From ideals to reality: The women's smallholding colony at Lingfield, 1920-39

The immediate impetus for the colony at Lingfield in Surrey was the desire by the Women's Farm and Garden Association to enable women who had worked on the land during the First World War to be able to farm on their own account. However the motivation for the colony can also be traced back to late nineteenth-century ideals. The colony soon ran into problems which were exacerbated by the adverse agricultural conditions of the early 1920s. The association responded constructively but the colony was wound down from 1929. At one level the colony could be seen as a failure, yet this article argues that the 19 colony provided a rural community where single women lived in a mutually supportive environment.

Earl of Aylesford v Morris (1873)

A Characteristic of a landmark case is that it stands for a proposition of law. In Earl of Aylesford v Morris,1 Lord Selborne held that where there existed an inequality between contracting parties, with weakness on one side and an extortionate advantage taken of that weakness on the other, the contract could not stand unless the party claiming the benefit of the contract could rebut the presumption by establishing that the transaction was ‘fair, just and reasonable’. This chapter examines the historical circumstances behind the formulation of this proposition.

Life before ‘The New Biography’: Modernist biographical methods in the Hogarth Press ‘Books on Tolstoi’ 1920-24

In the early 1920s, before Virginia Woolf wrote her now well-known essays “The New Biography” and “The Art of Biography,” the Hogarth Press published four biographies of Tolstoy. Each of these English translations of Russian works takes a different approach to biographical composition, and as a group they offer multiple and contradictory perspectives on Tolstoy’s character and on the genre of biography in the early twentieth century. These works show that Leonard and Virginia Woolf’s Hogarth Press took a multi-perspectival, modernist approach to publishing literary lives.

På systrars initiativ : Dalarnes sjuksköterskeförening 1920-1933

Denna uppsats dokumenterar uppkomst, frontpersoner och verksamhet för Dalarnes sjuksköterskeförening (DSF) mellan åren 1920-1933, vilket är en lokal sjuksköterskeförening som senare blev underavdelning till riksföreningen Svensk sjuksköterskeförening (SSF). DSF var den första lokala sjuksköterskeföreningen och startades 1920 av sjuksköterskor kring området Falun/Borlänge. Det var inte en elitförening likt SSF som i sin professionalisering enbart ville avskärma sig från de underordnade som biträden och kämpa för status och kalltanken. DSF var en förening som ville stärka kårandan men även arbeta för löne- och arbetsförhållandefrågor, vilket på den tiden egentligen hörde samman med socialistiska föreningar. I sin verksamhet ville de även få till stånd en platsbyrå för föreningens medlemmar. Det var en politiskt oberoende förening som arbetade fackligt. År 1933 blev Dalarnes sjuksköterskeförening en underavdelning till SSF som från och med det året började arbeta fackligt på lokalföreningars begäran.

Spanska sjukan på Kungliga Gotlands infanteriregemente 1918-1920

Uppsatsens syfte har varit att undersöka hur Kungliga Gotlands infanteriregemente drabbades av spanska sjukan under 1918-1920. Det har även jämförts hur detta regemente drabba¬des i jämförelse med Dalarnas och Västmanlands regementen under 1918. Frågeställning¬arna som besvarats handlar om hur många som insjuknade och dog, hur regementets ansva¬riga agerade samt vilka åtgärder som vidtogs när epidemin hade nått regementet. Det huvudsakliga materialet jag har använt mig av är förste provinsialläkarens årsberättelser och regementets inkomna och utgående skrivelser. Studiens resultat visar att Kungliga Gotlands infanteriregemente med sina cirka 500 sjuk¬domsfall och fyra dödsfall under epidemins första period, 1918 drabbades i hög grad i jämfö¬relse med Dalregementet, men i liten grad i jämförelse med Västmanlands rege¬mente. Anledningen till att regementet på Gotland klarade sig relativt lindrigt från spanska sjukan kan bero på att en fungerande sjukvård snabbt kunde sättas in samt att man vidtog andra åt¬gärder såsom inskränkningar på permissioner, striktare personlig hygien och renlighet i loka¬lerna samt skyddsympning.

Manifesta och latenta ideologier om lärande inom svensk spelmansrörelse under 1920-talet

The purpose of this article was to illuminate existing educational ideologies in the Swedish fiddler movement (Spelmansrörelsen) 1923-1927. This period was characterized by the organization and to some extent institutionalization of Swedish folk music. Furthermore, the purpose was to discuss the results in relation to the folk music education of today. The empirical data was taken from the journal Hembygden, which was a magazine for scholars, enthusiasts and practitioners of folk music. Theoretically, the study was based on a concept of ideology developed by Sven-Eric Liedman: in every time there are two basic forms of identifiable ideology, manifest and latent. From the empirical material as a whole (around 900 articles), a selection was made to find articles dealing with aspects of learning among the fiddlers (33 articles). After content analysis the following themes were generated: Fiddlers’ repertoire, Fiddlers’ masters, Rooms for learning, Learning formation. The writers in Hembygden often emphasized the autodidactic aspects of learning and especially the importance of learning by ear. This manifest ideology of authenticity presumed that learning directly from another fiddler by playing together was to prefer to formal schooling. In spite of a tendency towards more ensemble playing, the folk music education of today in Sweden is characterized by a similar retrospective ideology as in the 1920s.

As ideias psicologicas e o ensino de psicologia nos cursos normais de Porto Alegre no periodo de 1920 a 1950

O ensino de psicologia no Rio Grande do Sul teve seu início relacionado à criação dos cursos de formação de professores primários, também conhecidos como cursos normais. No estado se destacou o papel do Instituto de Educação General Flores da Cunha, de Porto Alegre. Este instituto foi o principal centro de formação de docentes para o ensino primário e difusor de novas idéias relativas à educação, entre elas o estudo dos conteúdos psicológicos. Esta dissertação estuda a presença da psicologia nos cursos normais de Porto Alegre no período de 1920 a 1950. Aponta as diversas idéias psicológicas que influenciaram as práticas pedagógicas da época e identifica os primeiros professores que lecionaram esta disciplina. Para tanto, examina documentos oficiais, decretos-lei estaduais e federais, e publicações que introduziram e regulamentaram o ensino de Psicologia no estado. O estudo argumenta que as idéias psicológicas já se encontravam presentes nos cursos de formações de professores nas primeiras décadas de século XX, embora só comecem a aparecer como uma disciplina autônoma em 1925. E conclui que o ensino da Psicologia experimentou uma expansão a partir do final da década de 1920 que durou até meados dos anos 50, quando ocorreu a fragmentação do currículo dos cursos normais. O ensino da Psicologia despertou o interesse para as questões de desenvolvimento psicológico infantil, da saúde mental e do aconselhamento profissional, reafirmando a existência de uma relação de complementaridade entre Psicologia e Pedagogia. Este trabalho constituiu-se não somente no primeiro esforço de traçar o panorama da presença Psicologia no Rio Grande do Sul, mas também de identificar, nestes primórdios, tendências que influenciam a formação dos psicólogos hoje.