Trophic dynamics in the northern Humboldt Current system: insights from stable isotopes and stomach content analyses

The northern Humboldt Current system (NHCS) off Peru is one of the most productive world marine regions. It represents less than 0.1% of the world ocean surface but presently sustains about 10% of the world fish catch, with the Peruvian anchovy or anchoveta Engraulis ringens as emblematic fish resource. Compared with other eastern boundary upwelling systems, the higher fish productivity of the NHCS cannot be explained by a corresponding higher primary productivity. On another hand, the NHCS is the region where El Niño, and climate variability in general, is most notable. Also, surface oxygenated waters overlie an intense and extremely shallow Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ). In this context, the main objective of this study is to better understand the trophic flows in the NHCS using both stomach content and stable isotope analyses. The study focuses on a variety of organisms from low trophic levels such as zooplankton to top predators (seabirds and fur seals). The approach combines both long-term and specific studies on emblematic species such as anchoveta, and sardine Sardinops sagax and a more inclusive analysis considering the 'global' food web in the recent years (2008 – 2012) using stable isotope analysis. Revisiting anchovy and sardine we show that whereas phytoplankton largely dominated anchoveta and sardine diets in terms of numerical abundance, the carbon content of prey items indicated that zooplankton was by far the most important dietary component. Indeed for anchovy euphausiids contributed 67.5% of dietary carbon, followed by copepods (26.3%). Selecting the largest prey, the euphausiids, provide an energetic advantage for anchoveta in its ecosystem where oxygen depletion imposes strong metabolic constrain to pelagic fish. Sardine feed on smaller zooplankton than do anchoveta, with sardine diet consisting of smaller copepods and fewer euphausiids than anchoveta diet. Hence, trophic competition between sardine and anchovy in the northern Humboldt Current system is minimized by their partitioning of the zooplankton food resource based on prey size, as has been reported in other systems. These results suggest an ecological role for pelagic fish that challenges previous understanding of their position in the foodweb (zooplanktophagous instead of phytophagous), the functioning and the trophic models of the NHCS. Finally to obtain a more comprehensive vision of the relative trophic position of NHCS main components we used stable isotope analyses. For that purpose we analyzed the δ13C and δ15N stable isotope values of thirteen taxonomic categories collected off Peru from 2008 - 2011, i.e., zooplankton, fish, squids and air-breathing top predators. The δ15N isotope signature was strongly impacted by the species, the body length and the latitude. Along the Peruvian coast, the OMZ get more intense and shallow south of ~7.5ºS impacting the baseline nitrogen stable isotopes. Employing a linear mixed-effects modelling approach taking into account the latitudinal and body length effects, we provide a new vision of the relative trophic position of key ecosystem components. Also we confirm stomach content-based results on anchoveta Engraulis ringens and highlight the potential remarkable importance of an often neglected ecosystem component, the squat lobster Pleuroncodes monodon. Indeed, our results support the hypothesis according to which this species forage to some extent on fish eggs and larvae and can thus predate on the first life stages of exploited species. However, the δ13C values of these two species suggest that anchoveta and squat lobster do not exactly share the same habitat. This would potentially reduce some direct competition and/or predation.

Expertises croisées dans la dégénérescence maculaire liée à l'âge. Focus sur la physiopathologie, l'angiogenèse, les données pharmacologiques et cliniques [Review and expert opinion in age related macular degeneration. Focus on the pathophysiology, angiogenesis and pharmacological and clinical data].

Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is a pathological aging of the macula, brought about by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. It induces geographic atrophy of the retina and/or choroidal neovascularization. In the latter, abnormal vessels develop from the choriocapillaris, with the involvement of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor). The VEGF family includes several factors, including VEGF-A, B, C, D, F and PlGF (placental growth factor). Their biological properties and their affinities to the VEGFR1, VEGFR2 and VEGFR3 receptors found on endothelial cells differ. Exudative AMD involves mainly VEGF-A and VEGF-R2. Anti-VEGF agents used in ophthalmology (ranibizumab, bevacizumab and aflibercept) are designed to primarily target this pathway. In vitro, all have sufficient affinity to their ligands. Their therapeutic efficacy must therefore be judged based on clinical criteria. In clinical practice, the minimum number of injections required for a satisfactory result appears to be comparable with all the three. The few available studies on therapeutic substitutions of anti-VEGF compounds suggest that some patients may benefit from substituting the anti-VEGF in cases of an unsatisfactory response to an initial molecule. Although local side effects, including increased risk of geographic atrophy, and systemic effects, including vascular accidents, have been suggested, these risks remain low, specially compared to the benefits of the treatment. Differences in safety between anti-VEGF are theoretically possible but unproven.

'Good-genes' and 'compatible-genes' effects in an Alpine whitefish and the information content of breeding tubercles over the course of the spawning season.

Some models of sexual selection predict that individuals vary in their genetic quality and reveal some of this variation in their secondary sexual characteristics. Alpine whitefish (Coregonus sp.) develop breeding tubercles shortly before their spawning season. These tubercles are epidermal structures that are distributed regularly along the body sides of both males and females. There is still much unexplained variation in the size of breeding tubercles within both sexes and with much overlap between the sexes. It has been suggested that breeding tubercles function to maintain body contact between the mating partners during spawning, act as weapons for defence of spawning territories, or are sexual signals that reveal aspects of genetic quality. We took two samples of whitefish from their spawning place, one at the beginning and one around the peak of spawning season. We found that females have on average smaller breeding tubercles than males, and that tubercle size partly reveals the stage of gonad maturation. Two independent full-factorial breeding experiments revealed that embryo mortality was significantly influenced by male and female effects. This finding demonstrates that the males differed in their genetic quality (because offspring get nothing but genes from their fathers). Tubercle size was negatively linked to some aspects of embryo mortality in the first breeding experiment but not significantly so in the second. This lack of consistency adds to inconsistent results that were reported before and suggests that (i) some aspects of genetic quality are not revealed in breeding tubercles while others are, or (ii) individuals vary in their signaling strategies and the information content of breeding tubercles is not always reliable. Moreover, the fact that female whitefish have breeding tubercles of significant size while males seem to have few reasons to be choosy suggests that the tubercles might also serve some functions that are not linked to sexual signaling.

Sampling and TDR probe insertion in the determination of the volumetric soil water content

Volumetric soil water content (theta) can be evaluated in the field by direct or indirect methods. Among the direct, the gravimetric method is regarded as highly reliable and thus often preferred. Its main disadvantages are that sampling and laboratory procedures are labor intensive, and that the method is destructive, which makes resampling of a same point impossible. Recently, the time domain reflectometry (TDR) technique has become a widely used indirect, non-destructive method to evaluate theta. In this study, evaluations of the apparent dielectric number of soils (epsilon) and samplings for the gravimetrical determination of the volumetric soil water content (thetaGrav) were carried out at four sites of a Xanthic Ferralsol in Manaus - Brazil. With the obtained epsilon values, theta was estimated using empirical equations (thetaTDR), and compared with thetaGrav derived from disturbed and undisturbed samples. The main objective of this study was the comparison of thetaTDR estimates of horizontally as well as vertically inserted probes with the thetaGrav values determined by disturbed and undisturbed samples. Results showed that thetaTDR estimates of vertically inserted probes and the average of horizontally measured layers were only slightly and insignificantly different. However, significant differences were found between the thetaTDR estimates of different equations and between disturbed and undisturbed samples in the thetaGrav determinations. The use of the theoretical Knight et al. model, which permits an evaluation of the soil volume assessed by TDR probes, is also discussed. It was concluded that the TDR technique, when properly calibrated, permits in situ, nondestructive measurements of q in Xanthic Ferralsols of similar accuracy as the gravimetric method.

Impact d'une alcoolisation précoce sur le rat juvénile et conséquences sur la consommation d'alcool à l'âge adulte.

Contexte : l'adolescence est une période de transition au cours de laquelle l'enfant développe les capacités physiques et cognitives qui lui permettent de s'intégrer au monde adulte et qui se caractérise notamment par une prise de risque, une grande impulsivité et une constante recherche de sensations. Bien que des déterminants sociaux et familiaux entrent en jeu dans ce domaine, il y a également une composante neurobiologique importante. Les avancées techniques dans le domaine de l'imagerie ont permis de mettre en évidence plusieurs changements structurels à l'adolescence tels qu'un remodelage de la matière grise avec une perte de synapses plus ou moins importante selon la région observée et une augmentation de la myélinisation. En outre, le développement cérébral n'est pas uniforme dans le temps. En effet, la maturation du cortex préfrontal est ultérieure au développement du système limbique. Cet asynchronisme pourrait expliquer l'impulsivité des adolescents (consécutive à l'immaturité du cortex préfrontal) et leur comportement de recherche de sensation et/ou de prise de risque (consécutif au développement précoce du noyau accumbens notamment). Ces régions font également partie intégrante du système de récompense et modulent la motivation pour des récompenses naturelles et non-­‐naturelles, comme l'alcool et d'autres drogues. L'émergence d'une consommation d'alcool excessive est justement préoccupante chez les adolescents. En 2007, l'étude ESPAD (The European School Survey Project On Alcohol and Other Drugs) menée auprès de jeunes de 15 à 16 ans relève que 41% des jeunes questionnées ont régulièrement bu jusqu'à l'ivresse dans les 12 mois précédant l'entretien. Les conséquences neuropsychologiques à long terme de ce comportement de « binge-­‐drinking » commencent à alarmer le corps médical, mais l'interrogation demeure sur les risques de ce type de comportement vis-­‐à-­‐vis du développement d'un alcoolisme chronique à l'âge adulte. Objectifs du travail : en s'appuyant sur une revue de la littérature, ce travail a pour objectif d'expliquer les comportements qui émergent à l'adolescence à la lumière des modifications neurobiologiques qui s'opèrent durant cette période critique. Au niveau expérimental, nous proposons d'évaluer la propension de rats juvéniles exposés précocement à de l'alcool à développer un comportement d'abus de consommation d'alcool à l'âge adulte en comparaison avec un groupe contrôle. Dans un deuxième temps nous souhaitons déterminer la propension des rats exposés précocement à de l'alcool à montrer une préférence pour l'alcool par rapport à la saccharine, puis par rapport à de l'eau en comparaison au groupe contrôle. Méthode : nous comparons deux groupes de rongeurs adolescents (âgés de 32 jours à 67 jours). Le groupe test (groupe E, n=8), qui est exposé par un accès ad libitum à une solution d'éthanol 10 % contenant de la saccharine 0.2%, ceci afin de limiter l'aspect gustatif aversif de l'éthanol. Et le groupe témoin (groupe S, n=8), qui est exposé par un accès ad libitum à une solution de saccharine 0.2%. Ce conditionnement se fait sur 13 semaines. Une fois atteinte l'âge adulte, les animaux sont ensuite entraînés à appuyer sur un levier afin de recevoir de l'éthanol (0,1 ml d'une solution à 10%). Nous nous proposons d'évaluer la quantité d'alcool ainsi consommée, puis la motivation des animaux pour obtenir de l'éthanol et enfin leur capacité de résistance à un choc électrique non douloureux mais aversif, lorsque celui-­‐ci est associé à l'éthanol. Enfin, nous évaluerons, via un paradigme de choix à deux leviers, la propension des animaux à choisir de consommer volontairement de l'éthanol quand ils ont le choix entre de l'éthanol 10% et une solution de saccharine à différentes concentrations, puis entre de l'éthanol 10% et de l'eau. Résultats : la phase de tests de comportements à risque d'abus ne permet pas de mettre en évidence une différence significative entre les deux groupes. La phase de test de choix montre une diminution significative du pourcentage d'appuis sur le levier associé à la saccharine avec la diminution de la concentration de saccharine pour les deux groupes. Le groupe S a un pourcentage d'appuis sur le levier associé à l'éthanol significativement plus important que les rats du groupe E et a tendance à préférer l'éthanol pour une concentration de saccharine plus grande que le groupe E. Le groupe S montre également une préférence significative pour l'éthanol quand il n'a plus que le choix avec l'eau alors que le groupe E ne montre pas de préférence. Conclusions : chez des rats élevés dans les mêmes conditons, la consommation précoce d'éthanol n'est pas un facteur de risque de comportements d'abus de consommation d'alcool à l'âge adulte. Cependant un phénomène dit de « sensiblisation croisée » entre le goût sucrée et l'éthanol a été soulevé au cours de cette étude permettant de se questionner sur l'impact d'une consommation intermittente de substances au goût sucré à l'adolescence sur la consommation d'alcool à l'âge adulte.

FY 09 Recycle Content Plastic Bag and Soy Inks Report

As required by Iowa Code section 307.21, figures for Fiscal Year 2009 for purchasing activity for soy-based inks and recycled content trash bags.

Glycogen content in the cerebral cortex increases with sleep loss in C57BL/6J mice.

We hypothesized that a function of sleep is to replenish brain glycogen stores that become depleted while awake. We have previously tested this hypothesis in three inbred strains of mice by measuring brain glycogen after a 6h sleep deprivation (SD). Unexpectedly, glycogen content in the cerebral cortex did not decrease with SD in two of the strains and was even found to increase in mice of the C57BL/6J (B6) strain. Manipulations that initially induce glycogenolysis can also induce subsequent glycogen synthesis thereby elevating glycogen content beyond baseline. It is thus possible that in B6 mice, cortical glycogen content decreased early during SD and became elevated later in SD. In the present study, we therefore measured changes in brain glycogen over the course of a 6 h SD and during recovery sleep in B6 mice. We found no evidence of a decrease at any time during the SD, instead, cortical glycogen content monotonically increased with time-spent-awake and, when sleep was allowed, started to revert to control levels. Such a time-course is opposite to the one predicted by our initial hypothesis. These results demonstrate that glycogen synthesis can be achieved during prolonged wakefulness to the extent that it outweighs glycogenolysis. Maintaining this energy store seems thus not to be functionally related to sleep in this strain.