Productive structure and the functional distribution of income: an application of the input-output model

Includes bibliography

Summary of Caribbean economic performance, 1997

Includes bibliography

Injustiça na escola e gênero: representações de alunos (as) de escolas particulares e públicas de ensino fundamental e médio da cidade de Presidente Prudente-SP

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Infrastructure, integration and equity: The social impact of the health and public transportation infrastructure.

Academicians and practitioners generally agree that there is a positive correlation between more and better infrastructure and economic growth. From the broader perspective of development, attempts have been made in the literature to identify the different theoretical connections and the empirical patterns that link infrastructure to productivity, on the one hand, and those that link it to social inclusion and equity, on the other hand. Infrastructure contributes to development in different ways. The capital involved is not homogeneous, nor is its effect on the distributive aspects. Water and sanitation have a particularly strong association with the health of the general population and with infant mortality, early childhood health, learning abilities and the acquisition of labour skills. With respect to transportation, the reduction of costs and travel times has a direct economic impact on economic activities of production and domestic and international distribution. That infrastructure also has a social and distributive role to play by reducing the number of fatal accidents and serious injuries in the sectors that are naturally most susceptible to them, namely, the poor. Under the broad umbrella of infrastructure, we can include a number of facilities that make possible the provision of certain services. Some of these facilities require very significant fixed capital investments; some of them are residential, while others are not necessarily. What they all have in common is the existence of networks (transportation, wiring, pipelines) and a strong convergence of physical capital and/or technology, as well as the need for major investments in periodic maintenance.

Occupational mobility and income differentials: The experience of Brazil between 2002 and 2010

Since the start of the twenty-first century, the Brazilian economy has experienced a growth cycle with characteristics unlike those of its previous historical experience, combining growth, macroeconomic stability and distributive progress. In this context, the study aims to analyse the factors and distributive effects of occupational mobility in Brazil, based on data obtained from the Monthly Employment Survey. The results suggest that: (i) mobility has been used in Brazil as a way to raise wages, even when it involves a drop in socio-occupational status; (ii) nonetheless, the wage increase obtained by changing job or occupational segment is smaller for poorer workers than for wealthier ones; and (iii) consequently, mobility helps to increase income, but it also tends to widen wage gaps.

Towards a universal social protection model in Latin America

This document analyzes the State’s role in social matters, in terms of social insurance and protection, social promotion and investment, and its distributive and redistributive role. It also describes changes and major trends in the region’s social investment and protection between the beginning of the twentieth century and the 1980s and outlines what is being termed “the reform of social reforms” in the twenty-first century, in the light of the challenges of the region’s social development. Three recent models of universalism are presented, as well as the debates on their potential and limitations. The paper concludes with a summary of the universalist social protection project emerging in the region.

The employment situation in Latin America and the Caribbean: Labour productivity and distribution issues

Although the economies of Latin America and the Caribbean grew more slowly in 2011 than in 2010, there were some improvements on the employment front. Workers benefited from the region’s satisfactory economic performance in an increasingly complex international setting. The unemployment rate fell from 7.3% in 2010 to 6.7% in 2011 thanks to a halfpercentage- point gain in the urban employment rate. Both rates are at levels that have not been seen for a long time. The proportion of formal jobs with social benefits rose as well, and underemployment declined. The average wage and the minimum wage both increased in real terms, albeit only moderately. Economic performance and the employment situation varied widely among the subregions. The unemployment rate dropped by 0.6 percentage points in South America but 0.4 percentage points in the countries of the northern part of Latin America. In the countries of the Caribbean, the employment rate was up by 0.2 percentage points. The data show that substantial labour market gaps and serious labour-market insertion issues remain. This is especially the case for women and young people, for whom unemployment rates and other labour indicators are still unfavourable. The second part of this report looks at whether the fruits of economic growth and rising productivity have been distributed equitably between workers and companies. Between 2002 and 2008 (the most recent expansionary economic cycle), wages as a percentage of GDP fell in 13 of the 21 countries of the region for which data are available and rose in just 8. This points to redistribution that is unfavourable to workers, which is worrying in a region which already has the most unequal distribution of income in the world. Underlying this trend is the fact that, worldwide, wages have grown less than productivity. Beyond the ethical dimension of this issue, it jeopardizes the social and economic sustainability of growth. For example, one of the root causes of the recent financial crisis was that households in the United States responded to declining wage income by borrowing more to pay for consumption and housing. This turned out to be unsustainable in the long run. Over time, it undermines the labour market’s contribution to the efficient allocation of resources and its distributive function, too, with negative consequences for democratic governance. Among the triggers of this distributive worsening most often cited in the global debate are market deregulation and its impact on financial globalization, technological change that favours capital over labour, and the weakening of labour institutions. What is needed here is a public policy effort to help keep wage increases from lagging behind increases in productivity. Some countries of the region, especially in South America, saw promising developments during the second half of the 2000s in the form of a positive trend reversal in wages as a percentage of GDP. One example is Brazil, where a minimum wage policy tailored to the dynamics of the domestic market is considered to be one of the factors behind an upturn in the wage share of GDP. The region needs to grow more and better. Productivity must grow at a steady pace, to serve as the basis for sustained improvements in the well-being of the populace and to narrow the gap between the economies of Latin America and the Caribbean and the more advanced economies. And inequality must be decreased; this could be achieved by closing the productivity gap between upgraded companies and the many firms whose productivity is low. As set out in this report, the region made some progress between 2002 and 2010, with labour productivity rising at the rate of 1.5% a year. But this progress falls short of that seen in other regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa (2.1%) and, above all, East Asia (8.3%, not counting Japan and the Republic of Korea). Moreover, in many of the countries of the region these gains have not been distributed equitably. Therein lies a dual challenge that must be addressed: continue to increase productivity while enhancing the mechanisms for distributing gains in a way that will encourage investment and boost worker and household income. The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and the International Labour Organization (ILO) estimate that the pace of economic growth in the region will be slightly slower in 2012 than in 2011, in a global economic scenario marked by the cooling of several of the main economic engines and a high degree of uncertainty concerning, above all, prospects for the euro zone. The region is expected to continue to hold up well to this worsening scenario, thanks to policies that leveraged more favourable conditions in the past. This will be felt in the labour markets, as well, so expectations are that unemployment will edge down by as much as two tenths of a decimal point.

CEPAL Review no.65

Income distribution, poverty and social expenditure in Latin America / José Antonio Ocampo. -- Military expenditure and development in Latin America / Eugenio Lahera and Marcelo Ortúzar. -- Growth, distributive justice and social policy / Andrés Solimano. -- Equity, foreign investment and international competitiveness / Adolfo Figueroa. -- Tensions in Latin American structural adjustment: allocation versus distribution / Daniel M. Schydlowsky. -- Competitiveness and labour regulations / Luis Beccaria and Pedro Galin. -- Latin American families: convergences and divergences in models and policies / Irma Arriagada. -- Free trade agreements and female labour: the Chilean situation / Alicia Frohmann and Pilar Romaguera. -- Macroeconomic trends in Paraguay from 1989 to 1997: consumption bubble and financial crisis / Stephane Straub. -- The strategies pursued by Mexican firms in their efforts to become global players / Alejandra Salas-Porras. -- Regulating the private provision of drinking water and sanitation services / Terence R, Lee and Andrei S. Jouravlev. -- Quality management promotion to improve competitiveness / Hessel Schuurman.

Horizons 2030: Equality at the centre of sustainable development. Summary

The world is living a change of era. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals represent the international community’s response to the economic, distributive and environmental imbalances built up under the prevailing development pattern. This document, presented by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) to its member States at its thirty-sixth session, provides an analytical complement to the 2030 Agenda from a structuralist perspective and from the point of view of the Latin American and Caribbean countries. The proposals made here stem from the need to achieve progressive structural change in order to incorporate more knowledge into production, ensure social inclusion and combat the negative impacts of climate change. The reflections and proposals for advancing towards a new development pattern are geared to achieving equality and environmental sustainability. In these proposals, the creation of global and regional public goods and the corresponding domestic policies form the core for expanding the structuralist tradition towards a global Keynesianism and a development strategy centred around an environmental big push.

Horizons 2030: Equality at the centre of sustainable development

The world is living a change of era. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals represent the international community’s response to the economic, distributive and environmental imbalances built up under the prevailing development pattern. This document, presented by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) to its member States at its thirty-sixth session, provides an analytical complement to the 2030 Agenda from a structuralist perspective and from the point of view of the Latin American and Caribbean countries. The proposals made here stem from the need to achieve progressive structural change in order to incorporate more knowledge into production, ensure social inclusion and combat the negative impacts of climate change. The reflections and proposals for advancing towards a new development pattern are geared to achieving equality and environmental sustainability. In these proposals, the creation of global and regional public goods and the corresponding domestic policies form the core for expanding the structuralist tradition towards a global Keynesianism and a development strategy centred around an environmental big push.

Poder legislativo e educação no Pará: produção legislativa sob restrições institucionais (13ª e 14ª legislaturas)

Este é um estudo da produção legislativa em educação realizada na Assembléia Legislativa do Estado do Pará no período que corresponde as suas 13ª e 14ª legislaturas (1995-2002). O objetivo do trabalho foi identificar o tipo atividade legislativa que os parlamentares estaduais desenvolveram na área educacional na ALEPA por meio da análise do perfil da distribuição de benefícios que pretenderam fazer com esta produção e dos fatores que interviram na sua definição. A iniciativa desta pesquisa foi provoca pela consideração predominante acerca da atuação parlamentar que lhe atribui um caráter essencialmente distributivo (clientelista) na concessão de benefícios em vista de retornos políticos (eleitorais). Assim, a análise defrontou-se com dois problemas empíricos de investigação: primeiro, descobrir qual o perfil de benefícios que os parlamentares estaduais procuraram conceder em educação por meio da produção legislativa e, segundo, como explicar a sua emergência no contexto das legislaturas estudadas? Neste sentido, o trabalho foi dividido em duas partes, na primeira fez-se o levantamento e a organização dos dados das proposições legislativas apresentadas na área educacional na ALEPA no período indicado. Para a análise do perfil de benefícios empregou-se a teoria das decisões legislativas; o resultado foi confrontado, na segunda parte, com as principais abordagens explicativas do comportamento parlamentar. Concluiu-se que, ao contrário da perspectiva predominantemente, o perfil de distribuição de benefícios encontrado, não apresentou um caráter essencialmente distributivo, contudo, sua importância é secundária na constituição da legislação educacional do Estado, pois os fatores que intervem na sua definição decorrem das restrições institucionais que conformam o espaço da produção legislativa em educação na ALEPA, os quais estruturam as opções estratégicas dos parlamentares incentivando uma atuação, neste âmbito, de caráter não distributivo, porém, por outro lado, lhes retira a possibilidade de interferir na política educacional.

A propriedade distributiva da multiplicação: uma visão diagnóstica do processo

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a aplicação da propriedade distributiva da multiplicação nos contextos, numérico, algébrico e na resolução de problemas por alunos da Educação Básica de uma escola pública de Belém averiguando em que medida a aplicação da propriedade distributiva relaciona-se a dificuldades na aprendizagem matemática. Destacamos nesta investigação a avaliação diagnóstica e o erro como estratégia didática, como contribuições hermenêuticas no que tange às formas de verificar o processo de apropriação do conhecimento matemático. O estudo envolveu sujeitos de quinta e sétima séries do Ensino Fundamental e alunos do primeiro ano do Ensino Médio, num universo de quarenta e cinco sujeitos. A coleta foi realizada em dois momentos através de um teste apresentando três blocos de questões num total de treze situaçõesproblemas. Os procedimentos dos sujeitos quanto à aplicação da propriedade distributiva foram descritos em uma perspectiva de análise qualitativa. Os protocolos apresentados estiveram em função de buscar padrões de comportamento do entendimento dos sujeitos sobre a propriedade distributiva, bem como elucidar situações as quais denominamos de obstáculos didáticos. Como resultado, foi evidenciado que os alunos apresentaram dificuldade em trabalhar com a aplicação da propriedade distributiva quando esta se encontra no contexto de resolução de problemas, bem como, conteúdos como soma algébrica, estudos das variáveis, termos não semelhantes não são de domínio da maioria dos alunos.

A teoria dos refúgios florestais e as evidências vegetacionais e litológicas da região sudoeste do município de Corumbá/MS

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Hugo Bettarello e a Agabê: da modernidade almejada aos calçados made in Brazil (1945-1980)

Pós-graduação em História - FCHS

Fundamentos das políticas de ação afirmativa etnicorracial no ensino superior

This article aims to contextualize the educational affirmative action policies for ethnic racial groups in Brazilian legal system, present the main philosophical fundamentals that support these educational policies and discuss the validity of those fundamentals. In the legal context, the principle of substantive equality and the fundamental objectives of the Federative Republic of Brazil, positivised in the Constitution of 1988, as well as the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, allow the implementation of these policies. The philosophical fundamentals presented in this article are the thesis of compensatory justice and the thesis of distributive justice. The thesis of distributive justice has been refuted by logical legal arguments and by analysis of the right to higher education positivised in the Constitution. The thesis of compensatory justice has been considered a valid argument to support affirmative action policies, due to historical facts and sociological factors existing in the Brazilian context. It is concluded that the affirmative action policies for ethnic racial groups should be part of the Brazilian social policies, but these affirmative action policies should not invade the context of higher education, since the intended purposes are unrelated to this.