Is Pairing with a Relative Heritable? : Estimating Female and Male Genetic Contributions to the Degree of Biparental Inbreeding in Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia)

We thank the Tsawout and Tseycum First Nation bands for access to Mandarte, everyone who contributed to the long-term data collection, and the European Research Council and Royal Society for funding. We thank J.D. Hadfield, P. Bijma, E. Postma, and L.F. Keller for illuminatingdiscussions. Also, L.E.B. Kruuk, R. Bonduriansky, and an anonymous reviewer provided insightful comments that improved the manuscript.

Effect of reading sport chronicles on the perception of justice and the predisposition to protest actions in soccer

In this study three chronicles from national newspapers (one generalist and two sport press) were analyzed. The chronicles belong to Spain’s soccer final of the King’s Cup in 2014. The aim of the study was to know if there was any influence on the readers’ perception of justice and consequently if this influence could cause a particular predisposition to participate in acts of protest. 462 university students participated. The results showed that different chronicles caused differences in the perception of justice depending on the chronicle read. However, a clear influence on the willingness to participate in acts of protest was not obtained. These results should make us think about the impact of sport press and its influence, and to be aware of the indirect responsibility of every sector on the antisocial behaviors generated by soccer in our country.

A Hybrid Genetic Algorithm to Solve a Logt-Sizing and Scheduling Problem

Abstract: This paper reports a lot-sizing and scheduling problem, which minimizes inventory and backlog costs on m parallel machines with sequence-dependent set-up times over t periods. Problem solutions are represented as product subsets ordered and/or unordered for each machine m at each period t. The optimal lot sizes are determined applying a linear program. A genetic algorithm searches either over ordered or over unordered subsets (which are implicitly ordered using a fast ATSP-type heuristic) to identify an overall optimal solution. Initial computational results are presented, comparing the speed and solution quality of the ordered and unordered genetic algorithm approaches.

BRCA1 Regulates IFN-γ Signaling through a Mechanism Involving the Type I IFNs

BRCA1 encodes a tumor suppressor gene that is mutated in the germ line of women with a genetic predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer. BRCA1 has been implicated in a number of important cellular functions including DNA damage repair, transcriptional regulation, cell cycle control, and ubiquitination. Using an Affymetrix U95A microarray, IRF-7 was identified as a BRCA1 transcriptional target and was also shown to be synergistically up-regulated by BRCA1 specifically in the presence of IFN-gamma, coincident with the synergistic induction of apoptosis. We show that BRCA1, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-1, and STAT2 are all required for the induction of IRF-7 following stimulation with IFN-gamma. We also show that the induction of IRF-7 by BRCA1 and IFN-gamma is dependent on the type I IFNs, IFN-alpha and IFN-beta. We show that BRCA1 is required for the up-regulation of STAT1, STAT2, and the type I IFNs in response to IFN-gamma. We show that BRCA1 is localized at the promoters of the molecules involved in type I IFN signaling leading to their up-regulation. Blocking this intermediary type I IFN step using specific antisera shows the requirement for IFN-alpha and IFN-beta in the induction of IRF-7 and apoptosis. Finally, we outline a mechanism for the BRCA1/IFN-gamma regulation of target genes involved in the innate immune response, which is dependent on type I IFN signaling.

BRCA1: mechanisms of inactivation and implications for management of patients.

The BRCA1 gene was cloned in 1994 as one of the genes that conferred genetic predisposition to early-onset breast and ovarian cancer. Since then, a genetic test for identification of high-risk individuals has been developed. Despite being implicated in many important cellular pathways, including DNA repair and regulation of transcription, the exact mechanism by which inactivation of BRCA1 might lead to malignant transformation of cells remains unknown. We examine the mechanisms that underlie inactivation of BRCA1 and assess how they affect management of patients, in terms of both primary and secondary cancer prevention strategies. Furthermore, we look at the potential usefulness of BRCA1 as a prognostic tool and as a predictive marker of response to different classes of drugs. Finally, throughout this review, we draw links between the functional consequences of BRCA1 inactivation, in terms of key cellular signalling pathways, and how they might explain specific clinical observations in individuals who carry mutations in the gene.

Possible association between CTLA4 DNA polymorphisms and early onset type 1 diabetes in a UK population

Linkage and association has been reported between CTLA4 DNA markers and susceptibility to type 1 diabetes in some populations, but not others. We performed case-control and family-based association studies to assess if the CTLA4 A49G and intron 1 C/T polymorphisms were associated with development of early onset type 1 diabetes in the Northern Ireland population. The distribution of A49G and C/T alleles in cases (n = 144) was similar to those observed in controls (n = 307). In contrast, significant distortions in allele transmissions from informative parents to probands were observed for both the A49G (P = 0.02) and C/T (P = 0.01) polymorphisms employing 297 nuclear families. Our results suggest that the CTLA4 gene may play a minor role in the overall genetic predisposition to type 1 diabetes in this UK population.

Minor allele frequency of myeloproliferative neoplasm mutations in the Irish blood donor population

Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are rare diseases that include classic entities; polycythaemia vera, essential thrombocythaemia and primary myelofibrosis. In this short report, minor allele frequencies of common MPN mutations are compared between the Irish blood donor population and other populations of European descent using data from the Haplotype Map project. The Affymetrix array 6.0 platform was utilised identifying nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and six proxy SNPs. The variability of allele frequencies for MPN mutations could account for the different incidence rates seen between populations of European ancestry, giving a better understanding of the genetic predisposition to MPNs. 

Évaluation pharmacoéconomique d'un test de prédisposition génétique aux effets secondaires musculaires reliés aux statines

Introduction : Les statines ont prouvé leur efficacité dans le traitement des dyslipidémies. Cependant, ces molécules sont associées à des effets secondaires d’ordre musculaire. Puisque ces effets peuvent avoir des conséquences graves sur la vie des patients en plus d’être possiblement à l’origine de la non-observance d’une proportion importante des patients recevant une statine, un outil pharmacogénomique qui permettrait d’identifier a priori les patients susceptibles de développer des effets secondaires musculaires induits par une statine (ESMIS) serait très utile. L’objectif de la présente étude était donc de déterminer la valeur monétaire d’un tel type d’outil étant donné que cet aspect représenterait une composante importante pour sa commercialisation et son implantation dans la pratique médicale courante. Méthode : Une première simulation fut effectuée à l’aide de la méthode de Markov, mais celle-ci ne permettait pas de tenir compte de tous les éléments désirés. C’est pourquoi la méthode de simulation d'évènements discrets fut utilisée pour étudier une population de 100 000 patients hypothétiques nouvellement initiés sur une statine. Cette population virtuelle a été dupliquée pour obtenir deux cohortes de patients identiques. Une cohorte recevait le test et un traitement approprié alors que l'autre cohorte recevait le traitement standard actuel—i.e., une statine. Le modèle de simulation a permis de faire évoluer les deux cohortes sur une période de 15 ans en tenant compte du risque de maladies cardio-vasculaires (MCV) fatal ou non-fatal, d'ESMIS et de mortalité provenant d’une autre cause que d’une MCV. Les conséquences encourues (MCV, ESMIS, mortalité) par ces deux populations et les coûts associés furent ensuite comparés. Finalement, l’expérience fut répétée à 25 reprises pour évaluer la stabilité des résultats et diverses analyses de sensibilité ont été effectuées. Résultats : La différence moyenne des coûts en traitement des MCV et des ESMIS, en perte de capital humain et en médicament était de 28,89 $ entre les deux cohortes pour la durée totale de l’expérimentation (15 ans). Les coûts étant plus élevés chez celle qui n’était pas soumise au test. Toutefois, l’écart-type à la moyenne était considérable (416,22 $) remettant en question la validité de l’estimation monétaire du test pharmacogénomique. De plus, cette valeur était fortement influencée par la proportion de patients prédisposés aux ESMIS, par l’efficacité et le coût des agents hypolipidémiants alternatifs ainsi que par les coûts des traitements des ESMIS et de la valeur attribuée à un mois de vie supplémentaire. Conclusion : Ces résultats suggèrent qu’un test de prédisposition génétique aux ESMIS aurait une valeur d’environ 30 $ chez des patients s’apprêtant à commencer un traitement à base de statine. Toutefois, l’incertitude entourant la valeur obtenue est très importante et plusieurs variables dont les données réelles ne sont pas disponibles dans la littérature ont une influence importante sur la valeur. La valeur réelle de cet outil génétique ne pourra donc être déterminée seulement lorsque le modèle sera mis à jour avec des données plus précises sur la prévalence des ESMIS et leur impact sur l’observance au traitement puis analysé avec un plus grand nombre de patients.

Estudo de incidência de hipertiroidismo felino

O Hipertiroidismo Felino é uma endocrinopatia emergente em felinos geriátricos nos últimos 20 anos. É caracterizada pela elevada produção de hormonas tiróideias, originando sinais clínicos multisistémicos por vezes inespecíficos, tornando o seu diagnóstico um desafio. O diagnóstico é estabelecido maioritariamente com base no aumento da concentração sérica de tiroxina (T4) total e no quadro clínico. O tratamento pode ser realizado através de três modalidades distintas, o maneio médico, a tiroidectomia e a radioterapia. A sua etiologia permanece desconhecida, sendo considerada actualmente uma doença multifactorial, com elevada incidência e prevalência em diversos Países, como EUA, Reino Unido e Alemanha. A sua incidência em Portugal é desconhecida. Actualmente os factores de risco mais preponderantes são a idade geriátrica, e o contacto com químicos goitrogénicos presentes no alimento ou no ambiente. A raça europeu comum apresenta maior predisposição para o desenvolvimento da doença, as raças Himalaia e Siâmes apresentam menor risco. O presente estudo foi realizado com os objectivos de determinar a incidência de hipertiroidismo felino na região de Aveiro entre Outubro de 2010 e Janeiro de 2012 e os seus potenciais factores de risco. A incidência de hipertiroidismo em animais com idade ≥ 8 anos foi 7,69% e 9,84% em animais com idade ≥ 10 anos. Gatos mais geriátricos, assim como animais do sexo masculino apresentam maior predisposição ao desenvolvimento da doença.

Association between Mediterranean and Nordic diet scores and changes in weight and waist circumference: influence of FTO and TCF7L2 loci

BACKGROUND: Several studies have shown that adherence to the Mediterranean Diet measured by using the Mediterranean diet score (MDS) is associated with lower obesity risk. The newly proposed Nordic Diet could hold similar beneficial effects. Because of the increasing focus on the interaction between diet and genetic predisposition to adiposity, studies should consider both diet and genetics. OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether FTO rs9939609 and TCF7L2 rs7903146 modified the association between the MDS and Nordic diet score (NDS) and changes in weight (Δweight), waist circumference (ΔWC), and waist circumference adjusted for body mass index (BMI) (ΔWCBMI). DESIGN: We conducted a case-cohort study with a median follow-up of 6.8 y that included 11,048 participants from 5 European countries; 5552 of these subjects were cases defined as individuals with the greatest degree of unexplained weight gain during follow-up. A randomly selected subcohort included 6548 participants, including 5496 noncases. Cases and noncases were compared in analyses by using logistic regression. Continuous traits (ie, Δweight, ΔWC, and ΔWCBMI) were analyzed by using linear regression models in the random subcohort. Interactions were tested by including interaction terms in models. RESULTS: A higher MDS was significantly inversely associated with case status (OR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.96, 1.00), ΔWC (β = -0.010 cm/y; 95% CI: -0.020, -0.001 cm/y), and ΔWCBMI (β = -0.008; 95% CI:-0.015, -0.001) per 1-point increment but not Δweight (P = 0.53). The NDS was not significantly associated with any outcome. There was a borderline significant interaction between the MDS and TCF7L2 rs7903146 on weight gain (P = 0.05), which suggested a beneficial effect of the MDS only in subjects who carried 1 or 2 risk alleles. FTO did not modify observed associations. CONCLUSIONS: A high MDS is associated with a lower ΔWC and ΔWCBMI, regardless of FTO and TCF7L2 risk alleles. For Δweight, findings were less clear, but the effect may depend on the TCF7L2 rs7903146 variant. The NDS was not associated with anthropometric changes during follow-up.

Role of germ line p53 mutations in aneuploidy and immortalization of dermal fibroblasts from Li-Fraumeni cancer patients

Pedigree analysis of certain families with a high incidence of tumors suggests a genetic predisposition to cancer. Li and Fraumeni described a familial cancer syndrome that is characterized by multiple primary tumors, early age of onset, and marked variation in tumor type. Williams and Strong (1) demonstrated that at least 7% of childhood soft tissue sarcoma patients had family histories that is readily explained by a highly penetrant autosomal dominant gene. To characterize the mechanism for genetic predisposition to many tumor types in these families, we have studied genetic alterations in fibroblasts, a target tissue from patients with the Li-Fraumeni Syndrome (LFS).^ We have observed spontaneous changes in initially normal dermal fibroblasts from LFS patients as they are cultured in vitro. The cells acquire an altered morphology, chromosomal anomalies, and anchorage-independent growth. This aberrant behavior of fibroblasts from LFS patients had never been observed in fibroblasts from normal donors. In addition to these phenotypic alterations, patient fibroblasts spontaneously immortalize by 50 population doublings (pd) in culture; unlike controls that remain normal and senesce by 30-35 (2). At 50 pd, immortal fibroblasts from two patients were found to be susceptible to tumorigenic transformation by an activated T24 H-ras oncogene (3). Approximately 80% of the oncogene expressing transfectants were capable of forming tumors in nude mice within 2-3 weeks. p53 has been previously associated with immortalization of cells in culture and cooperation with ras in transfection assays. Therefore, patients' fibroblast and lymphocyte derived DNA was tested for point mutations in p53. It was shown that LFS patients inherited certain point mutations in one of the two p53 alleles (4). Further studies on the above LFS immortal fibroblasts have demonstrated loss of the remaining p53 allele concomitant with escape from senescence. While the loss of the second allele correlates with immortalization it is not sufficient to transformation by an activated H-ras or N-ras oncogene. These immortal fibroblasts are resistant to tumorigenic transformation by v-abl, v-src, c-neu or v-mos oncogene; implying that additional steps are required in the tumorigenic progression of LFS patients' fibroblasts.^ References. (1) Williams et al., J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 79:1213, 1987. (2) Bischoff et al., Cancer Res. 50:7979, 1990. (3) Bischoff et al., Oncogene 6:183, 1991. (4) Malkin et al., Science 250:1233, 1990. ^

Characterization of serum amyloid A protein mRNA expression and secondary amyloidosis in the domestic duck

Secondary amyloidosis is a common disease of water fowl and is characterized by the deposition of extracellular fibrils of amyloid A (AA) protein in the liver and certain other organs. Neither the normal role of serum amyloid A (SAA), a major acute phase response protein, nor the causes of secondary amyloidosis are well understood. To investigate a possible genetic contribution to disease susceptibility, we cloned and sequenced SAA cDNA derived from livers of domestic ducks. This revealed that the three C-terminal amino acids of SAA are removed during conversion to insoluble AA fibrils. Analysis of SAA cDNA sequences from several animals identified a distinct genetic dimorphism that may be relevant to susceptibility to secondary amyloid disease. The duck genome contained a single copy of the SAA gene that was expressed in liver and lung tissue of ducklings, even in the absence of induction of acute phase response. Genetic analysis of heterozygotes indicated that only one SAA allele is expressed in livers of adult birds. Immunofluorescence staining of livers from adult ducks displaying early symptoms of amyloidosis revealed what appear to be amyloid deposits within hepatocytes that are expressing unusually high amounts of SAA protein. This observation suggests that intracellular deposition of AA may represent an early event during development of secondary amyloidosis in older birds.

A preference for own-subspecies' song guides vocal learning in a song bird

In many song birds, males develop their songs as adults by imitating the songs of one or more tutors, memorized previously during a sensitive phase early in life. Previous work using two assays, the production of imitations by adult males and playback-induced calling by young birds during the sensitive phase for memorization, has shown that song birds can discriminate between their own and other species' songs. Herein I use both assays to show that male mountain white-crowned sparrows, Zonotrichia leucophrys oriantha, must learn to sing but have a genetic predisposition to memorize and learn the songs of their own subspecies. Playback tests to young naive birds before they even begin to sing reveal that birds give begging calls more in response to oriantha song than to songs of another species. After 10 days of tutoring with songs of either their own or another subspecies, birds continue to give stronger call responses to songs of their own subspecies, irrespective of whether they were tutored with them, and are more discriminating in distinguishing between different dialects of their own subspecies. The memory processes that facilitate recognition and discrimination of own-subspecies' song may also mediate the preferential imitation of song of a bird's own subspecies. Such perceptual biases could constrain the direction and rate of cultural evolution of learned songs.

Signal transduction in systemic acquired resistance.

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is an important component of plant defense against pathogen infection. Accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) is required for the induction of SAR. However, SA is apparently not the translocated signal but is involved in transducing the signal in target tissues. Interestingly, SA accumulation is not required for production and release of the systemic signal. In addition to playing a pivotal role in SAR signal transduction, SA is important in modulating plant susceptibility to pathogen infection and genetic resistance to disease. It has been proposed that SA inhibition of catalase results in H2O2 accumulation and that therefore H2O2 serves as a second messenger in SAR signaling. We find no accumulation of H2O2 in tissues expressing SAR; thus the role of H2O2 in SAR signaling is questionable.