Changes in disability, physical/mental health states and quality of life during an 8-Week multimodal physiotherapy programme in patients with chronic non-specific neck pain: A prospective cohort study

Aim The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of an 8-week multimodal physiotherapy programme (MPP), integrating physical land-based therapeutic exercise (TE), adapted swimming and health education, as a treatment for patients with chronic non-specific neck pain (CNSNP), on disability, general health/mental states and quality of life. Methods 175 CNSNP patients from a community-based centre were recruited to participate in this prospective study. Intervention: 60-minute session (30 minutes of land-based exercise dedicated to improving mobility, motor control, resistance and strengthening of the neck muscles, and 30 minutes of adapted swimming with aerobic exercise keeping a neutral neck position using a snorkel). Health education was provided using a decalogue on CNSNP and constant repetition of brief advice by the physiotherapist during the supervision of the exercises in each session. Study outcomes: primary: disability (Neck Disability Index); secondary: physical and mental health states and quality of life of patients (SF-12 and EuroQoL-5D respectively). Differences between baseline data and that at the 8-week follow-up were calculated for all outcome variables. Results Disability showed a significant improvement of 24.6% from a mean (SD) of 28.2 (13.08) at baseline to 16.88 (11.62) at the end of the 8-week intervention. All secondary outcome variables were observed to show significant, clinically relevant improvements with increase ranges between 13.0% and 16.3% from a mean of 0.70 (0.2) at baseline to 0.83 (0.2), for EuroQoL-5D, and from a mean of 40.6 (12.7) at baseline to 56.9 (9.5), for mental health state, at the end of the 8-week intervention. Conclusion After 8 weeks of a MPP that integrated land-based physical TE, health education and adapted swimming, clinically-relevant and statistically-significant improvements were observed for disability, physical and mental health states and quality of life in patients who suffer CNSNP. The clinical efficacy requires verification using a randomised controlled study design.

Spine curvature analysis between participants with obesity and normal weight participants: A biplanar electromagnetic device measurement

To analyse and compare standing thoracolumbar curves in normal weight participants and participants with obesity, using an electromagnetic device, and to analyse the measurement reliability. Material and Methods. Cross-sectional study was carried out. 36 individuals were divided into two groups (normal-weight and participants with obesity) according to their waist circumference. The reference points (T1–T8–L1–L5 and both posterior superior iliac spines) were used to perform a description of thoracolumbar curvature in the sagittal and coronal planes. A transformation from the global coordinate system was performed and thoracolumbar curves were adjusted by fifth-order polynomial equations. The tangents of the first and fifth lumbar vertebrae and the first thoracic vertebra were determined from their derivatives. The reliability of the measurement was assessed according to the internal consistency of the measure and the thoracolumbar curvature angles were compared between groups. Results. Cronbach’s alpha values ranged between 0.824 (95% CI: 0.776–0.847) and 0.918 (95% CI: 0.903–0.949). In the coronal plane, no significant differences were found between groups; however, in sagittal plane, significant differences were observed for thoracic kyphosis. Conclusion. There were significant differences in thoracic kyphosis in the sagittal plane between two groups of young adults grouped according to their waist circumference.

Correlation between architectural variables and torque in the erector spinae muscle during maximal isometric contraction

This study analysed whether a significant relationship exists between the torque and muscle thickness and pennation angle of the erector spinae muscle during a maximal isometric lumbar extension with the lumbar spine in neutral position. This was a cross-sectional study in which 46 healthy adults performed three repetitions for 5 s of maximal isometric lumbar extension with rests of 90 s. During the lumbar extensions, bilateral ultrasound images of the erector spinae muscle (to measure pennation angle and muscle thickness) and torque were acquired. Reliability test analysis calculating the internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) of the measure, correlation between pennation angle, muscle thickness and torque extensions were examined. Through a linear regression the contribution of each independent variable (muscle thickness and pennation angle) to the variation of the dependent variable (torque) was calculated. The results of the reliability test were: 0.976–0.979 (pennation angle), 0.980–0.980 (muscle thickness) and 0.994 (torque). The results show that pennation angle and muscle thickness were significantly related to each other with a range between 0.295 and 0.762. In addition, multiple regression analysis showed that the two variables considered in this study explained 68% of the variance in the torque. Pennation angle and muscle thickness have a moderate impact on the variance exerted on the torque during a maximal isometric lumbar extension with the lumbar spine in neutral position.

Ability to discriminate between healthy and low back pain sufferers using ultrasound during maximum lumbar extension

Objective To analyze the ability to discriminate between healthy individuals and individuals with chronic nonspecific low back pain (CNLBP) by measuring the relation between patient-reported outcomes and objective clinical outcome measures of the erector spinae (ES) muscles using an ultrasound during maximal isometric lumbar extension. Design Cross-sectional study with screening and diagnostic tests with no blinded comparison. Setting University laboratory. Participants Healthy individuals (n=33) and individuals with CNLBP (n=33). Interventions Each subject performed an isometric lumbar extension. With the variables measured, a discriminate analysis was performed using a value ≥6 in the Roland and Morris disability questionnaire (RMDQ) as the grouping variable. Then, a logistic regression with the functional and architectural variables was performed. A new index was obtained from each subject value input in the discriminate multivariate analysis. Main Outcome Measures Morphologic muscle variables of the ES muscle were measured through ultrasound images. The reliability of the measures was calculated through intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). The relation between patient-reported outcomes and objective clinical outcome measures was analyzed using a discriminate function from standardized values of the variables and an analysis of the reliability of the ultrasound measurement. Results The reliability tests show an ICC value >.95 for morphologic and functional variables. The independent variables included in the analysis explained 42% (P=.003) of the dependent variable variance. Conclusions The relation between objective variables (electromyography, thickness, pennation angle) and a subjective variable (RMDQ ≥6) and the capacity of this relation to identify CNLBP within a group of healthy subjects is moderate. These results should be considered by clinicians when treating this type of patient in clinical practice.

Spanish version of the screening Orebro Musculoskeletal Pain Questionnaire: A cross-cultural adaptation and validation

Background Spanish is one of the five most spoken languages in the world. There is currently no published Spanish version of the Örebro Musculoskeletal Pain Questionnaire (OMPQ). The aim of the present study is to describe the process of translating the OMPQ into Spanish and to perform an analysis of reliability, internal structure, internal consistency and concurrent criterion-related validity. Methods Design: Translation and psychometric testing. Procedure: Two independent translators translated the OMPQ into Spanish. From both translations a consensus version was achieved. A backward translation was made to verify and resolve any semantic or conceptual problems. A total of 104 patients (67 men/37 women) with a mean age of 53.48 (±11.63), suffering from chronic musculoskeletal disorders, twice completed a Spanish version of the OMPQ. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the reliability, the internal structure, internal consistency and concurrent criterion-related validity with reference to the gold standard questionnaire SF-12v2. Results All variables except “Coping” showed a rate above 0.85 on reliability. The internal structure calculation through exploratory factor analysis indicated that 75.2% of the variance can be explained with six components with an eigenvalue higher than 1 and 52.1% with only three components higher than 10% of variance explained. In the concurrent criterion-related validity, several significant correlations were seen close to 0.6, exceeding that value in the correlation between general health and total value of the OMPQ. Conclusions The Spanish version of the screening questionnaire OMPQ can be used to identify Spanish patients with musculoskeletal pain at risk of developing a chronic disability.

Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990–2013: Quantifying the epidemiological transition

Background The Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) aims to bring together all available epidemiological data using a coherent measurement framework, standardised estimation methods, and transparent data sources to enable comparisons of health loss over time and across causes, age–sex groups, and countries. The GBD can be used to generate summary measures such as disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE) that make possible comparative assessments of broad epidemiological patterns across countries and time. These summary measures can also be used to quantify the component of variation in epidemiology that is related to sociodemographic development. Methods We used the published GBD 2013 data for age-specific mortality, years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs), and years lived with disability (YLDs) to calculate DALYs and HALE for 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2013 for 188 countries. We calculated HALE using the Sullivan method; 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) represent uncertainty in age-specific death rates and YLDs per person for each country, age, sex, and year. We estimated DALYs for 306 causes for each country as the sum of YLLs and YLDs; 95% UIs represent uncertainty in YLL and YLD rates. We quantified patterns of the epidemiological transition with a composite indicator of sociodemographic status, which we constructed from income per person, average years of schooling after age 15 years, and the total fertility rate and mean age of the population. We applied hierarchical regression to DALY rates by cause across countries to decompose variance related to the sociodemographic status variable, country, and time. Findings Worldwide, from 1990 to 2013, life expectancy at birth rose by 6·2 years (95% UI 5·6–6·6), from 65·3 years (65·0–65·6) in 1990 to 71·5 years (71·0–71·9) in 2013, HALE at birth rose by 5·4 years (4·9–5·8), from 56·9 years (54·5–59·1) to 62·3 years (59·7–64·8), total DALYs fell by 3·6% (0·3–7·4), and age-standardised DALY rates per 100 000 people fell by 26·7% (24·6–29·1). For communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders, global DALY numbers, crude rates, and age-standardised rates have all declined between 1990 and 2013, whereas for non–communicable diseases, global DALYs have been increasing, DALY rates have remained nearly constant, and age-standardised DALY rates declined during the same period. From 2005 to 2013, the number of DALYs increased for most specific non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, in addition to dengue, food-borne trematodes, and leishmaniasis; DALYs decreased for nearly all other causes. By 2013, the five leading causes of DALYs were ischaemic heart disease, lower respiratory infections, cerebrovascular disease, low back and neck pain, and road injuries. Sociodemographic status explained more than 50% of the variance between countries and over time for diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and other common infectious diseases; maternal disorders; neonatal disorders; nutritional deficiencies; other communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases; musculoskeletal disorders; and other non-communicable diseases. However, sociodemographic status explained less than 10% of the variance in DALY rates for cardiovascular diseases; chronic respiratory diseases; cirrhosis; diabetes, urogenital, blood, and endocrine diseases; unintentional injuries; and self-harm and interpersonal violence. Predictably, increased sociodemographic status was associated with a shift in burden from YLLs to YLDs, driven by declines in YLLs and increases in YLDs from musculoskeletal disorders, neurological disorders, and mental and substance use disorders. In most country-specific estimates, the increase in life expectancy was greater than that in HALE. Leading causes of DALYs are highly variable across countries. Interpretation Global health is improving. Population growth and ageing have driven up numbers of DALYs, but crude rates have remained relatively constant, showing that progress in health does not mean fewer demands on health systems. The notion of an epidemiological transition—in which increasing sociodemographic status brings structured change in disease burden—is useful, but there is tremendous variation in burden of disease that is not associated with sociodemographic status. This further underscores the need for country-specific assessments of DALYs and HALE to appropriately inform health policy decisions and attendant actions.

Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Background The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) is the first of a series of annual updates of the GBD. Risk factor quantification, particularly of modifiable risk factors, can help to identify emerging threats to population health and opportunities for prevention. The GBD 2013 provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution. Methods Attributable deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) have been estimated for 79 risks or clusters of risks using the GBD 2010 methods. Risk–outcome pairs meeting explicit evidence criteria were assessed for 188 countries for the period 1990–2013 by age and sex using three inputs: risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL). Risks are organised into a hierarchy with blocks of behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks at the first level of the hierarchy. The next level in the hierarchy includes nine clusters of related risks and two individual risks, with more detail provided at levels 3 and 4 of the hierarchy. Compared with GBD 2010, six new risk factors have been added: handwashing practices, occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, childhood wasting, childhood stunting, unsafe sex, and low glomerular filtration rate. For most risks, data for exposure were synthesised with a Bayesian meta-regression method, DisMod-MR 2.0, or spatial-temporal Gaussian process regression. Relative risks were based on meta-regressions of published cohort and intervention studies. Attributable burden for clusters of risks and all risks combined took into account evidence on the mediation of some risks such as high body-mass index (BMI) through other risks such as high systolic blood pressure and high cholesterol. Findings All risks combined account for 57·2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 55·8–58·5) of deaths and 41·6% (40·1–43·0) of DALYs. Risks quantified account for 87·9% (86·5–89·3) of cardiovascular disease DALYs, ranging to a low of 0% for neonatal disorders and neglected tropical diseases and malaria. In terms of global DALYs in 2013, six risks or clusters of risks each caused more than 5% of DALYs: dietary risks accounting for 11·3 million deaths and 241·4 million DALYs, high systolic blood pressure for 10·4 million deaths and 208·1 million DALYs, child and maternal malnutrition for 1·7 million deaths and 176·9 million DALYs, tobacco smoke for 6·1 million deaths and 143·5 million DALYs, air pollution for 5·5 million deaths and 141·5 million DALYs, and high BMI for 4·4 million deaths and 134·0 million DALYs. Risk factor patterns vary across regions and countries and with time. In sub-Saharan Africa, the leading risk factors are child and maternal malnutrition, unsafe sex, and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing. In women, in nearly all countries in the Americas, north Africa, and the Middle East, and in many other high-income countries, high BMI is the leading risk factor, with high systolic blood pressure as the leading risk in most of Central and Eastern Europe and south and east Asia. For men, high systolic blood pressure or tobacco use are the leading risks in nearly all high-income countries, in north Africa and the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. For men and women, unsafe sex is the leading risk in a corridor from Kenya to South Africa. Interpretation Behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks can explain half of global mortality and more than one-third of global DALYs providing many opportunities for prevention. Of the larger risks, the attributable burden of high BMI has increased in the past 23 years. In view of the prominence of behavioural risk factors, behavioural and social science research on interventions for these risks should be strengthened. Many prevention and primary care policy options are available now to act on key risks.

Observations sur les termes culinaires dans deux San-Antonio de Frédéric Dard

Pro gradu-työni aihe on ruokaterminologiaa käsittelevät ranskan puhekielen ja Pariisin slangin lainasanat sekä kirjailija Frédéric Dardin alias San-Antonion (1921-2000) luomat, ruokatermistöön kuuluvat uudissanat ja -sanonnat kahdessa San-Antonio-romaanissa C'est mort et ça ne sait pas sekä Le fil à couper le beurre. Näissä ns. kioskikirjallisuutta edustavissa rikosromaaneissa seikkailee puheenparttaan ruoka-alan termeillä höystävä, "erikoistehtäviä" hoitava komisario ja naistenmies, San-Antonio. Ranskankielisessä arjen kielenkäytössä vilisee ruokaan liittyviä sanoja ja sanontoja muissakin kuin varsinaisissa ruuanvalmistus- ja ateriointiyhteyksissä. Halusin tarkastella, millaisena tämä yleisesti havaitsemani ilmiö todentuu Frédéric Dardin kahdessa romaanissa, jotka olen valinnut aineistokseni. Frédéric Dard käyttää romaaneissaan varsin omaperäistä kieltä: sekä puhekieltä että Pariisin slangia. Korpukseni koostuu romaaneista poimimistani ruoka-alan termistöä sisältävistä esimerkeistä, joita valmiiseen työhön tuli 228 kappaletta. Jaoin kaikki korpuksesta löytämäni ruokatermit kahteen luokkaan sen mukaan, oliko kirjailija lainannut käyttämänsä sanan tai ilmauksen puhekielestä tai Pariisin slangista (lainatermit), vai oliko hän luonut termin tai ilmauksen itse (neologismit). Määrittelin termin tai ilmauksen neologismiksi, jos se ei esiintynyt joko laisinkaan tai ainakaan kirjailijan tarkoittamassa merkityksessä seuraavissa sanakirjoissa: Le Dictionnaire du français argotique, populaire et familier; Le Dictionnaire de l'argot moderne; Le Dictionnaire du français non conventionnel; Le Dictionnaire de l'argot; Le Dictionnaire du français argotique et populaire; L'argot chez les vrais de vrai ja Trésor de la langue française. Varsinainen tutkimus perustuu sanojen ja ilmausten merkitysten selvittämiseen ja analysointiin. Lainatermien analyysillä tarkoitan lainatermien merkitysten selvitystä em. sanakirjojen avulla. Neologismit analysoin tarkemmin käyttäen em. sanakirjoja sekä tukeutuen gastronomisten ja erityisesti kielitieteellisten lähdeteosteni tarjoamiin rakenteellisiin ja semanttisiin muodostustapoihin ja tekemällä niistä tarvittavat yhteenvedot oikean merkityksen selvittämiseksi. Käsittelin aineiston kaikki ruokatermit. Niiden valtavan lukumäärän vuoksi analysoitavien esimerkkien määrää piti rajoittaa niin, että valmiiseen työhön jäi jokaisesta termistä enintään kaksi esimerkkiä kummastakin korpuksen kirjasta eli yhteensä 228 esimerkkiä. Muut esimerkit luetteloin työn lopusta löytyvään liitteeseen. Neologismianalyysissä selvisi, että Frédéric Dard suosi erityisesti semanttisia muodostustapoja eli olemassa olevan merkityksen muuttamista metaforien ja kielikuvien avulla. Dardin rikas terminologia ja hänen humoristiset oivalluksensa ovat osaltaan rikastuttaneet ranskan puhekieltä.Työssäni totean, että Pariisin slangia ja puhekieltä on totuttu pitämään sosiaalisesti sopimattomana, marginaalisten ryhmien kielenä, vaikka sen ilmauksia saattaa nykyisin kuulla jopa akateemikkojen käyttävän, ja ilmauksia on siirtynyt slangi- ja puhekielestä yleiskieleen. Toivon työni edistävän kiinnostusta kielitaidon parantamiseen San-Antonion tyyliin tutustumisen avulla sekä herättävän mielenkiintoa ranskan kielen vivahteikkuuteen ja monimuotoisuuteen muullakin kuin yleiskielen tasolla. Kielessä ei mielestäni voi olla sellaisia osa-alueita, joiden opiskelu ja osaaminen olisi tarpeetonta.

Worldwide outdoor round robin study of organic photovoltaic devices and modules

Accurate characterization and reporting of organic photovoltaic (OPV) device performance remains one of the important challenges in the field. The large spread among the efficiencies of devices with the same structure reported by different groups is significantly caused by different procedures and equipment used during testing. The presented article addresses this issue by offering a new method of device testing using “suitcase sample” approach combined with outdoor testing that limits the diversity of the equipment, and a strict measurement protocol. A round robin outdoor characterization of roll-to-roll coated OPV cells and modules conducted among 46 laboratories worldwide is presented, where the samples and the testing equipment were integrated in a compact suitcase that served both as a sample transportation tool and as a holder and test equipment during testing. In addition, an internet based coordination was used via plasticphotovoltaics.org that allowed fast and efficient communication among participants and provided a controlled reporting format for the results that eased the analysis of the data. The reported deviations among the laboratories were limited to 5% when compared to the Si reference device integrated in the suitcase and were up to 8% when calculated using the local irradiance data. Therefore, this method offers a fast, cheap and efficient tool for sample sharing and testing that allows conducting outdoor measurements of OPV devices in a reproducible manner.

Estudio epizootiológico de la prevalencia e intensidad de invasión de los parásitos gastrointestinales en ovino de la raza pelibuey en la Empresa Agrosilvopecuaria González, S.A., Municipio de Villa El Carmen, departamento de Managua, Nicaragua

El presente estudio se llevó a cabo en la Empresa Agrosilvopecuaria González, S.A., ubicada a la altura del Km. 49 Carretera hacia Masachapa, desviándose unos 11 Km. hacia el Oeste. La propiedad se localiza a 11° 54" 24" Latitud Norte y 86° 36" 48" Longitud Oeste a 20 m.s.n.m. Municipio de Villa el Carmen, Departamento de Managua, Nicaragua. La zona presenta un clima Tropical seco. Se realizó con el 1 objetivo de Determinar la prevalencia e intensidad de invasión de parásitos gastrointestinales en las distintas épocas del año en la raza Pelibuey. Se muestrearon en total, 100 animales Distribuyendo 50 animales en la época de lluvia y 50 animales en la época de seca, haciéndose dos muestreo por cada época. De los 100 animales examinados en las dos épocas del año se identificaron un total de 4 especies de helmintos gastrointestinales; de los cuales 1 es de la Clase Protozoo y 3 de la Clase Nemátoda. Los parásitos gastrointestinales encontrados en la época de lluvia fueron de nemátodes: Strongyloides, el protozoario Coccidia. En la época de seca se repiten los Strongyloides y Coccidíos y se presentan los Trichostrongylus y Strongylatas. La prevalencia de los parásitos gastrointestinales encontrados fueron los siguientes: para la época de lluvia y seca, los nematodos Strongyloides (25 % época de lluvia y 20 % época de seca), Strongylata (0% época de lluvia y 4.17% época de seca) y Trichostrongylus (0% época de lluvia y 50% época de seca). Para el protozoario Coccidia (33.33% época de lluvia y 37.50% época de seca). Se encontró diferencia altamente significativa para (p<0.05) para el nematodo Trichostrongylus (0% época de lluvia y 50% época de seca), siendo la época seca la de mayor presentación, no sucediendo para los otros parásitos gastrointestinales. En el conteo de los helmintos según su clasificación taxonómica, se encontró en la época de lluvia una media por animal de 19.8, en la época de seca una media de 114.87 presentándose las enfermedades parasitarias más frecuentes en la época de seca. Se encontró diferencia significativa para t- student (p<0.05) para Coccidia 89.9 y para Trychostrongilus 316.7 siendo la época seca la de mayor presentación de estos parásitos.

Dinámica de la garrapata (Boophilus microplus) en el municipio de Siuna, Región Autónoma del Atlántico Norte (RAAN)

No existe información sobre el tiempo que requiere la garrapata B. microplus para su desarrollo no parasítico en áreas ganaderas del municipio de Siuna, R.A.A.N. El estudio se realizo en 10 fincas localizadas en tres comunidades pertenecientes al lugar antes mencionado, con temperatura media anual de 26º C; 80% ±5% y 2000 mm de precipitación, se estudiaron las fases no parasíticas de preovopo sición, ovoposición, incubación y supervivencia larval de B. microplus a partir de huevos depositados por teleoginas. Se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorio (DCA), para lo cual se tomaron 108 animales que se dividieron en tres categorías, 36 vacas en producción Láctea, 36 terneros (as) menores de un año y 36 vacas vacías, a los que se les realizaba recuento de garrapatas cada dos semanas para determinar la carga parasitaria existente en cada visita a la finca. La observación de los cultivos “ in vitro ” se realizó tres veces al día para determinar el desarrollo de las fases de: Preovoposición 2 a 5 días; ovoposición, de 13 a 22 días; incubación de 23 a 33 días; y supervivencia larval de 53 a 96 días. El análisis que se realizó fue descriptivo (AD) el cual determinó que existían diferencias significativas en las fechas de recuento. La máxima capacidad vital larvaria (MCV) observada aisladamente fue de 100 días. Los resultados están correlacionados con los factores en que fue realizado el estudio, esto puede variar al contraponerlo a los factores naturales. En relación a la aplicabilidad del presente estudio para programas de control bioecológico de la garrapata Boophilus microplus , se recomendaría un período de descanso de potreros superior a la MCV como estrategia de manejo sanitario, y la introducción de bovinos resistentes naturalmente a la garrapata, como medida de control racional.

Evaluación sobre crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento de catorce accesiones criollas de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) y el testigo comercial revolución-84 en La Compañía, Carazo, Postrera 1993

I. INTRODUCCION II. MATERIALES Y METODOS 2.1 Descripción del lugar 2.2 Descripción del diseño experimental 2.3 Tratamientos en estudio 2.4 Variables a medir en los tratamientos. 2.4.1 Sobre crecimiento y desarrollo. 2.4.2 Sobre el rendimiento 2.4.3 Estudio de enfermedades. 2.5 Análisis estadístico 2.6 Métodos de fitotecnia. 2.6.1 Preparación del suelo. 2.6.2 Fertilización. 2.6.3 Siembra. 2.6.4 Manejo de malezas 2.6.5 Manejo de plagas y enfermedades. 2.6.6 Cosecha. III.- RESULTADOS Y DISCUSION. 3.1 Sobre crecimiento y desarrollo 3.1.1 Porcentaje de emergencia 3.1.2 Diámetro del tallo 3.1.3 Longitud del tallo. 3.1.4 Número de nudos por planta. 3.13 Días a la floración. 3.1.6 Días a la madurez fisiológica. 3.1.7 Días a la cosecha. 3.1.8 Hábito de crecimiento. 3.2 Sobre el rendimiento y sus componentes. 3.2.1 Número de plantas cosechadas por parcela útil 3.2.2 Número de vainas por planta 3.2.3 Numero de granos por vaina. 3.2.4 índice de cosed/a. 3.2.5 Peso de grano malo. 3.2.6 Peso de grano bueno. 3.2.7 Peso de mil granos. 3.2.8 Rendimiento de grano 3.3 Estudio de enfermedades. IV CONCLUSIONES V. RECOMEMACIONES. VI REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRAFICAS VII. ANEXOS

Evaluación del rendimiento agronómico de doce cultivares de repollo (Brassica oleracea L) y la incidencia de Plutella xylostella L, en la Estación experimental Raul González, valle de Sébaco, Matagalpa

El estudio se realizó en la Estación experimental Raúl González del valle de Sébaco de Junio a Septiembre de 1994. Con el objetivo de determinar las características agronómicas de cada cultivar de repollo (Brasica olearacea L), para resolver algunos problemas de pequeños y medianos productores que demandan cultivares con buen rendimiento y resistente a plagas y enfermedades. Se evaluaron las variedades: Gluckstadter Mittelfrüher, Yeshen, Migthy YR, Copenhagen Market, Conquest, Izalco, Fortuna, Grenadier, Discovery, Giant, Superette YR y Glory of Enkhuizen. El diseño utilizado fue de Bloques Completos al Azar (B.C.A) con cuatro repeticiones, evaluándose las variables de crecimiento y desarrollo del cultivo, así como lo relacionado al rendimiento agronómico y la incidencia de Plutella xylostella L. Los datos obtenidos se sometieron al análisis de varianza y a la prueba de Tukey. Las variedades de mejor crecimiento y desarrollo fueron: Yeshen, Migthy YR, Superette YR, Fortuna e Izalco. En las variables de calidad no se obtuvo diferencia significativa., sin embargo, los cultivares Superette YR, Izalco y Fortuna resultaron con el mayor índice de compactación. Respecto al rendimiento los cultivares Grenadier, Izalco y Fortuna obtuvieron el mayor porcentaje de formación de cabezas así como, el mayor peso de cabeza por hectárea. Los insecticidas utilizados para el manejo de P xylostella no lograron reducir sus poblaciones durante las etapas de preformación y llenado de cabezas. Al finalizar el ciclo del cultivo se presentó Xanthomonas campestris p. y campestris resultando tolerantes los cultivares Grenadier, Discovery, Izalco, Migthy YR y Fortuna; perdiendo casi la totalidad de su población las variedades: Glory of Enkhuizen, Copenhagen Market y Conquest.

Utilización de "microorganismos efectivos" en el manejo de insectos-plagas del cultivo del tomate (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill) variedad UC-82 en el Valle de Sébaco, Matagalpa

El trabajo se realizó de Octubre de 1996 a Marzo de 1997, en la Estación Experimental "Raúl González" del valle de Sébaco, Matagalpa. Se evaluó la utilización de "Microorganismos Efectivos" en el manejo de insectos-plagas y enfermedades en el cultivo del tomate (Lycopersicum esculentum Mili), variedad UC-82. Los tratamientos utilizados fueron: Tratamiento 1, Productos Químicos; Tratamiento 2, Neem (Azadirachta indica); Tratamiento 3, EM-5B (extracto de hierbas y microorganismos); Tratamiento 4, EM-5 (microorganismos); Tratamiento 5, Testigo absoluto (sin ningún tipo de aplicación). En la etapa de semillero los tratamientos EM-5 y EM-5B mostraron un efecto reductor sobre las poblaciones de mosca blanca (Bemisia tabaci Genn). Después del trasplante la mayor densidad de mosca blanca se observó en el tratamiento a base de productos químicos. El mayor porcentaje de poblaciones de Lyriomiza spp. lo obtuvieron los tratamientos químicos y EM-5. En cuanto al porcentaje de población de Diabrotica spp. no se presentaron diferencias significativas a lo largo del experimento. Referente al daño causado por Heliothis spp. se observó a los 77 DDT (días después del trasplante), los tratamientos en los que menos daños se presentaron fueron neem y químico. Sin embargo estos mismos tratamientos mostraron mayor incidencia de virosis a los 42 DDT, asi mismo no se observó diferencias estadísticas. La mayor altura la presentó el tratamiento EM-5B y el mayor número de hijos lo obtuvo el tratamiento químico y EM-5. También se presentaron resultados positivos entre los caracteres grosor del mesocarpio y diámetro polar y ecuatorial obteniendo los mejores resultados EM- 5 y EM-5B. En cuanto al rendimiento comercial de producción el tratamiento que dio valores más aceptables fue el de Neem con 26,974 Kg/Ha de frutos comercializables con rendimiento total 27,979 Kg/Ha; haciendo la salvedad que este tratamiento fue fertilizado con el biofertilizante EM-Bokashi

Evaluación agronómica de cinco cultivares de pimiento dulce (Capsicum annuum L.) sembrados en la estación experimental "Raúl González" del Valle de Sébaco, Matagalpa

El trabajo se realizó en el periodo comprendido entre Febrero y Junio de 1995 en la Estación Experimental "Raúl González" del Valle de Sébaco, Matagalpa El ANDEVA realizado a los cultivares evaluados demostró que la mayoría de las variables medidas presentaron diferencias significativas entre sí. En cuanto a la floración y fructificación la mayor precocidad la presentaron los cultivares Criolla a los 24 y 34 días después del transplante (ddt), y XP-789 a los 26 y 37 días después del transplante. Respecto a los rendimientos comerciales el cultivar XP-789 produjo los valores más altos en las dos cosechas con 2,713.6 y 1,815.7 kg/ha. Además mostró el mayor rendimiento total con 5083 kg/ha; las mayores pérdidas las presentaron los cultivares Yolo Wonder con 71.73%, seguido por Criolla y XP-789 con 57.24 y 41.42%, respectivamente. La matriz de correlación realizada, se obtuvo correlaciones positivas desde el punto de vista fenotlpico entre los carácteres altura de planta con diámetro del tallo, ancho de la hoja, largo de la hoja, asi mismo, el diámetro del tallo tuvo correlación con largo y ancho de la hoja. La correlación entre los componentes del rendimiento presentaron correlaciones positivas entre número total de frutos malos y rendimiento de frutos buenos. La incidencia de plagas en el cultivo, todos los cultivares fueron afectados en las diferentes fechas en que se realizaron los recuentos, encontrándose una mayor incidencia en el cultivar Maccabi tanto para mosca blanca (Bemicia tabaci G.) como para picudo (Anthonomus eugenii C.). El cultivar Tainong obtuvo la menor incidencia de picudo y de mosca blanca.