994 resultados para Harrison, Clifford.


Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The World Health Organization (WHO) plans to submit the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) to the World Health Assembly in 2018. The WHO is working toward a revised classification system that has an enhanced ability to capture health concepts in a manner that reflects current scientific evidence and that is compatible with contemporary information systems. In this paper, we present recommendations made to the WHO by the ICD revision's Quality and Safety Topic Advisory Group (Q&S TAG) for a new conceptual approach to capturing healthcare-related harms and injuries in ICD-coded data. The Q&S TAG has grouped causes of healthcare-related harm and injuries into four categories that relate to the source of the event: (a) medications and substances, (b) procedures, (c) devices and (d) other aspects of care. Under the proposed multiple coding approach, one of these sources of harm must be coded as part of a cluster of three codes to depict, respectively, a healthcare activity as a 'source' of harm, a 'mode or mechanism' of harm and a consequence of the event summarized by these codes (i.e. injury or harm). Use of this framework depends on the implementation of a new and potentially powerful code-clustering mechanism in ICD-11. This new framework for coding healthcare-related harm has great potential to improve the clinical detail of adverse event descriptions, and the overall quality of coded health data.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The etiology and epidemiology of Pythium root rot in hydroponically-grown crops are reviewed with emphasis on knowledge and concepts considered important for managing the disease in commercial greenhouses. Pythium root rot continually threatens the productivity of numerous kinds of crops in hydroponic systems around the world including cucumber, tomato, sweet pepper, spinach, lettuce, nasturtium, arugula, rose, and chrysanthemum. Principal causal agents include Pythium aphanidermatum, Pythium dissotocum, members of Pythium group F, and Pythium ultimum var. ultimum. Perspectives are given of sources of initial inoculum of Pythium spp. in hydroponic systems, of infection and colonization of roots by the pathogens, symptom development and inoculum production in host roots, and inoculum dispersal in nutrient solutions. Recent findings that a specific elicitor produced by P. aphanidermatum may trigger necrosis (browning) of the roots and the transition from biotrophic to necrotrophic infection are considered. Effects on root rot epidemics of host factors (disease susceptibility, phenological growth stage, root exudates and phenolic substances), the root environment (rooting media, concentrations of dissolved oxygen and phenolic substances in the nutrient solution, microbial communities and temperature) and human interferences (cropping practices and control measures) are reviewed. Recent findings on predisposition of roots to Pythium attack by environmental stress factors are highlighted. The commonly minor impact on epidemics of measures to disinfest nutrient solution as it recirculates outside the crop is contrasted with the impact of treatments that suppress Pythium in the roots and root zone of the crop. New discoveries that infection of roots by P. aphanidermatum markedly slows the increase in leaf area and whole-plant carbon gain without significant effect on the efficiency of photosynthesis per unit area of leaf are noted. The platform of knowledge and understanding of the etiology and epidemiology of root rot, and its effects on the physiology of the whole plant, are discussed in relation to new research directions and development of better practices to manage the disease in hydroponic crops. Focus is on methods and technologies for tracking Pythium and root rot, and on developing, integrating, and optimizing treatments to suppress the pathogen in the root zone and progress of root rot.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Podridões radiculares causadas por espécies de Pythium são um importante problema em cultivos hidropônicos. Sintomas de subdesenvolvimento são observados nas plantas parasitadas pelo patógeno, sendo muitas vezes não diagnosticados pelo produtor. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o controle biológico da podridão radicular causada por Pythium aphanidermatum e a promoção de crescimento por Pseudomonas chlororaphis 63-28 e Bacillus subtilis GB03, reconhecidos agentes de controle biológico de doenças de plantas. A inoculação das plantas com P. aphanidermatum ocasionou o subdesenvolvimento, sendo essa diminuição de 20%. A adição dos agentes de biocontrole na solução nutritiva teve um efeito positivo no aumento da massa (6% a 13%), no número de folhas (4% a 7%) e no teor de clorofila (3%) das plantas de alface. Entretanto, maiores estudos devem ser realizados para melhorar a capacidade de controle da doença e de promoção de crescimento pelos agentes de biocontrole estudados no cultivo de alface hidropônica.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Arbetet går ut på en systematisering rörande bedömningen av USA:s presidenter. Detta sker genom att utarbeta fyra värderingskriterier. Dessa kriterier benämns \"problem\" (= vilken typ av utmaningar presidenten har ställts inför samt på vilket sätt presidenten har löst dessa utmaningar), \"ämbete\" (= på vilket sätt presidentämbetets tyngd har påverkats av ämbetsinnehavaren), \"popularitet\" (= på vilket sätt presidenten har fått gehör för sina åtgärder hos allmänhet och de politiska eliterna) samt \"USA\" (= på vilket sätt presidenten har påverkat USA:s styrka som nation rent generellt). Tidigare utvärderingar av USA:s presidenter har tenderat att vara något jippo-betonade, även i de fall där akademiker ligger bakom. Vanligen har man haft en expertpanel bestående av allt från några dussin bedömare till närmare 1.000. Antingen har man inte haft några värderingskriterier alls att gå efter eller så har de varit något oklart formulerade - för att inte tala om de fall där de har varit så pass många att de har överlappat varandra. Vidare finns en tradition där en del forskare förkastar hela tanken på att kunna bedöma presidenter från olika tidsperioder. Strävan har varit att råda bot på tidigare missförhållanden i den diskussion som har förts på området. Eftersom samtliga presidenter dessutom har verkat under samma konstitution bör en jämförelse/utvärdering vara fullt möjlig att genomföra. De som klarar sig bäst i min utvärdering är Washington, Lincoln och F. Roosevelt. Vidare klarar sig t.ex. McKinley och Reagan bättre än de vanligen klarar sig i motsvarande bedömningar. Till de som klarar sig sämre hör t.ex. L. Johnson och J. Madison. Allra sämst klarar sig de presidenter som verkade strax före Lincoln (Pierce och Buchanan) alternativt strax efter (A. Johnson). Den sittande presidenten (Obama) samt de två mest kortvariga presidenterna (Garfield och W.H. Harrison) har lämnats bort från arbetet. Själva tyngdpunkten i arbetet ligger dock i själva systematiseringen av värderingskriterierna även om arbetet rent volymmässigt domineras av då kriterierna appliceras på de enskilda presidenterna.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Tämän tutkielma tarkastelee uuden ajan alun käsityksiä naiseudesta ja sitä, miten ajan aateliskasvatus ja koulutus kuvastivat näitä käsityksiä. Miten määriteltiin koulutettu nainen? Miten suhtauduttiin niin sanottuihin oppineisiin naisiin? Ja ennen kaikkea, mitä nämä seikat kertovat naiseuden määrittämisestä uuden ajan alussa? Koulutus ymmärretään tässä tutkielmassa laajasti tarkoittaen sekä kirjallista sivistystä että niitä käytännön taitoja, joita naiset tarvitsivat toimiakseen yhteiskunnassa ja perheensä jäseninä. Tähän jälkimmäiseen viitataan tutkielmassa kasvatuksen-käsitteellä. Tutkimus rajoittuu maantieteellisesti Englantiin. Uuden ajan alulla käsitetään väljästi ajanjakso 1500-luvulta 1700-luvun loppuun. Tutkimuksen fokuksessa on neljä englantilaista aatelisnaista 1600- ja 1700-luvuilta. Nämä naiset ovat lady Anne Clifford (1590–1676), lady Rachel Russell (1636–1723), lady Sarah Lennox (1745–1826) ja lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1689–1762). Alkuperäisaineistona käytetään kolmelta viimeksi mainitulta julkaistua kirjeenvaihtokokoelmaa ja ensin mainitulta julkaistua päiväkirjaa. Tutkielma sijoittuu tieteellisessä kentässä sukupuolihistorian alaan. Sukupuolta tarkastellaan historiallisesti muuttuvana käsitteenä. Vaikka biologisilla seikoilla oli uuden ajan alussa merkittävä rooli sukupuolten välisten erojen määrittelyssä, sukupuoli ymmärretään tässä tutkielmassa ennen kaikkea sosiaaliseksi rakenteeksi. Sukupuoli on lisäksi performatiivinen. Sukupuolta uusinnetaan teoilla, sanoilla ja ulkoisella olemuksella. Vaikka sukupuolella oli suuri merkitys uuden ajan alun aateliskasvatuksessa, se ei yksinään määrittänyt naisten koulutuksen sisältöä. Myös säädyllä oli tässä tapauksessa suuri merkitys. Aatelisnainen edusti monessa suhteessa myös säätyään. Tämä tutkielma painottaa myös äitien suurta roolia lasten ja erityisesti tyttärien kasvatuksessa ja koulutuksessa. Sukupuoli asetti säädyn ohella ne reunaehdot, joiden sisällä yksilö saattoi toimia. Tutkielman esimerkkinaiset lisäksi itse määrittivät naisena olemisen rajoja muun muassa puuttumalla ja kommentoimalla aikalaistovereidensa käytöstä sekä arvioimalla omaansa.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi utilizar métodos bacteriológicos e moleculares para a identificação do Mycobacteriumbovis em lesões observadas em carcaças de bovinos durante a inspeção postmortem de rotina em matadouros-frigoríficos com serviço de inspeção oficial. Foi acompanhado o abate e a inspeção de 825.394 bovinos, sadios ao exame ante mortem pelo serviço de inspeção oficial em dez matadouros-frigoríficos do estado da Bahia. Carcaça de 180 bovinos apresentaram lesões sugestivas de tuberculose e por outras linfadenites. No isolamento bacteriano, 25 amostras apresentaram crescimento disgônico de colônias de coloração creme-amareladas em meio de cultura Stonebrink-Leslie. Desses isolados, 14 foram identificados como M. bovis PCR multiplex e pela técnica do spoligotyping foram discriminados oito diferentes espoligotipos do M. bovis, sendo sete descritos na literatura e um novo spoligotipo sem descrição anterior. O espoligotipo majoritário foi o SB0121, com cinco amostras, sendo descrito no Brasil e em outros países, seguidos por dois clusters, SB295 e SB1055, com dois isolados cada. O espoligotipo SB1145 e SB1648 foram referidos apenas no Brasil e Dinamarca, respectivamente. O espoligotipo SB140 já foi encontrado no Brasil, Argentina, Uruguai e Paraguai. Estes resultados demonstram que os espoligotipos obtidos são compartilhados, até o momento, entre estados brasileiros e entre países da América Latina e Europa. Sendo assim, a discriminação molecular de isolados de M. bovis através do Spoligotyping constitui-se numa ferramenta para estudos epidemiológicos da tuberculose bovina no Estado da Bahia.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Presentation at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

We have investigated the effects of L-arginine, D-arginine and L-lysine on airway smooth muscle responsiveness to spasmogens in vitro. Both L-arginine and D-arginine (100 mM) significantly reduced the contractile potency and maximal contractile response to histamine but not to methacholine or potassium chloride in guinea-pig epithelium-denuded isolated trachea. Similarly, the contractile response to histamine was significantly reduced by L-arginine (100 mM) in rabbit epithelium-denuded isolated bronchus. The amino acid L-lysine (100 mM) failed to significantly alter the contractile potency of histamine in guinea-pig isolated trachea (P>0.05). In guinea-pig isolated trachea precontracted with histamine, both L-arginine and D-arginine produced a concentration-dependent relaxation which was not significantly altered by epithelium removal or by the presence of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, NG-nitro L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 50 µM). Thus, at very high concentrations, arginine exhibit a non-competitive antagonism of histamine-induced contraction of isolated airway preparations that was independent of the generation of nitric oxide and was not dependent on charge. These observations confirm previous studies of cutaneous permeability responses and of contractile responses of guinea-pig isolated ileal smooth muscle. Taken together, the data suggest that high concentrations of arginine can exert an anti-histamine effect.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Tämä pro gradu -tutkielma käsittelee alkoholinkäyttöä kulttuurisesti merkityksellisenä toimintana. Näkökulma pohjautuu Clifford Geertzin symboli- ja rituaaliteoriaan, jonka mukaan yksilölle ja yhteisölle merkitykselliset symbolit saavat tunnepuolisen ja käytännön merkityksensä järjestystä luovassa, toisteisessa toiminnassa. Nämä merkitykset opitaan alun perin sosiaalisessa vuorovaikutuksessa, mutta ne sisäistetään ja niitä ylläpidetään yksilöllisesti. Kulttuuriset arvot, asenteet ja uskomukset saavat ilmaisunsa yksilössä. Tätä työtä varten kulttuurisia merkitysrakenteita on etsitty kahdeksasta teemahaastattelusta ja yhdestä kyselyvastauksesta. Vastaajat ovat olleet alkoholisteja tai sekakäyttäjiä. Heidän vastauksistaan on etsitty yleisiä käsitekategorioita, jotka liittyvät alkoholinkäytön aloittamisen, ylläpitämisen ja lopettamisen motiiveihin. Aineistossa toistuvat teemat ja kategoriat ovat antaneet mahdollisuuden tarkastella kulttuurisia syy-seuraussuhteita. Aineistosta löytyy kuusi kulttuurista merkitysrakennetta, jotka vaikuttavat alkoholismin kehittymiseen. Ensimmäiseksi runsas humalahakuinen juominen liittyy historiallisesti miehisenä pidettyyn kuluttamisen tapaan, joka on symboloinut miehistä vapautta ja yhteenkuuluvuutta. Toiseksi alkoholinkäyttö on osa vanhempien ja yhteiskunnan kielloista sekä rajoituksista vapautumista. Kolmanneksi alkoholi symboloi vapautumista vakavuudesta, keskittymisestä ja työnteosta. Alkoholinkäyttö on vapaa-ajan symboli. Neljänneksi alkoholinkäyttö riippuu rahasta, jolloin alkoholista saatava vapaus on alisteinen rahalle. Raha on ensisijainen vapauden symboli. Viidenneksi kielteisistä tunteista ja kriittisemmistä mielipiteistä saatetaan vaieta, jolloin alkoholista tulee tärkeä osa tunteidenkäsittelyä ja itseilmaisua. Kuudenneksi alkoholismin taustalla ovat alkoholinkäyttöön liittyvät normit ja luokitukset. Alkoholiongelmasta puhutaan, kun normit ylittyvät ja juominen aiheuttaa kärsimystä tai fysiologista sairastavuutta. Ongelma on kuitenkin ollut olemassa jo ennen sen tiedostamista, osittain sosiaalisissa normeissa, jotka rajoittavat juomista tai tekevät siitä hyväksyttyä. Yhteiskunnallinen alkoholiongelma on seurausta useasta tekijästä. Medikalisoitunua sairautena alkoholismi vaatii hoitoa. Yhteiskunnasta ongelma ei kuitenkaan poistu, jos se suunnataan yksilöille, koska kulttuurissa olevat, alkoholismia tuottavat merkitysrakenteet, kuten sosiaaliset normit ja talouselämän lainalaisuudet jäävät käsittelemättä. Niiden vaikutuksesta yksilöiden elämään ja esimerkiksi addiktiosairauksiin tulisi keskustella esimerkiksi valtion johdossa sekä elinkeinoelämässä.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Programas, proyectos y red de portales

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of 5 stakeholder groups—students, parents, community organization representatives, guidance counsellors, and secondary school principals—in dealing with a mandatory secondary school graduation requirement in Ontario. The requirement is that students must complete 40 hours of eligible community involvement activities during their high school years in order to graduate. Ten stakeholders were interviewed regarding the nature of the community involvement program, what makes it work, and suggestions for improvement. The study found that although this program has the potential to provide a meaningful experience for students, and students are seen to gain from their experience in multiple ways, it depends substantially on the commitment of students, educators, and community organizations to make it worthwhile. Stakeholders recommended changes to the current program, which included making it a more structured process that would increase the consistency ofhow this program is implemented, finding ways to curb cheating and to reduce the administrative burden on schools, having more support from the Ontario provincial government and Ontario Ministry of Education and Training in the promotion and communication of this program, and developing partnerships between community organizations and schools to enrich the application of this program. This study concludes with a recommendation that the Ontario Ministry of Education and Training consider introducing Service-Learning, a curriculum-based experiential service and learning process, as an enhancement to the current community involvement program.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The primary purpose of the current investigation was to develop an elevated muscle fluid level using a human in-vivo model. The secondary purpose was to determine if an increased muscle fluid content could alter the acute muscle damage response following a bout of eccentric exercise. Eight healthy, recreationally active males participated in a cross-over design involving two randomly assigned trials. A hydration trial (HYD) consisting of a two hour infusion of a hypotonic (0.45%) saline at a rate of 20mL/minVl .73m"^ and a control trial (CON), separated by four weeks. Following the infusion (HYD) or rest period (CON), participants completed a single leg isokinetic eccentric exercise protocol of the quadriceps, consisting of 10 sets of 10 repetitions with a one minute rest between each set. Muscle biopsies were collected prior to the exercise, immediately following and at three hours post exercise. Muscle analysis included determination of wet-dry ratios and quantification of muscle damage using toluidine blue staining and light microscopy. Blood samples were collected prior to, immediately post, three and 24 hours post exercise to determine changes in creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LD), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Creactive protein (CRP) levels. Results demonstrated an increased muscle fluid volume in the HYD condition following the infusion when compared to the CON condition. Isometric peak torque was significantly reduced following the exercise in both the HYD and CON conditions. There were no significant differences in the number of areas of muscle damage at any of the time points in either condition, with no differences between conditions. CK levels were significantly greater 24hour post exercise compared to pre, immediately and three hours post similarly in both conditions. LD in the HYD condition followed a similar trend as CK with 24 hour levels higher than pre, immediately post and three hours post and LD levels were significantly greater 24 hours post compared to pre levels in the CON condition, with no differences between conditions. A significant main effect for time was observed for CRP (p<0.05) for time, such that CRP levels increased consistently at each subsequent time point. However, CRP and IL-6 levels were not different at any of the measured time points when comparing the two conditions. Although the current investigation was able to successfully increase muscle fluid volume and an increased CK, LD and CRP were observed, no muscle damage was observed following the eccentric exercise protocol in the CON or HYD conditions. Therefore, the hypotonic infusion used in the HYD condition proved to be a viable method to acutely increase muscle fluid content in in-vivo human skeletal muscle.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Ten superintendents~ 5 male and 5 female~ were randomly selected from a possible 33 males and 9 females in the Niagara and Hamilton regions. The participants were interviewed through a guided interview process coupled with an accounting of their educational and career histories. They were asked to discuss significant aspects of their careers such as the support they had received from families, from mentors and from involvement in networks. The data collected were then analyzed for similarities and differences both within and between the two gender cohorts. Upon analysis, it was found that the female and male administrators possessed differences in their personal backgrounds as well as their career and educational histories. Differences were also found in the perceived role of mentors, and networks. The ways in which the female administrators experienced their careers were found to be quite different from the ways in which the male administrators experienced their careers.