Visualizing control systems performance: A fractional perspective

This article presents a novel method for visualizing the control systems behavior. The proposed scheme uses the tools of fractional calculus and computes the signals propagating within the system structure as a time/frequency-space wave. Linear and nonlinear closed-loop control systems are analyzed, for both the time and frequency responses, under the action of a reference step input signal. Several nonlinearities, namely, Coulomb friction and backlash, are also tested. The numerical experiments demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed methodology as a visualization tool and motivate its extension for other systems and classes of nonlinearities.

Spectrum and Frequency of GJB2 Mutations in a Cohort of 264 Portuguese Nonsyndromic Sensorineural Hearing Loss Patients

OBJECTIVE: To assess the spectrum and prevalence of mutations in the GJB2 gene in Portuguese nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing loss (NSSHL) patients. DESIGN: Sequencing of the coding region, basal promoter, exon 1, and donor splice site of the GJB2 gene; screening for the presence of the two common GJB6 deletions. STUDY SAMPLE: A cohort of 264 Portuguese NSSHL patients. RESULTS: At least one out of 21 different GJB2 variants was identified in 80 (30.2%) of the 264 patients analysed. Two mutant alleles were found in 53 (20%) of these probands, of which 83% (44/53) harboured at least one c.35delG allele. Twenty-seven (10.2%) of the probands harboured only one mutant allele. Subsequent analysis revealed that the GJB6 deletion del(GJB6-D13S1854) was present in at least 7.4% (2/27) of the patients carrying only one mutant GJB2 allele. Overall, one in five (55/264) of the patients were diagnosed as having DFNB1-related NSSHL, of which the vast majority (53/55) harboured only GJB2 mutations. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides clear demonstration that mutations in the GJB2 gene are an important cause of NSSHL in Portugal, thus representing a valuable indicator as regards therapeutical and rehabilitation options, as well as genetic counseling of these patients and their families.

Carbon prices. Dynamic analysis of European and Californian markets

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Alterações Climáticas e Políticas de Desenvolvimento Sustentável

Two decades of tuberculosis in a city in Northeastern Brazil: advances and challenges in time and space

Abstract: INTRODUCTION This study presents two decades of epidemiological data on tuberculosis (TB), in order to understanding the disease profile and its spatiotemporal dynamics. METHODS This descriptive study was performed in the City of Olinda/Pernambuco, Brazil, from 1991-2010, and it analyzed new patients with TB living in the city. We used the χ²-test with a p-value <0.05 to identify differences in trends. Incidence and cluster distribution were identified using spatial scan statistics. RESULTS In total, 6202 new cases were recorded during the two decades. The highest incidence occurred in 1995 (110 cases/100,000 inhabitants), and the lowest occurred in 2009 (65 cases/100,000 inhabitants) (β=-1.44; R²=0.43; p=0.0018). The highest mortality occurred in 1998 (16 deaths/100,000 inhabitants), and the lowest occurred in 2008 (5 deaths/100,000 inhabitants) (β=-0.19; R²=0.17; p=0.07). There was a male predominance (65%), and ages ranged from 20-49 years (65%). There was a substantial increase in the number of patients that were cured after treatment (60% to 67%; p<0.001) as well as those tested for HIV (1.9% to 58.5%; p<0.001). During the first decade, clusters with p-values <0.05 included 29% of the total notified cases, and in the second decade, that percentage was 12%. CONCLUSIONS We observed a decreasing trend in incidence, which was significant, and mortality rates, which was not significant. The increased number of laboratory tests performed reflects advances in surveillance, and a reduction in the proportion of cases in primary clusters suggests, among other things, that the disease is spreading across the region.

Measurement of the production and lepton charge asymmetry of W bosons in Pb plus Pb collisions at root s(NN)=2.76 TeV with the ATLAS detec

A measurement of W boson production in lead-lead collisions at sNN−−−√=2.76 TeV is presented. It is based on the analysis of data collected with the ATLAS detector at the LHC in 2011 corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 0.14 nb−1 and 0.15 nb−1 in the muon and electron decay channels, respectively. The differential production cross-sections and lepton charge asymmetry are each measured as a function of the average number of participating nucleons ⟨Npart⟩ and absolute pseudorapidity of the charged lepton. The results are compared to predictions based on next-to-leading-order QCD calculations. These measurements are, in principle, sensitive to possible nuclear modifications to the parton distribution functions and also provide information on scaling of W boson production in multi-nucleon systems.

Autonomic Modulation of the Heart in Systemic Arterial Hypertension

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the heart rate variability in patients with mild to moderate systemic arterial hypertension. METHODS: Thirty-two healthy (group I) and 70 systemic arterial hypertensive (group II) individuals, divided according to age (40 to 59 and 60 to 80 years old, respectively) and with a similar distribution by sex were studied. Thirty-one had left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), 22 were overweight, and 16 had Type II diabetes mellitus. Smoking, alcohol ingestion, and sedentary habits were the same between groups. Variability in heart rate was analyzed in the time domain, using standard deviations of normal RR intervals (SDNN) and the differences between maximal brady- and tachycardia (D-BTmax) during sustained inspiration. Analysis of the frequency band of the power spectrum between 0.05 and 0.40 Hz at rest and during controlled respiration was chosen for analysis of the frequency domain. RESULTS: In both time and frequency domains, variables were lower in group II than in group I. Within groups, statistically significant variables were only found for individuals in the 40 to 59 year old group. The presence of LVH, overweight, or diabetes mellitus did not influence the variability in heart rate to a significant extent. CONCLUSION: Variability in heart rate was a valuable instrument for analyzing autonomic modulation of the heart in arterial hypertension. The autonomic system undergoes significant losses in cardio-modulatory capacity, more evident in subjects between 40 and 59 years old. In those over 60 years old, reduced variability in heart rate imposed by aging was not significantly influenced by the presence of systemic arterial hypertension.

Aprendizaje durante la ontogenia temprana: Estudio de la participación del sistema opioide en la modulación de aprendizajes mediados por el etanol. LEARNING AND EARLY ONTOGENY: ANALYSIS OF THE INVOLVEMENT OF OPIOID SYSTEM IN FETAL AND INFANTILE ETHANOL-MEDIATED EXPERIENCIES.

Este plan de trabajos es continuidad de una línea de investigación centrada en evaluar los mecanismos responsables de la adquisición, expresión y persistencia de experiencias con el etanol. A partir de ello, indagar acerca de los efectos de esta experiencia sobre comportamientos de búsqueda y autoadministración de etanol en neonatos e infantes de rata. Se pretende analizar la participación del sistema opiáceo en los mecanismos implicados en una memoria fetal y/o infantil, generada como consecuencia de la exposición etílica. En una primera etapa, nos proponemos establecer de qué manera experiencias prenatales con la droga modulan el patrón de auto-administración de alcohol y otros reforzadores, como sacarosa. En este primer bloque de experimentos realizaremos manipulaciones fetales para determinar con mayor grado de especificidad la posible acción del sistema opiáceo en los mecanismos de adquisición de una memoria etílica prenatal. Se realizarán administraciones de etanol y el antagonista opiáceo, directamente a nivel fetal, y se evaluará esta experiencia en un paradigma de condicionamiento neonatal positivo, mediado por la droga. De acuerdo a la evidencia previa, esperamos que la exposición prenatal con la droga facilite la expresión de conductas de consumo y búsqueda del etanol o hacia las claves que señalizan al psicotrópico, tanto durante la infancia como en el neonato. A su vez, cuando la droga es presentada bajo los efectos de un antagonista opiáceo esperamos que estas conductas muestren un perfil similar a las desplegadas por sujetos controles. El segundo bloque de experimentos ha sido ideado con el objeto de indagar acerca de la posible participación del sistema opiáceo en la modulación de los aspectos reforzantes de la droga, a través de un esquema de auto-administración etílica infantil. Se utilizará un paradigma de condicionamiento instrumental adaptado para ratas infantes que consta de dos instancias, una de adquisición de la conducta instrumental (DPs 14-17) en la cual los animales reciben un pulso de refuerzo, como consecuencia de la ejecución de la conducta operante. En una segunda fase se analiza el patrón de búsqueda del reforzador ya que se registra la respuesta instrumental, sin que ocurra el refuerzo por la misma. Para analizar la participación del sistema opiáceo, durante la fase de adquisición de la conducta operante (DPs 16 y 17) los animales serán re-expuestos a mínimas cantidades del reforzador, bajo los efectos de un antagonista opiáceo, momentos previos al ensayo instrumental correspondiente para cada uno de estos días (Exp. 3). Esperamos que el bloqueo del sistema opiáceo, durante esta re-exposición al etanol, sea suficiente para disminuir el patrón de respuesta instrumental hacia el refuerzo etílico. Un último experimento incorporará un tercer evento de re-exposición al etanol -bajo los efectos del antagonista- previo al ensayo de extinción de la conducta instrumental (DP 18). Este nuevo evento tiene por objeto analizar la participación de este sistema neurobiológico en los mecanismos de búsqueda de etanol. Si el sistema opiáceo participa en la modulación de patrones tanto de búsqueda como consumatorios del reforzamiento por etanol, se espera que la re-exposición a la droga bajo los efectos del antagonista, inhiba estas respuestas tanto durante la sesión de adquisición, como de extinción de la conducta operante. Este proyecto intenta profundizar en el conocimiento de los mecanismos que regulan reconocimiento, aceptación, búsqueda y consumo de etanol, como consecuencia de experiencias tempranas con la droga. A su vez, es importante identificar y estudiar los sistemas neurobiológicos involucrados en estos mecanismos. Es por ello que se intenta determinar el rol que ejerce el sistema opiáceo en la adquisición de estas experiencias etílicas a nivel fetal e infantil, que se conoce promueven la búsqueda y el consumo de la droga. Our work is directed to analyze the involvement of the opioid system in the generation of pre- and early postnatal ethanol-related memories. As a first step, maternal manipulations with ethanol will be done. Infants will be evaluated in a paradigm of infantile self-administration of different reinforcers (ethanol, sucrose or water), employing a model of operant conditioning adapted to infant rats. A second experiment will be conducted in order to analyze if a central administration of ethanol, directly to the fetus, modifies subsequent patterns of neonatal conditioned responses to an artificial nipple, mediated by ethanol reinforcing effects. Fetal presentation of ethanol will be accompanied with the injection of an opioid antagonist in order to analyze the involvement of this system in acquisition processes of a fetal ethanol-mediated memory. A second set of studies will be conducted to analyze appetitive and consummatory behaviors in an infant model of ethanol self-administration. Involvement of opioid system in the acquisition or expression of this experience will be also inquired. Infant rats (PDs14-17) have to display a target behavior (nose-poke) to gain access to 5% sucrose or 3.75% ethanol. On PD18 an extinction session will be included. At PDs16-17, 6-hr before training, pups will be re-exposed to ethanol under opioid antagonism effects (naloxone). In a follow up experiment, a re-exposure trial will be included at PD18. Prior extinction, pups will receive naloxone and will be re-exposed to ethanol. We aim to observe if opioid system is modulating etha¬nol reinforcing effects, in terms of both appetitive and consummatory behaviors.

An investigation into system security requirements and implementation in an Application Service Provider (ASP) environment

Although the ASP model has been around for over a decade, it has not achieved the expected high level of market uptake. This research project examines the past and present state of ASP adoption and identifies security as a primary factor influencing the uptake of the model. The early chapters of this document examine the ASP model and ASP security in particular. Specifically, the literature and technology review chapter analyses ASP literature, security technologies and best practices with respect to system security in general. Based on this investigation, a prototype to illustrate the range and types of technologies that encompass a security framework was developed and is described in detail. The latter chapters of this document evaluate the practical implementation of system security in an ASP environment. Finally, this document outlines the research outputs, including the conclusions drawn and recommendations with respect to system security in an ASP environment. The primary research output is the recommendation that by following best practices with respect to security, an ASP application can provide the same level of security one would expect from any other n-tier client-server application. In addition, a security evaluation matrix, which could be used to evaluate not only the security of ASP applications but the security of any n-tier application, was developed by the author. This thesis shows that perceptions with regard to fears of inadequate security of ASP solutions and solution data are misguided. Finally, based on the research conducted, the author recommends that ASP solutions should be developed and deployed on tried, tested and trusted infrastructure. Existing Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) should be used where possible and security best practices should be adhered to where feasible.

Heart Rate and Systolic Blood Pressure Variability on Recently Diagnosed Diabetics

Background:Diabetes affects approximately 250 million people in the world. Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes that leads to severe postural hypotension, exercise intolerance, and increased incidence of silent myocardial infarction.Objective:To determine the variability of heart rate (HR) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) in recently diagnosed diabetic patients.Methods:The study included 30 patients with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes of less than 2 years and 30 healthy controls. We used a Finapres® device to measure during five minutes beat-to-beat HR and blood pressure in three experimental conditions: supine position, standing position, and rhythmic breathing at 0.1 Hz. The results were analyzed in the time and frequency domains.Results:In the HR analysis, statistically significant differences were found in the time domain, specifically on short-term values such as standard deviation of NN intervals (SDNN), root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), and number of pairs of successive NNs that differ by more than 50 ms (pNN50). In the BP analysis, there were no significant differences, but there was a sympathetic dominance in all three conditions. The baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) decreased in patients with early diabetes compared with healthy subjects during the standing maneuver.Conclusions:There is a decrease in HR variability in patients with early type 2 diabetes. No changes were observed in the BP analysis in the supine position, but there were changes in BRS with the standing maneuver, probably due to sympathetic hyperactivity.

City Outdoor Lighting System Control. Problems and Prospects

This review describes current problems, trends and prospects of the quasi-automatic light control system. The lighting systems of million cities.

Biotechnology for the investigation of the monocyte-macrophage-system in microgravity and space

Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften, Univ., Dissertation, 2015

A study of the endocervical columnar cells I - morphology and frequency

After the observation of many thousands of histological sections of the endocervical mucosa it became evident that its columnar cells present a great variety of aspects not only those of the surface of the canal but also those of the glands. A classification of these cells was made taking into account the staining affinity, the intensity staining of the cytoplasm, the presence or absence of cilia, the shape and location of the nucleus. The various combinations of these different data made possible the characterization of 26 types of cells which we labelled by the alphabetical letters. Two hundred and fifty cervices obtained by cervical amputation and by hysterectomy were studied. The uteri presented lesions in the course of routine laboratory examination. In each of the 250 histological sections there were specifically counted 2,000 columnar cells which cover the cervical canal and 2,000columnar cells which form the glands. A graphic representation of the frequency of both the superficial and glandular columnar cells was presented; this was given the name EPITHELIOGRAM. The variation of the cellular "composition" of each epithelium is discussed and the frequency of the various cellular types after the count of one million of cells is presented.

Expression of SCG10 and stathmin proteins in the rat olfactory system during development and axonal regeneration.

The membrane-associated protein SCG10 is expressed specifically by neuronal cells. Recent experiments have suggested that it promotes neurite outgrowth by increasing microtubule dynamics in growth cones. SCG10 is related to the ubiquitous but neuron-enriched cytosolic protein stathmin. To better understand the role played by SCG10 and stathmin in vivo, we have analyzed the expression and localization of these proteins in both the olfactory epithelium and the olfactory bulb in developing and adult rats, as well as in adult bulbectomized rats. The olfactory epithelium is exceptional in that olfactory receptor neurons constantly regenerate and reinnervate the olfactory bulb throughout animal life-span. SCG10 and stathmin expression in the olfactory receptor neurons was found to be regulated during embryonic and postnatal development and to correlate with neuronal maturation. Whereas SCG10 expression was restricted to immature olfactory receptor neurons (GAP-43-positive, olfactory marker protein-negative), stathmin was also expressed by the basal cells. In the olfactory bulb of postnatal and adult rats, a moderate to strong SCG10 immunoreactivity was present in the olfactory nerve layer, whereas no labeling was detected in the glomerular layer. Olfactory glomeruli also showed no apparent immunoreactivity for several cytoskeletal proteins such as tubulin and microtubule-associated proteins. In unilaterally bulbectomized rats, SCG10 and stathmin were seen to be up-regulated in the regenerating olfactory epithelium at postsurgery stages corresponding to olfactory axon regeneration. Our data strongly suggest that, in vivo, both SCG10 and stathmin may play a role in axonal outgrowth during ontogenesis as well as during axonal regeneration.