Assessing clinical reasoning: A method to monitor its development in a PBL curriculum

The aim of this study was to develop and trial a method to monitor the evolution of clinical reasoning in a PBL curriculum that is suitable for use in a large medical school. Termed Clinical Reasoning Problems (CRPs), it is based on the notion that clinical reasoning is dependent on the identification and correct interpretation of certain critical clinical features. Each problem consists of a clinical scenario comprising presentation, history and physical examination. Based on this information, subjects are asked to nominate the two most likely diagnoses and to list the clinical features that they considered in formulating their diagnoses, indicating whether these features supported or opposed the nominated diagnoses. Students at different levels of medical training completed a set of 10 CRPs as well as the Diagnostic Thinking Inventory, a self-reporting questionnaire designed to assess reasoning style. Responses were scored against those of a reference group of general practitioners. Results indicate that the CRPs are an easily administered, reliable and valid assessment of clinical reasoning, able to successfully monitor its development throughout medical training. Consequently, they can be employed to assess clinical reasoning skill in individual students and to evaluate the success of undergraduate medical schools in providing effective tuition in clinical reasoning.

“Enfrentar al enano nacionalista” : una mirada a los libros de texto

Resumen: Se examina la contribución de los libros de texto escolares de historia, geografía y civismo a la formación del sentido común nacionalista en la Argentina a lo largo del siglo XX. En la primera parte se analizan las fuentes discursivas y políticas de ese sentido común y su elaboración en los libros de texto. En la segunda se exploran los cambios ocurridos luego de 1983, tanto en los procesos de producción de los textos como en sus contenidos, y se exploran las consecuencias esperables de la reformulación de esos libros en el período democrático actual.

Educação Médica para controle do câncer: avaliação de egressos de um curso de Medicina e a contribuição das ligas acadêmicas como mais uma estratégia de ensino

O câncer ganha cada vez mais destaque como problema de saúde pública. Desta forma, diversas estratégias somam-se com objetivo de reduzir a morbi-mortalidade associada a este conjunto de doenças. Para o pleno sucesso das políticas de controle, o profissional de saúde, em especial o médico, assume papel fundamental. Contudo, depara-se com a deficiência encontrada nos currículos das escolas médicas (EM), principalmente no que tange ao ensino de ações desenvolvidas dentro da atenção primária em saúde. No Brasil, diversos projetos genericamente denominados de Ligas Acadêmicas (LA) têm ganhado destaque como propostas para ensino, enquanto atividades extracurriculares, através da iniciativa discente. Esta dissertação tem como objetivos: (1) avaliar a capacitação de alunos de Medicina quanto a conhecimentos e práticas para prevenção, rastreamento e diagnóstico precoce das neoplasias mais frequentes no Brasil e (2) avaliar a repercussão e as propostas das LA como complementação de ensino. Foi realizada a adaptação transcultural de um questionário autopreenchível utilizado em estudos norte-americanos como instrumento para coleta de dados. Os dados foram obtidos de alunos do último ano de uma universidade pública no Rio de Janeiro. Dos 78 alunos elegíveis, 74 participaram do estudo. Destes, 87% consideram que o estudo de câncer no currículo é insuficiente. Apenas 4% souberam informar corretamente as neoplasias com protocolo de rastreamento recomendados no Brasil. Os resultados mostram que o treinamento em habilidades para o controle do câncer é fraco: quanto ao aconselhamento de pacientes, 30% receberam treinamento para orientar a cessação do tabagismo e um percentual ainda menor (15%) chegam ao final do curso sem terem sido treinados para avaliar a história nutricional dos pacientes. Em relação ao exame físico, quase 60% nunca foram treinados a realizar o exame clínico da pele, 50% terminam a graduação sem terem executado um preventivo ginecológico e quase 20% sem realizar o exame clínico das mamas. Já em relação a autopercepção, os alunos sentem-se muito mais preparados a aconselhar pacientes quanto a hábitos para prevenção do câncer. Outras variáveis estudadas (gênero, sistema de ingresso no vestibular e familiares/pessoas próximas com câncer) não afetaram o desempenho dos alunos nas dimensões avaliadas (treinamento, prática e autopercepção). Para avaliar o efeito graduação, foi utilizado um grupo controle formado por alunos do primeiro ano (n=77). Houve ganho significativo nas dimensões treinamento e prática quando comparamos os dois grupos e, numa proporção bem menor, na dimensão autopercepção. Para avaliação das LA, foi realizado um levantamento de todas as EM no Brasil que iniciaram suas atividades antes do ano de 2010 e, após relação nominal, foram identificadas aquelas com LA e com LA relacionada ao estudo do câncer. Contudo, o verdadeiro impacto destes projetos só pode ser entendido com uma análise qualitativa dos mesmos. Observa-se que, nas LA, os alunos são estimulados a desenvolver habilidades pouco abordadas nos currículos tradicionais, fundamentais para a formação profissional, como gestão, liderança, empreendedorismo, inovação, extensão universitária e construção da cidadania.

Convocando outras vozes: a trajetória de Maria Therezinha Machado na História da Educação Especial do Município do Rio de Janeiro

A trajetória da professora Maria Therezinha Machado protagoniza a história da Educação Especial no sistema educacional da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Este estudo tem o objetivo de contribuir, por meio de narrativas e memórias desta biografia, para análise e reflexão sobre as preocupações com a formação, a docência e a Educação Especial. O recorte temporal escolhido tem como marco inicial a criação da Seção de Educação Especial da Secretaria de Educação e Cultura do estado da Guanabara em 1961 e se estende até 1983. A coleção de entrevistas autobiográficas de antigas professoras que participaram da implantação da educação especial no antigo estado da Guanabara foram as fontes privilegiadas para construção dos dados. O estudo das memórias como perspectiva que legitima as vozes que contam de si e de outros favoreceu a compreensão do período, permitindo problematizar aspectos naturalizados dessa história escolar. Foi necessário o diálogo com autores que discutem a representação da educação especial na história política e social e com aqueles que teorizam sobre docência e formação. Algumas publicações de Therezinha Machado foram incorporadas ao estudo pelo aspecto formativo que apresentam. Esse trabalho, portanto, representa a tentativa de buscar, na história desta professora, a história de muitos. Dessa forma, busca compreender a educação especial da cidade do Rio de Janeiro e as marcas que são reveladas na constituição do presente e no que é possível intuir para o futuro. O trabalho pretende trazer subsídios para as reflexões sobre os rumos da Educação Especial nesta cidade

Działalność polityczno-społeczna prof. Stefana Dąbrowskiego (1877-1947)

Wydział Historyczny: Instytut Historii

Una revisión de la Cadena Datos-Información-Conocimiento desde el Pragmatismo de Peirce

La Cadena Datos-Información-Conocimiento (DIC), denominada “Jerarquía de la Información” o “Pirámide del Conocimiento”, es uno de los modelos más importantes en la Gestión de la Información y la Gestión del Conocimiento. Por lo general, la estructuración de la cadena se ha ido definiendo como una arquitectura en la que cada elemento se levanta sobre el elemento inmediatamente inferior; sin embargo no existe un consenso en la definición de los elementos, ni acerca de los procesos que transforman un elemento de un nivel a uno del siguiente nivel. En este artículo se realiza una revisión de la Cadena Datos-Información-Conocimiento examinando las definiciones más relevantes sobre sus elementos y sobre su articulación en la literatura, para sintetizar las acepciones más comunes. Se analizan los elementos de la Cadena DIC desde la semiótica de Peirce; enfoque que nos permite aclarar los significados e identificar las diferencias, las relaciones y los roles que desempeñan en la cadena desde el punto de vista del pragmatismo. Finalmente se propone una definición de la Cadena DIC apoyada en las categorías triádicas de signos y la semiosis ilimitada de Peirce, los niveles de sistemas de signos de Stamper y las metáforas de Zeleny.

Right-left discrimination among medical students: Getting it right all of the time?

Objective To determine medical students’ self awareness and ability to discriminate right from left; to identify characteristics associated with this ability; and to identify any techniques used to aid discrimination. Design Questionnaire and psychometric study. Setting Undergraduate medical school, Northern Ireland. Participants 290 first year undergraduate students. Main outcome measure Medical students’ ability to discriminate right from left using the Bergen right-left discrimination test. Results Test scores ranged from 31 to 143 on a scale of 0- 144 (mean 112 (standard deviation 22.2)). Male students significantly outperformed female students (117.18 (26.96) v 110.80 (28.94)). Students who wanted to be surgeons performed significantly better than those who wanted to be general practitioners or medical doctors (119.87 (25.15) v 110.55 (27.36) v 112.50 (26.88)). The interaction effect for sex and career wishes was not significant (P=0.370). Students who used learnt techniques to help them discriminate scored significantly less than those who did not (P

Sources for understanding Sallé's Pigmalion

Choreographer Marie Sallé's Pigmalion of 1735 has long been recognised as one of the most seminal dance works of the period. Yet no choreography survives. This article draws on written, musical, and iconographical evidence of the period to illuminate this previously inaccessible production.

Does first aid have a place in the medical curriculum? A survey of medical students

Introduction: When a medical emergency occurs in the prehospital environment, there is an expectation from the general public for medical students to offer assistance with a similar level of competence as qualified doctors. However, the question is raised; do medical students have sufficient training in first aid skills to fulfil the role expected of them?

Prior to the publication of the latest version of Tomorrow’s Doctors by the UK General Medical Council, a student selected component (SSC) in first aid was delivered at the medical school in Queen’s University Belfast (QUB), Northern Ireland. The overwhelming popularity of this SSC prompted a desire to investigate and understand students’ experiences of first aid.

Aim: To identify first and second year medical students’ knowledge of, and attitudes towards, first aid and their expectations of the medical curriculum.

Methods: A questionnaire was delivered using TurningPoint Audience Response System® during the second semester of the 2008 - 2009 academic year to all first and second year medical students at QUB.

Results: Less than half of the students felt that they had a good level of first aid knowledge, a third would feel confident helping in an emergency and only 10% would be confident leading an emergency situation. The vast majority of students believed first aid is beneficial, that the general public expect medical students to have the knowledge to handle an emergency situation, and that a full first aid course should be included in the core medical curriculum at an early stage. They did not believe it should be a pre-requisite for medical school.

Conclusion: Only a small proportion believed their first aid knowledge adequate. An overwhelming proportion believed that first aid training is beneficial and that the public expect competency in managing emergencies. This study clearly demonstrates students’ need and desire for first aid training in the core medical curriculum at an early stage and to the highest training level possible.

Physical Activity and Cognitive Function in the Elderly: a Systematic Review

Background: Physical activity appears important contributor for healthy aging, including cognitive function. However, it is unclear whether late life physical activity alone is beneficial to cognitive function. We performed a systematic review to examine the effect of late life physical activity in maintaining cognitive function in older persons.
Methods: Search Strategy and Selection criteria: The search sources consisted of PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (CENTRAL), and the University of Washington Medical School Library Database between July 15, 2011 and August 15, 2012 with language restricted to English. Studies that were published in journals on or after January 2000 with participants older than 60 years of age were reviewed. Randomized controlled trials including at least 30 participants and lasting for at least 6 months and all observational studies of at least 100 participants and lasting at least 1 year in duration were eligible for inclusion Two reviewers assessed the applicability and results of these studies.
Results: Twenty-six studies fulfilling the inclusion criteria are included. Twenty-one studies reported that late life physical activity resulted in maintenance or enhancement of cognitive function. Three studies reported a dose-response relationship between physical activity and cognition.
Conclusions: Late life physical activity is beneficial for cognitive function in the elderly. However, the majority of the evidence is of medium quality with moderate risk of bias. Larger, randomized controlled trials are needed to better define the association between late life physical activity and cognitive function. Further research is required to determine which types of exercise have the greatest benefits on specific cognitive domains. Despite these caveats, current data are sufficient to recommend that moderate level, late life physical activity may be an effective method to improve cognitive function and delay the onset and progression of cognitive disease in the elderly.

Assisstantship improves medical student preparedness for starting work

Background: The GMC has recommended introducing student assistantships during which final year students, under supervision, undertake most of the responsibilities of a FY1 doctor. The Medical School at Queen’s University Belfast in 2011/12 introduced an assistantship programme. We have evaluated the impact of the assistantship on students’ perception of their preparedness for starting work.
Methods: Students were asked to complete a questionnaire at the beginning of the assistantship. It assessed the students’ perception of their preparedness in five areas: clinical and practical skills, communications skills, teaching and learning, understanding the work environment and team working. After the assistantship they again completed the questionnaire. Comparison of the results allowed an assessment of the impact of the assistantship.
Results: There was a statistically significant improvement in the students' perception of their preparation for 49 of 56 tasks contained within the questionnaire. After the assistantship 81.2% of students felt well prepared for starting work compared with 38.9% before the assistantship. 93.9% agreed that the assistantship had improved their preparedness for starting work.
Conclusions: The assistantship at Queen’s University improves medical students’ perception of their preparedness for starting work. The majority of medical students feel well prepared for starting work after completing the assistantship.

How should teaching on whole person medicine, including spiritual issues, be delivered in the undergraduate medical curriculum in the United Kingdom?

Background

Although the General Medical Council recommends that United Kingdom medical students are taught ‘whole person medicine’, spiritual care is variably recognised within the curriculum. Data on teaching delivery and attainment of learning outcomes is lacking. This study ascertained views of Faculty and students about spiritual care and how to teach and assess competence in delivering such care.

A questionnaire comprising 28 questions exploring attitudes to whole person medicine, spirituality and illness, and training of healthcare staff in providing spiritual care was designed using a five-point Likert scale. Free text comments were studied by thematic analysis. The questionnaire was distributed to 1300 students and 106 Faculty at Queen’s University Belfast Medical School.

351 responses (54 staff, 287 students; 25 %) were obtained. >90 % agreed that whole person medicine included physical, psychological and social components; 60 % supported inclusion of a spiritual component within the definition. Most supported availability of spiritual interventions for patients, including access to chaplains (71 %), counsellors (62 %), or members of the patient’s faith community (59 %). 90 % felt that personal faith/spirituality was important to some patients and 60 % agreed that this influenced health. However 80 % felt that doctors should never/rarely share their own spiritual beliefs with patients and 67 % felt they should only do so when specifically invited. Most supported including training on provision of spiritual care within the curriculum; 40-50 % felt this should be optional and 40 % mandatory. Small group teaching was the favoured delivery method. 64 % felt that teaching should not be assessed, but among assessment methods, reflective portfolios were most favoured (30 %). Students tended to hold more polarised viewpoints but generally were more favourably disposed towards spiritual care than Faculty. Respecting patients’ values and beliefs and the need for guidance in provision of spiritual care were identified in the free-text comments.

Students and Faculty generally recognise a spiritual dimension to health and support provision of spiritual care to appropriate patients. There is lack of consensus whether this should be delivered by doctors or left to others. Spiritual issues impacting patient management should be included in the curriculum; agreement is lacking about how to deliver and assess.

Preserving southern history material : an address before the Southern Club of Columbia University, July 31, 1923

This publication is a short address made by William H. Kilpatrick to the Southern Club of Columbia University calling on Southerners to gather and preserve their own history.