotal trials was performed to assess efficacy and safety of canakinumab (CAN), a fully human monoclonal anti-IL-1_ antibody, vs triamcinolone acetonide (TA) in GA patients unable to use NSAIDs and colchicine, and who were on stable urate lowering therapy (ULT) or unable to use ULT. Methods: In these 12-week, randomized, multicenter, double-blind, double-dummy, active-controlled studies (_-RELIEVED and _-RELIEVED II), patients had to have frequent attacks (_3 attacks in previous year) meeting preliminary GA ACR 1977 criteria, and were unresponsive, intolerant, or contraindicated to NSAIDs and/or colchicine, and if on ULT, ULT was stable. Patients were randomized during an acute attack to single dose CAN 150 mg s.c. or TA 40 mg i.m. and were redosed "on demand" for each new attack. Patients completing the core studies were enrolled into blinded 12-week extension studies to further investigate on-demand use of CAN vs TA for new attacks. The subpopulation selected for this post-hoc analysis was (a) unable to use NSAIDs and colchicine due to contraindication, intolerance or lack of efficacy for these drugs, and (b) currently on ULT, or contraindication or previous failure of ULT, as determined by investigators. Subpopulation comprised 101 patients (51 CAN; 50 TA) out of 454 total. Results: Several co-morbidities, including hypertension (56%), obesity (56%), diabetes (18%), and ischemic heart disease (13%) were reported in 90% of this subpopulation. Pain intensity (VAS 100 mm scale) was comparable between CAN and TA treatment groups at baseline (least-square [LS] mean 74.6 and 74.4 mm, respectively). A significantly lower pain score was reported with CAN vs TA at 72 hours post dose (1st co-primary endpoint on baseline flare; LS mean, 23.5 vs 33.6 mm; difference _10.2 mm; 95% CI, _19.9, _0.4; P_0.0208 [1-sided]). CAN significantly reduced risk for their first new attacks by 61% vs TA (HR 0.39; 95% CI, 0.17-0.91, P_0.0151 [1-sided]) for the first 12 weeks (2nd co-primary endpoint), and by 61% vs TA (HR 0.39; 95% CI, 0.19-0.79, P_0.0047 [1-sided]) over 24 weeks. Serum urate levels increased for CAN vs TA with mean change from baseline reaching a maximum of _0.7 _ 2.0 vs _0.1 _ 1.8 mg/dL at 8 weeks, and _0.3 _ 2.0 vs _0.2 _ 1.4 mg/dL at end of study (all had GA attack at baseline). Adverse Events (AEs) were reported in 33 (66%) CAN and 24 (47.1%) TA patients. Infections and infestations were the most common AEs, reported in 10 (20%) and 5 (10%) patients treated with CAN and TA respectively. Incidence of SAEs was comparable between CAN (gastritis, gastroenteritis, chronic renal failure) and TA (aortic valve incompetence, cardiomyopathy, aortic stenosis, diarrohea, nausea, vomiting, bicuspid aortic valve) groups (2 [4.0%] vs 2 [3.9%]). Conclusion: CAN provided superior pain relief and reduced risk of new attack in highly-comorbid GA patients unable to use NSAIDs and colchicine, and who were currently on stable ULT or unable to use ULT. The safety profile in this post-hoc subpopulation was consistent with the overall _-RELIEVED and _-RELIEVED II population.

Daño neurológico detectado por RM difusión y variaciones en el estado neurocognitivo tras implante de TAVI vs. RVA en pacientes con similar perfil de riesgo:) Datos preliminares

El presente trabajo muestra los datos preliminares de una estudio de cohortes prospectivo unicéntrico que pretende comparar el daño neurológico asociado a dos intervenciones cardiacas para el tratamiento de la estenosis aórtica severa. Concretamente se analiza la aparición de lesiones isquémica agudas cerebrales detectadas por RM tras los dos procedimientos y su posible asociación con alteraciones del estado neurocognitivo en la evolución. La presentación actual solo muestra los datos preliminares de los resultados de la RM cerebral. En el apartado métodos se describe también como se realizó la valoración del estado neurocognitivo, no obstante, los resultados de estas valoraciones y su posible correlación con las lesiones en la RM cerebral aún no estan analizados y por lo tanto no se presentan.

Hot vs. cold: Sequential responses and preference stability in experimental games

In experiments with two-person sequential games we analyzewhether responses to favorable and unfavorable actions dependon the elicitation procedure. In our hot treatment thesecond player responds to the first player s observed actionwhile in our cold treatment we follow the strategy method and have the second player decide on a contingent action foreach and every possible first player move, without firstobserving this move. Our analysis centers on the degree towhich subjects deviate from the maximization of their pecuniaryrewards, as a response to others actions. Our results show nodifference in behavior between the two treatments. We also findevidence of the stability of subjects preferences with respectto their behavior over time and to the consistency of theirchoices as first and second mover.

Speech prognosis and need of pharyngeal flap for non syndromic vs syndromic Pierre Robin Sequence

BACKGROUND: The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate speech outcome and need of a pharyngeal flap in children born with nonsyndromic Pierre Robin Sequence (nsPRS) vs syndromic Pierre Robin Sequence (sPRS). METHODS: Pierre Robin Sequence was diagnosed when the triad microretrognathia, glossoptosis, and cleft palate were present. Children were classified at birth in 3 categories depending on respiratory and feeding problems. The Borel-Maisonny classification was used to score the velopharyngeal insufficiency. RESULTS: The study was based on 38 children followed from 1985 to 2006. For the 25 nsPRS, 9 (36%) pharyngeal flaps were performed with improvements of the phonatory score in the 3 categories. For the 13 sPRS, 3 (23%) pharyngeal flaps were performed with an improvement of the phonatory scores in the 3 children. There was no statistical difference between the nsPRS and sPRS groups (P = .3) even if we compared the children in the 3 categories (P = .2). CONCLUSIONS: Children born with nsPRS did not have a better prognosis of speech outcome than children born with sPRS. Respiratory and feeding problems at birth did not seem to be correlated with speech outcome. This is important when informing parents on the prognosis of long-term therapy