Geochemical studies of surface sediment samples off North-West Africa

One hundred and twenty-eight surface-sediment samples collected off North-West Africa were studied geochemically to detect the expressions of different meridional climate regimes and zonal productivity gradients in the surface sediments. This geochemical multi-tracer approach, coupled with additional information on the bulk carbonate and TOC contents makes it possible to characterise the sedimentological regime in detail. Typical terrigenous elements like Al, K and Fe mirror the importance of the humid (fluvial) influence in the north of the study area and the dominance of aeolian input in the south. Furthermore, the distributions of Ti and Fe in the surface sediments serve as tracers for the supply of eolian volcanic material from the Canary Islands. The spatial variability of the TOC contents in the surface sediments closely follows the ocean surface productivity patterns, whereas the CaCO3 contents are mainly controlled by dilution with terrigenous matter. The potential productivity proxy Ba is not a reliable tracer for productivity in this region, since it is mainly supplied by terrigenous input (coupled with aluminosilicates).

Physical oceanography during Maria S. Merian cruise MSM21/2

Flemish Pass, located at the western subpolar margin, is a passage (sill depth 1200 m) that is constrained by the Grand Banks and the underwater plateau Flemish Cap. In addition to the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) pathway offshore of Flemish Cap, Flemish Pass represents another southward transport pathway for two modes of Labrador Sea Water (LSW), the lightest component of North Atlantic Deep Water carried with the DWBC. This pathway avoids potential stirring regions east of Flemish Cap and deflection into the interior North Atlantic. Ship-based velocity measurements between 2009 and 2013 at 47°N in Flemish Pass and in the DWBC east of Flemish Cap revealed a considerable southward transport of Upper LSW through Flemish Pass (15-27%, -1.0 to -1.5 Sv). About 98% of the denser Deep LSW were carried around Flemish Cap as Flemish Pass is too shallow for considerable transport of Deep LSW. Hydrographic time series from ship-based measurements show a significant warming of 0.3°C/decade and a salinification of 0.03/decade of the Upper LSW in Flemish Pass between 1993 and 2013. Almost identical trends were found for the evolution in the Labrador Sea and in the DWBC east of Flemish Cap. This indicates that the long-term hydrographic variability of Upper LSW in Flemish Pass as well as in the DWBC at 47°N is dominated by changes in the Labrador Sea, which are advected southward. Fifty years of numerical ocean model simulations in Flemish Pass suggest that these trends are part of a multidecadal cycle.

(Table S2) Cell concentrations of individual and combined Alexandrium spp. and phylogenetic groups as obtained by qPCR assay and Utermöhl counts, as well as particulate PSP toxin concentrations from discrete water depths

Molecular methods provide promising tools for routine detection and quantification of toxic microalgae in plankton samples. To this end, novel TaqMan minor groove binding probes and primers targeting the small (SSU) or large (LSU) ribosomal subunit (rRNA) were developed for two species of the marine dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium (A. minutum, A. tamutum) and for three groups/ribotypes of the A. tamarense species complex: Group I/North American (NA), Group II/Mediterranean (ME) and Group III/Western European (WE). Primers and probes for real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) were species-specific and highly efficient when tested in qPCR assays for cross-validation with pure DNA from cultured Alexandrium strains. Suitability of the qPCR assays as molecular tools for the detection and estimation of relative cell abundances of Alexandrium species and groups was evaluated from samples of natural plankton assemblages along the Scottish east coast. The results were compared with inverted microscope cell counts (Utermöhl technique) of Alexandrium spp. and associated paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxin concentrations. The qPCR assays indicated that A. tamarense (Group I) and A. tamutum were the most abundant Alexandrium taxa and both were highly positively correlated with PSP toxin content of plankton samples. Cells of A. tamarense (Group III) were present at nearly all stations but in low abundance. Alexandrium minutum and A. tamarense (Group II) cells were not detected in any of the samples, thereby arguing for their absence from the specific North Sea region, at least at the time of the survey. The sympatric occurrence of A. tamarense Group I and Group III gives further support to the hypothesis that the groups/ribotypes of the A. tamarense species complex are cryptic species rather than variants belonging to the same species.

High resolution bathymetric compilation for Potter Cove, WAP, Antarctica, with links to data in ArcGIS format

The bathymetry raster with a resolution of 5 m x 5 m was processed from unpublished single beam data from the Argentine Antarctica Institute (IAA, 2010) and multibeam data from the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office (UKHO, 2012) with a cell size of 5 m x 5 m. A coastline digitized from a satellite image (DigitalGlobe, 2014) supplemented the interpolation process. The 'Topo to Raster' tool in ArcMap 10.3 was used to merge the three data sets, while the coastline represented the 0-m-contour to the interpolation process ('contour type option').

Experiment: Growth rates and percentages of normal versus malformed versus incomplete versus incomplete and malformed coccoliths

The coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann) W. W. Hay et H. Mohler was cultured in natural seawater with the addition of either the microtubule-inhibitor colchicine, the actin-inhibitor cytochalasin B, or the photosynthesis inhibitor 3-(3,4 dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl-urea (DCMU). Additionally, E. huxleyi was cultured at different light intensities and temperatures. Growth rate was monitored, and coccolith morphology analyzed. While every treatment affected growth rate, the percentage of malformed coccoliths increased with colchicine, cytochalasin B, and at higher than optimal temperature. These results represent the first experimental evidence for the role of microtubules and actin microfilaments in coccolith morphogenesis.

Racionalidad, emociones y felicidad : Vínculos posibles

Este trabajo se enmarca en la temática principal acerca de los conceptos clásicos de racionalidad, emociones y felicidad así como de una revisión actual de ellos. El objetivo central es, pues, analizar las tres nociones. Para ello, la metodología será el análisis conceptual de los textos pertinentes referidos en la bibliografía. La conclusión se centrará en que hay un doble vínculo científico, psicológico-neurológico y económico viable entre las nociones de racionalidad, las emociones y la felicidad.La relación entre la racionalidad, las emociones y la felicidad constituye un problema de larga data. Básicamente, se pueden distinguir tres grupos de cuestiones. En primer lugar, podemos intentar determinar el 'impacto de las emociones en la racionalidad de la toma de decisiones'. (Elster 2002, IV) En segundo lugar, podemos preguntarnos si 'las propias emociones pueden ser valoradas como más o menos racionales, independientemente de su influencia en las elecciones que hacemos o en las creencias que nos formamos'. (Ibid. 2) Y, en tercer lugar, podemos preguntarnos si las emociones pueden ser objeto de una elección racional, es decir, 'si las personas pueden entrar en una deliberación racional acerca de cuáles son las emociones que han de inducirse en sí mismas o en los demás y si realmente lo hacen'. (Ibid. IV, 3, 300) Tradicionalmente, se ha aceptado que las emociones suponen una especie de 'traba' para la elección racional. Sin embargo, esta posición ha sido revisada, proponiéndose, en cambio, que las emociones no sólo no interfieren en la toma racional de decisiones sino que la favorecen. De este modo, se puede decir que las emociones nos ayudan a tomar decisiones funcionando como factores que deshacen el 'empate en los casos de indeterminación' y que, de manera más general, mejoran la calidad de la toma de decisiones al hacer posible que nos centremos en los rasgos mas destacados de la situación (Elster 2002, Apéndice) análogamente al análisis situacional de Popper. Contra la propuesta tradicional y la revisionista, se enuncia la tesis de que las emociones no afectan 'en lo más mínimo' la racionalidad de la elección misma. Si bien las emociones intervienen en las decisiones como costos y beneficios asociados a las diversas opciones no lo hacen en tanto fuerzas psíquicas 'distorsionantes' de los mecanismos de la elección. Se trata, en este contexto, de la capacidad (¿estado de ánimo?) de abordar una tarea llevándola al término propuesto. El resultado final complace -hace feliz- a la persona que la lleva a cabo. A partir de 1987, Ekman estableció las pruebas en relación con que la emoción tiene diferentes patrones en el sistema nervioso autónomo. 'Los actores representaban expresiones faciales mientras eran registrados con una serie de variables autónomas (ritmo cardiaco, conductancia de la piel)" (p. 49) Ekman y colaboradores propusieron patrones de la emoción diferentes para seis emociones biológicamente básicas: 1. Sorpresa. 2. Disgusto. 3. Tristeza. 4. Ira. 5. Miedo. 6. Alegría/Felicidad. Especialmente después del año 2004 las The Big Six de Prinz se convirtieron en la lista de emociones básicas ampliamente aceptadas. Se estableció así un primer vínculo de carácter psicológico y neurocientífico entre las nociones de racionalidad, las emociones y la felicidad. El segundo vínculo que propondremos en este trabajo se refiere al de la economía, más precisamente, la rama de la economía de la felicidad. Este vínculo manifiesta una relación donde las variables económico-sociológicas deben ser incluidas en el nexo entre la racionalidad, las emociones y la felicidad. La llamada 'paradoja de Easterlin' es un concepto clave en la economía de la felicidad: dentro de un país dado, la gente con mayores ingresos tiene una mayor tendencia a afirmar que es más feliz. Sin embargo, cuando se comparan los resultados de varios países, el nivel medio de felicidad que los sujetos dicen poseer no varía prácticamente. (Maceri, S., García P. 2010). A través de Easterlin (2001), se advierte que aunque el resultado de sus estudios es paradojal, los contextos sociales deben ser contemplados en este segundo tipo de nexo. En síntesis, hay un doble vínculo viable entre las nociones de racionalidad, las emociones y la felicidad: el de la psicología y neurociencia, por una parte, y el de la ciencia económica, por otra, ambos interconectados con sus consabidas dificultades

Micropaleontological investigation of Late Albanian Col de Palluel

The Niveau Breistroffer black shale succession in the Vocontian Basin (SE France) is the regional equivalent of the widely distributed Late Albian Oceanic Anoxic Event 1d. The studied black shale-rich interval at the Col de Palluel section is 6.28 m thick and comprises four black shale units with up to 2.5 wt% total organic carbon (TOC) intercalated with marlstones. Calcareous nannofossil, palynomorph, planktic Foraminifera and stable isotopic data from the Niveau Breistroffer succession suggest that short-term climate changes influenced its deposition, with relatively warm and humid climate during black shale formation in comparison with relatively cool and dry climatic conditions during marlstone deposition. An increase in the terrigenous/marine ratio of palynomorphs indicates enhanced humidity and higher runoff during black shale formation. A nutrient index based on calcareous nannofossils and the abundance pattern of small (63-125 µm) hedbergellid Foraminifera show short-term changes in the productivity of the surface water. Surface-water productivity was reduced during black shale formation and increased during marlstone deposition. A calcareous nannofossil temperature index and bulk-rock oxygen isotope data indicate relative temperature changes, with warmer surface waters for black shale samples. At these times, warm-humid climate and reduced surface-water productivity were accompanied by greater abundances of 'subsurface'-dwelling calcareous nannofossils (nannoconids) and planktic Foraminifera (rotaliporids). These taxa presumably indicate more stratified surface-water conditions. We suggest that the formation of the Niveau Breistroffer black shales occurred during orbitally induced increase in monsoonal activity that led to increasing humidity during periods of black shale formation. This, in turn, caused a decrease in low-latitude deep-water formation and probably an increase in surface-water stratification. The combination of these two mechanisms caused depleted O2 concentrations in the bottom water that increased the preservation potential of organic matter