Alternative strategies for deciphering the genetic architecture of childhood Pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia

La leucémie lymphoblastique aigüe (LLA) est une maladie génétique complexe. Malgré que cette maladie hématologique soit le cancer pédiatrique le plus fréquent, ses causes demeurent inconnues. Des études antérieures ont démontrées que le risque à la LLA chez l’enfant pourrait être influencé par des gènes agissant dans le métabolisme des xénobiotiques, dans le maintient de l’intégrité génomique et dans la réponse au stress oxydatif, ainsi que par des facteurs environnementaux. Au cours de mes études doctorales, j’ai tenté de disséquer davantage les bases génétiques de la LLA de l’enfant en postulant que la susceptibilité à cette maladie serait modulée, au moins en partie, par des variants génétiques agissant dans deux voies biologiques fondamentales : le point de contrôle G1/S du cycle cellulaire et la réparation des cassures double-brin de l’ADN. En utilisant une approche unique reposant sur l’analyse d’une cohorte cas-contrôles jumelée à une cohorte de trios enfants-parents, j’ai effectué une étude d’association de type gènes/voies biologiques candidats. Ainsi, j’ai évaluer le rôle de variants provenant de la séquence promotrice de 12 gènes du cycle cellulaire et de 7 gènes de la voie de réparation de l’ADN, dans la susceptibilité à la LLA. De tels polymorphismes dans la région promotrice (pSNPs) pourraient perturber la liaison de facteurs de transcription et mener à des différences dans les niveaux d’expression des gènes pouvant influencer le risque à la maladie. En combinant différentes méthodes analytiques, j’ai évalué le rôle de différents mécanismes génétiques dans le développement de la LLA chez l’enfant. J’ai tout d’abord étudié les associations avec gènes/variants indépendants, et des essaies fonctionnels ont été effectués afin d’évaluer l’impact des pSNPs sur la liaison de facteurs de transcription et l’activité promotrice allèle-spécifique. Ces analyses ont mené à quatre publications. Il est peu probable que ces gènes de susceptibilité agissent seuls; j’ai donc utilisé une approche intégrative afin d’explorer la possibilité que plusieurs variants d’une même voie biologique ou de voies connexes puissent moduler le risque de la maladie; ces travaux ont été soumis pour publication. En outre, le développement précoce de la LLA, voir même in utero, suggère que les parents, et plus particulièrement la mère, pourraient jouer un rôle important dans le développement de cette maladie chez l’enfant. Dans une étude par simulations, j’ai évalué la performance des méthodes d’analyse existantes de détecter des effets fœto-maternels sous un design hybride trios/cas-contrôles. J’ai également investigué l’impact des effets génétiques agissant via la mère sur la susceptibilité à la LLA. Cette étude, récemment publiée, fût la première à démontrer que le risque de la leucémie chez l’enfant peut être modulé par le génotype de sa mère. En conclusions, mes études doctorales ont permis d’identifier des nouveaux gènes de susceptibilité pour la LLA pédiatrique et de mettre en évidence le rôle du cycle cellulaire et de la voie de la réparation de l’ADN dans la leucémogenèse. À terme, ces travaux permettront de mieux comprendre les bases génétiques de la LLA, et conduiront au développement d’outils cliniques qui amélioreront la détection, le diagnostique et le traitement de la leucémie chez l’enfant.

Characterization of polycystin-1 in ADPKD pathogenetic mechanism : biogenesis and functional implications by genetic approaches in mouse

La polykystose rénale autosomique dominante (ADPKD) est une des maladies génétiques les plus communes. ADPKD se manifeste le plus souvent au stade adulte par la présence de kystes rénaux, et bien souvent de kystes hépatiques, avec une progression très variable. ADPKD mène à une insuffisance rénale: les seuls recours sont la dialyse puis la transplantation rénale. Les mutations dispersées sur les gènes PKD1 (majoritairement; la protéine polycystine-1, PC1) et PKD2 (la protéine polycystine-2, PC2) sont responsables de l’ADPKD. Le mécanisme pathogénétique de perte de fonction (LOF) et donc d’un effet récessif cellulaire est évoqué comme causatif de l’ADPKD. LOF est en effet supporté par les modèles murins d’inactivation de gènes PKD1/PKD2, qui développent de kystes, quoique in utéro et avec une rapidité impressionnante dans les reins mais pas dans le foie. Malgré de nombreuses études in vitro, le rôle de PC1/PC2 membranaire/ciliaire reste plutôt hypothétique et contexte-dépendant. Ces études ont associé PC1/PC2 à une panoplie de voies de signalisation et ont souligné une complexité structurelle et fonctionnelle exceptionnelle, dont l’implication a été testée notamment chez les modèles de LOF. Toutefois, les observations patho-cellulaires chez l’humain dont une expression soutenue, voire augmentée, de PKD1/PC1 et l’absence de phénotypes extrarénaux particuliers remet en question l’exclusivité du mécanisme de LOF. Il était donc primordial 1) d’éclaircir le mécanisme pathogénétique, 2) de générer des outils in vivo authentiques d’ADPKD en terme d’initiation et de progression de la maladie et 3) de mieux connaitre les fonctions des PC1/PC2 indispensables pour une translation clinique adéquate. Cette thèse aborde tous ces points. Tout d’abord, nous avons démontré qu’une augmentation de PKD1 endogène sauvage, tout comme chez l’humain, est pathogénétique en générant et caractérisant en détail un modèle murin transgénique de Pkd1 (Pkd1TAG). Ce modèle reproduit non seulement les caractéristiques humaines rénales, associées aux défauts du cil primaire, mais aussi extrarénales comme les kystes hépatiques. La sévérité du phénotype corrèle avec le niveau d’expression de Pkd1 ce qui supporte fortement un modèle de dosage. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons démontré par les études de complémentations génétiques que ces deux organes reposent sur une balance du clivage GPS de Pc1, une modification post-traductionelle typique des aGPCR, et dont l’activité et l’abondance semblent strictement contrôlées. De plus, nous avons caractérisé extensivement la biogénèse de Pc1 et de ses dérivés in vivo générés suite au clivage GPS. Nous avons identifié une toute nouvelle forme et prédominante à la membrane, la forme Pc1deN, en plus de confirmer deux fragments N- et C-terminal de Pc1 (NTF et CTF, respectivement) qui eux s’associent de manière non-covalente. Nous avons démontré de façon importante que le trafic de Pc1deN i.e., une forme NTF détachée du CTF, est toutefois dépendant de l’intégrité du fragment CTF in vivo. Par la suite, nous avons généré un premier modèle humanisant une mutation PKD1 non-sens tronquée au niveau du domaine NTF(E3043X) en la reproduisant chez une souris transgénique (Pkd1extra). Structurellement, cette mutation, qui mimique la forme Pc1deN, s’est également avérée causative de PKD. Le modèle Pkd1extra a permis entre autre de postuler l’existence d’une cross-interaction entre différentes formes de Pc1. De plus, nos deux modèles murins sont tous les deux associés à des niveaux altérés de c-Myc et Pc2, et soutiennent une implication réelle de ces derniers dans l’ADPKD tou comme une interaction fonctionnelle entre les polycystines. Finalement, nous avons démontré un chevauchement significatif entre l’ADPKD et le dommage rénal aigüe (ischémie/AKI) dont une expression augmentée de Pc1 et Pc2 mais aussi une stimulation de plusieurs facteurs cystogéniques tel que la tubérine, la β-caténine et l’oncogène c-Myc. Nos études ont donc apporté des évidences cruciales sur la contribution du gène dosage dans l’ADPKD. Nous avons développé deux modèles murins qui serviront d’outil pour l’analyse de la pathologie humaine ainsi que pour la validation préclinique ADPKD. L’identification d’une nouvelle forme de Pc1 ajoute un niveau de complexité supplémentaire expliquant en partie une capacité de régulation de plusieurs voies de signalisation par Pc1. Nos résultats nous amènent à proposer de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques: d’une part, le ciblage de CTF i.e., de style chaperonne, et d’autre part le ciblage de modulateurs intracellulaires (c-Myc, Pc2, Hif1α). Ensemble, nos travaux sont d’une importance primordiale du point de vue informatif et pratique pour un avancement vers une thérapie contre l’ADPKD. Le partage de voies communes entre AKI et ADPKD ouvre la voie aux approches thérapeutiques parallèles pour un traitement assurément beaucoup plus rapide.

Differential induction, isolation, physicochemical and molecular characterization of temperate phages of environmental Vibrio cholerae as evidence of phage mediated Horizontal Gene Transfer

The resurgence of the enteric pathogen Vibrio cholerae, the causative organism of epidemic cholera, remains a major health problem in many developing countries like India. The southern Indian state of Kerala is endemic to cholera. The outbreaks of cholera follow a seasonal pattern in regions of endemicity. Marine aquaculture settings and mangrove environments of Kerala serve as reservoirs for V. cholerae. The non-O1/non-O139 environmental isolates of V. cholerae with incomplete ‘virulence casette’ are to be dealt with caution as they constitute a major reservoir of diverse virulence genes in the marine environment and play a crucial role in pathogenicity and horizontal gene transfer. The genes coding cholera toxin are borne on, and can be infectiously transmitted by CTXΦ, a filamentous lysogenic vibriophages. Temperate phages can provide crucial virulence and fitness factors affecting cell metabolism, bacterial adhesion, colonization, immunity, antibiotic resistance and serum resistance. The present study was an attempt to screen the marine environments like aquafarms and mangroves of coastal areas of Alappuzha and Cochin, Kerala for the presence of lysogenic V. cholerae, to study their pathogenicity and also gene transfer potential. Phenotypic and molecular methods were used for identification of isolates as V. cholerae. The thirty one isolates which were Gram negative, oxidase positive, fermentative, with or without gas production on MOF media and which showed yellow coloured colonies on TCBS (Thiosulfate Citrate Bile salt Sucrose) agar were segregated as vibrios. Twenty two environmental V. cholerae strains of both O1 and non- O1/non-O139 serogroups on induction with mitomycin C showed the presence of lysogenic phages. They produced characteristic turbid plaques in double agar overlay assay using the indicator strain V. cholerae El Tor MAK 757. PCR based molecular typing with primers targeting specific conserved sequences in the bacterial genome, demonstrated genetic diversity among these lysogen containing non-O1 V. cholerae . Polymerase chain reaction was also employed as a rapid screening method to verify the presence of 9 virulence genes namely, ctxA, ctxB, ace, hlyA, toxR, zot,tcpA, ninT and nanH, using gene specific primers. The presence of tcpA gene in ALPVC3 was alarming, as it indicates the possibility of an epidemic by accepting the cholera. Differential induction studies used ΦALPVC3, ΦALPVC11, ΦALPVC12 and ΦEKM14, underlining the possibility of prophage induction in natural ecosystems, due to abiotic factors like antibiotics, pollutants, temperature and UV. The efficiency of induction of prophages varied considerably in response to the different induction agents. The growth curve of lysogenic V. cholerae used in the study drastically varied in the presence of strong prophage inducers like antibiotics and UV. Bacterial cell lysis was directly proportional to increase in phage number due to induction. Morphological characterization of vibriophages by Transmission Electron Microscopy revealed hexagonal heads for all the four phages. Vibriophage ΦALPVC3 exhibited isometric and contractile tails characteristic of family Myoviridae, while phages ΦALPVC11 and ΦALPVC12 demonstrated the typical hexagonal head and non-contractile tail of family Siphoviridae. ΦEKM14, the podophage was distinguished by short non-contractile tail and icosahedral head. This work demonstrated that environmental parameters can influence the viability and cell adsorption rates of V. cholerae phages. Adsorption studies showed 100% adsorption of ΦALPVC3 ΦALPVC11, ΦALPVC12 and ΦEKM14 after 25, 30, 40 and 35 minutes respectively. Exposure to high temperatures ranging from 50ºC to 100ºC drastically reduced phage viability. The optimum concentration of NaCl required for survival of vibriophages except ΦEKM14 was 0.5 M and that for ΦEKM14 was 1M NaCl. Survival of phage particles was maximum at pH 7-8. V. cholerae is assumed to have existed long before their human host and so the pathogenic clones may have evolved from aquatic forms which later colonized the human intestine by progressive acquisition of genes. This is supported by the fact that the vast majority of V. cholerae strains are still part of the natural aquatic environment. CTXΦ has played a critical role in the evolution of the pathogenicity of V. cholerae as it can transmit the ctxAB gene. The unusual transformation of V. cholerae strains associated with epidemics and the emergence of V. cholera O139 demonstrates the evolutionary success of the organism in attaining greater fitness. Genetic changes in pathogenic V. cholerae constitute a natural process for developing immunity within an endemically infected population. The alternative hosts and lysogenic environmental V. cholerae strains may potentially act as cofactors in promoting cholera phage ‘‘blooms’’ within aquatic environments, thereby influencing transmission of phage sensitive, pathogenic V. cholerae strains by aquatic vehicles. Differential induction of the phages is a clear indication of the impact of environmental pollution and global changes on phage induction. The development of molecular biology techniques offered an accessible gateway for investigating the molecular events leading to genetic diversity in the marine environment. Using nucleic acids as targets, the methods of fingerprinting like ERIC PCR and BOX PCR, revealed that the marine environment harbours potentially pathogenic group of bacteria with genetic diversity. The distribution of virulence associated genes in the environmental isolates of V. cholerae provides tangible material for further investigation. Nucleotide and protein sequence analysis alongwith protein structure prediction aids in better understanding of the variation inalleles of same gene in different ecological niche and its impact on the protein structure for attaining greater fitness of pathogens. The evidences of the co-evolution of virulence genes in toxigenic V. cholerae O1 from different lineages of environmental non-O1 strains is alarming. Transduction studies would indicate that the phenomenon of acquisition of these virulence genes by lateral gene transfer, although rare, is not quite uncommon amongst non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae and it has a key role in diversification. All these considerations justify the need for an integrated approach towards the development of an effective surveillance system to monitor evolution of V. cholerae strains with epidemic potential. Results presented in this study, if considered together with the mechanism proposed as above, would strongly suggest that the bacteriophage also intervenes as a variable in shaping the cholera bacterium, which cannot be ignored and hinting at imminent future epidemics.

Genome-wide evidence for speciation with gene flow in Heliconius butterflies

Most speciation events probably occur gradually, without complete and immediate reproductive isolation, but the full extent of gene flow between diverging species has rarely been characterized on a genome-wide scale. Documenting the extent and timing of admixture between diverging species can clarify the role of geographic isolation in speciation. Here we use new methodology to quantify admixture at different stages of divergence in Heliconius butterflies, based on whole-genome sequences of 31 individuals. Comparisons between sympatric and allopatric populations of H. melpomene, H. cydno, and H. timareta revealed a genome-wide trend of increased shared variation in sympatry, indicative of pervasive interspecific gene flow. Up to 40% of 100-kb genomic windows clustered by geography rather than by species, demonstrating that a very substantial fraction of the genome has been shared between sympatric species. Analyses of genetic variation shared over different time intervals suggested that admixture between these species has continued since early in speciation. Alleles shared between species during recent time intervals displayed higher levels of linkage disequilibrium than those shared over longer time intervals, suggesting that this admixture took place at multiple points during divergence and is probably ongoing. The signal of admixture was significantly reduced around loci controlling divergent wing patterns, as well as throughout the Z chromosome, consistent with strong selection for Müllerian mimicry and with known Z-linked hybrid incompatibility. Overall these results show that species divergence can occur in the face of persistent and genome-wide admixture over long periods of time.

Evidence for an apartheid-like social structure in early Anglo-Saxon England

The role of migration in the Anglo-Saxon transition in England remains controversial. Archaeological and historical evidence is inconclusive, but current estimates of the contribution of migrants to the English population range from less than 10 000 to as many as 200 000. In contrast, recent studies based on Y-chromosome variation posit a considerably higher contribution to the modern English gene pool (50-100%). Historical evidence suggests that following the Anglo-Saxon transition, people of indigenous ethnicity were at an economic and legal disadvantage compared to those having Anglo-Saxon ethnicity. It is likely that such a disadvantage would lead to differential reproductive success. We examine the effect of differential reproductive success, coupled with limited intermarriage between distinct ethnic groups, on the spread of genetic variants. Computer simulations indicate that a social structure limiting intermarriage between indigenous Britons and an initially small Anglo-Saxon immigrant population provide a plausible explanation of the high degree of Continental male-line ancestry in England.

Direct versus indirect sexual selection: genetic basis of colour, size and recruitment in a wild bird

Indirect and direct models of sexual selection make different predictions regarding the quantitative genetic relationships between sexual ornaments and fitness. Indirect models predict that ornaments should have a high heritability and that strong positive genetic covariance should exist between fitness and the ornament. Direct models, on the other hand, make no such assumptions about the level of genetic variance in fitness and the ornament, and are therefore likely to be more important when environmental sources of variation are large. Here we test these predictions in a wild population of the blue tit (Parus caeruleus), a species in which plumage coloration has been shown to be under sexual selection. Using 3 years of cross-fostering data from over 250 breeding attempts, we partition the covariance between parental coloration and aspects of nestling fitness into a genetic and environmental component. Contrary to indirect models of sexual selection, but in agreement with direct models, we show that variation in coloration is only weakly heritable (h(2) < 0.11), and that two components of offspring fitness-nestling size and fledgling recruitment-are strongly dependent on parental effects, rather than genetic effects. Furthermore, there was no evidence of significant positive genetic covariation between parental colour and offspring traits. Contrary to direct benefit models, however, we find little evidence that variation in colour reliably indicates the level of parental care provided by either males or females. Taken together, these results indicate that the assumptions of indirect models of sexual selection are not supported by the genetic basis of the traits reported on here.

Genetic diversity and structure of natural and managed populations of Cedrus atlantica (Pinaceae) assessed using random amplified polymorphic DNA

Cedrus atlantica (Pinaceae) is a large and exceptionally long-lived conifer native to the Rif and Atlas Mountains of North Africa. To assess levels and patterns of genetic diversity of this species. samples were obtained throughout the natural range in Morocco and from a forest plantation in Arbucies, Girona (Spain) and analyzed using RAPD markers. Within-population genetic diversity was high and comparable to that revealed by isozymes. Managed populations harbored levels of genetic variation similar to those found in their natural counterparts. Genotypic analyses Of Molecular variance (AMOVA) found that most variation was within populations. but significant differentiation was also found between populations. particularly in Morocco. Bayesian estimates of F,, corroborated the AMOVA partitioning and provided evidence for Population differentiation in C. atlantica. Both distance- and Bayesian-based Clustering methods revealed that Moroccan populations comprise two genetically distinct groups. Within each group, estimates of population differentiation were close to those previously reported in other gymnosperms. These results are interpreted in the context of the postglacial history of the species and human impact. The high degree of among-group differentiation recorded here highlights the need for additional conservation measures for some Moroccan Populations of C. atlantica.

Genetic structure and systematic relationships within the Ophrys fuciflora aggregate (Orchidaceae: Orchidinae): high diversity in Kent and a wind-induced discontinuity bisecting the Adriatic

A recent phylogenetic study based on multiple datasets is used as the framework for a more detailed examination of one of the ten molecularly circumscribed groups identified, the Ophrys fuciflora aggregate. The group is highly morphologically variable, prone to phenotypic convergence, shows low levels of sequence divergence and contains an unusually large proportion of threatened taxa, including the rarest Ophrys species in the UK. The aims of this study were to (a) circumscribe minimum resolvable genetically distinct entities within the O. fuciflora aggregate, and (b) assess the likelihood of gene flow between genetically and geographically distinct entities at the species and population levels. Fifty-five accessions sampled in Europe and Asia Minor from the O. fuciflora aggregate were studied using the AFLP genetic fingerprinting technique to evaluate levels of infraspecific and interspecific genetic variation and to assess genetic relationships between UK populations of O. fuciflora s.s. in Kent and in their continental European and Mediterranean counterparts. The two genetically and geographically distinct groups recovered, one located in England and central Europe and one in south-eastern Europe, are incongruent with current species delimitation within the aggregate as a whole and also within O. fuciflora s.s. Genetic diversity is higher in Kent than in the rest of western and central Europe. Gene flow is more likely to occur between populations in closer geographical proximity than those that are morphologically more similar. Little if any gene flow occurs between populations located in the south-eastern Mediterranean and those dispersed throughout the remainder of the distribution, revealing a genetic discontinuity that runs north-south through the Adriatic. This discontinuity is also evident in other clades of Ophrys and is tentatively attributed to the long-term influence of prevailing winds on the long-distance distribution of pollinia and especially seeds. A cline of gene flow connects populations from Kent and central and southern Europe; these individuals should therefore be considered part of an extensive meta-population. Gene flow is also evident among populations from Kent, which appear to constitute a single metapopulation. They show some evidence of hybridization, and possibly also introgression, with O. apifera.

Determination of mitochondrial genetic diversity in mammals

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is one of the most Popular population genetic markers. Its relevance as an indicator Of Population size and history has recently been questioned by several large-scale studies in animals reporting evidence for recurrent adaptive evolution, at least in invertebrates. Here we focus on mammals, a more restricted taxonomic group for which the issue of mtDNA near neutrality is crucial. By analyzing the distribution of mtDNA diversity across species and relating 4 to allozyme diversity, life-history traits, and taxonomy, we show that (i) mtDNA in mammals (toes not reject the nearly neutral model; (ii) mtDNA diversity, however, is unrelated to any of the 14 life-history and ecological variables that we analyzed, including body mass, geographic range, and The World Conservation Union (IUCN) categorization; (iii) mtDNA diversity is highly variable between mammalian orders and families; (iv) this taxonomic effect is most likely explained by variations of mutation rate between lineages. These results are indicative of a strong stochasticity of effective population size in mammalian species. They Suggest that, even in the absence of selection, mtDNA genetic diversity is essentially unpredictable, knowing species biology, and probably uncorrelated to species abundance.

Molecular evidence from Ciona intestinalis for the evolutionary origin of vertebrate sensory placodes

Cranial sensory placodes are focused areas of the head ectoderm of vertebrates that contribute to the development of the cranial sense organs and their associated ganglia. Placodes have long been considered a key character of vertebrates, and their evolution is proposed to have been essential for the evolution of an active predatory lifestyle by early vertebrates. Despite their importance for understanding vertebrate origins, the evolutionary origin of placodes has remained obscure. Here, we use a panel of molecular markers from the Six, Eya, Pax, Dach, FoxI, COE and POUIV gene families to examine the tunicate Ciona intestinalis for evidence of structures homologous to vertebrate placodes. Our results identify two domains of Ciona ectoderm that are marked by the genetic cascade that regulates vertebrate placode formation. The first is just anterior to the brain, and we suggest this territory is equivalent to the olfactoty/adenohypophyseal placodes of vertebrates. The second is a bilateral domain adjacent to the posterior brain and includes cells fated to form the atrium and atrial siphon of adult Ciona. We show this bares most similarity to placodes fated to form the vertebrate acoustico-lateralis system. We interpret these data as support for the hypothesis that sensory placodes did not arise de novo in vertebrates, but evolved froth pre-existing specialised areas of ectoderm that contributed to sensory organs in the common ancestor of vertebrate and tunicates. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Perceptual grouping ability in Williams syndrome: evidence for deviant patterns of performance

Williams syndrome (WS) is a rare genetic disorder. At a cognitive level, this population display poor visuo-spatial cognition when compared to verbal ability. Within the visuo-spatial domain, it is now accepted that individuals with WS are able to perceive both local and global aspects of an image, albeit at a low level. The present study examines the manner in which local elements are grouped into a global whole in WS. Fifteen individuals with WS and 15 typically developing controls, matched for non-verbal ability, were presented with a matrix of local elements and asked whether these elements were perceptually grouped horizontally or vertically. The WS group was at the same level as the control group when grouping by luminance, closure, and alignment. However, their ability to group by shape, orientation and proximity was significantly poorer than controls. This unusual profile of grouping abilities in WS suggests that these individuals do not form a global percept in a typical manner. (c) 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Diet, ageing and genetic factors in the pathogenesis of diverticular disease

Diverticular disease (DD) is an age-related disorder of the large bowel which may affect half of the population over the age of 65 in the UK. This high prevalence ranks it as one of the most common bowel disorders in western nations. The majority of patients remain asymptomatic but there are associated life-threatening co-morbidities, which, given the large numbers of people with DD, translates into a considerable number of deaths per annum. Despite this public health burden, relatively little seems to be known about either the mechanisms of development or causality. In the 1970s, a model of DD formulated the concept that diverticula occur as a consequence of pressureinduced damage to the colon wall amongst those with a low intake of dietary fiber. In this review, we have examined the evidence regarding the influence of ageing, diet, inflammation and genetics on DD development. We argue that the evidence supporting the barotrauma hypothesis is largely anecdotal. We have also identified several gaps in the knowledge base which need to be filled before we can complete

Genetic differentiation between hosts and locations in populations of latent Botrytis cinerea in southern England

This study tested the hypothesis that aggressive, localized infections and asymptomatic systemic infections were caused by distinct specialized groups of Botrytis cinerea, using microsatellite genotypes at nine loci of 243 isolates of B. cinerea obtained from four hosts (strawberry (Fragaria ´ananassa), blackberry (Rubus fruticosus agg.), dandelion, (Taraxacum of®- cinale agg.) and primrose (Primula vulgaris)) in three regions in southern England (in the vicinities of Brighton, Reading and Bath). The populations were extremely variable, with up to 20 alleles per locus and high genic diversity. Each host in each region had a population of B. cinerea with distinctive genetic features, and there were also consistent host and regional distinctions. The B. cinerea population from strawberry was distinguished from that on other hosts, including blackberry, most notably by a common 154-bp amplicon at locus 5 (present in 35 of 77 samples) that was rare in isolates from other hosts (9¤166), and by the rarity (3¤77) of a 112-bp allele at locus 7 that was common (58¤166) in isolates from other hosts. There was signi®cant linkage disequilibrium overall within the B. cinerea populations on blackberry and strawberry, but with quite different patterns of association among isolates from the two hosts. No evidence was found for differentiation between populations of B. cinerea from systemically infected hosts and those from locally infected fruits.

Genetic predisposition influences plasma lipids of participants on habitual diet, but not the response to reductions in dietary intake of saturated fatty acids

Objective: SNPs identified from genome wide association studies associate with lipid risk markers of cardiovascular disease. This study investigated whether these SNPs altered the plasma lipid response to diet in the ‘RISCK’ study cohort. Methods: Participants (n = 490) from a dietary intervention to lower saturated fat by replacement with carbohydrate or monounsaturated fat, were genotyped for 39 lipid-associated SNPs. The association of each individual SNP, and of the SNPs combined (using genetic predisposition scores), with plasma lipid concentrations was assessed at baseline, and on change in response to 24 weeks on diets. Results: The associations between SNPs and lipid concentrations were directionally consistent with previous findings. The genetic predisposition scores were associated with higher baseline concentrations of plasma total(P = 0.02) and LDL (P = 0.002) cholesterol, triglycerides (P = 0.001) and apolipoprotein B (P = 0.004), and with lower baseline concentrations of HDL cholesterol (P < 0.001) and apolipoprotein A-I (P < 0.001). None of the SNPs showed significant association with the reduction of plasma lipids in response to the dietary interventions and there was no evidence of diet-gene interactions. Conclusion: Results from this exploratory study have shown that increased genetic predisposition was associated with an unfavourable plasma lipid profile at baseline, but did not influence the improvement in lipid profiles by the low-saturated-fat diets.

On-farm management of rice genetic diversity: understanding farmers' knowledge on rice ecosystems and varietal development

The paper highlights the methodological development of identifying and characterizing rice (Oryza sativa L.) ecosystems and the varietal deployment process through participatory approaches. Farmers have intricate knowledge of their rice ecosystems. Evidence from Begnas (mid-hill) and Kachorwa (plain) sites in Nepal suggests that farmers distinguish ecosystems for rice primarily on the basis of moisture and fertility of soils. Farmers also differentiate the number, relative size and specific characteristics of each ecosystem within a given geographic area. They allocate individual varieties to each ecosystem, based on the principle of ‘best fit’ between ecosystem characteristics and varietal traits, indicating that competition between varieties mainly occurs within the ecosystems. Land use and ecosystems determine rice genetic diversity, with marginal land having fewer options for varieties than more productive areas. Modern varieties are mostly confined to productive land, whereas landraces are adapted to marginal ecosystems. Researchers need to understand the ecosystems and varietal distribution within ecosystems better in order to plan and execute programmes on agrobiodiversity conservation on-farm, diversity deployment, repatriation of landraces and monitoring varietal diversity. Simple and practical ways to elicit information on rice ecosystems and associated varieties through farmers’ group discussion at village level are suggested.