Influence of physical preconditioning on the responsiveness of rat pulmonary artery after pulmonary ischemia/reperfusion

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of physical preconditioning in the responsiveness of rat pulmonary rings submitted to lung ischemia/reperfusion (IR). Wistar rats were divided into three groups: Sedentary sham-operated (SD/SHAM); sedentary submitted to ischemia/reperfusion (SD/IR) and trained submitted to ischemia/reperfusion (TR/IR) animals. Exercise training consisted in sessions of 60 min/day running sessions, 5 days/week for 8 weeks. Left pulmonary IR was performed by occluding for 90 min and reperfusing for 120 min. After that, pulmonary arteries were isolated and concentration-response curves to acetylcholine (ACh), histamine (HIST), sodium nitroprusside (SNP), phenylephrine and U46619 were obtained. Neither potency (- log EC50) nor maximal responses (Emax) were modified for ACh and HIST in all groups. On the other hand, the potency for SNP was significantly increased in TR/IR group (8.23 ± 0.06) compared to SD/IR group (7.85 ± 0.04). Contractile responses mediated by a-adrenergic receptor were markedly decreased in IR groups (SD/IR: 6.75 ± 0.06 and TR/IR: 6.62 ± 0.04) compared to SD/SHAM (7.33 ± 0.05). No changes were seen for the U46619 in all groups. In conclusion, the present study shows that exercise training has no protective actions in the local blood vessel where the IR process takes place. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Effects of pentoxifylline and n-acetylcysteine on injuries caused by ischemia and reperfusion of splanchnic organs in rats

Aim. Occlusion and reperfusion of splanchnic arteries cause local and systemic changes due to the release of cytotoxic substances and the interaction between neutrophils and endothelial cells. This study evaluated the role of pentoxifylline (PTX) and n-acetylcysteine (NAC) in the reduction of ischemia, reperfusion shock and associated intestinal injury. Methods. Sixty rats were divided into 6 groups of 10 animals. Rats in three groups underwent mesenteric ischemia for 30 minutes followed by 120 minutes of reperfusion, and were treated with saline (SAL-5 mL/kg/ h), pentoxifylline (PTX-50 mg/kg) or n-acetylcysteine (NAC-430 mg/kg/h). The other 3 groups underwent sham ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) and received the same treatments. Hemodynamic, biochemical and histological parameters were evaluated. Results. No significant hemodynamic or intestinal histological changes were seen in any sham group. No histological changes were found in the lung or liver of animals in the different groups. There was a progressive decrease in mean arterial blood pressure, from mean of 111.53 mmHg (30 minutes of ischemia) to 44.30±19.91 mmHg in SAL-I/R. 34.52±17.22 mmHg in PTX-I/R and 33.81±8.39 mmHg in NAC-I/R (P<0.05). In all I/R groups, there was a progressive decrease in: aortic blood flow, from median baseline of 19.00 mL/min to 2.50±5.25 mL/min in SAL-I/ R; 2.95±6.40 mL/min in PTX-I/R and 3.35±3.40 mL/min in NAC-I/R (P<0.05); in the heart rate, from mean baseline of 311.74 bpm to 233.33±83.88 bpm in SAL-I/R, 243.20±73.25 bpm in PTX-I/R and 244.92±76.05 bpm in NAC-I/R (P<0.05); and esophageal temperature, from mean baseline of 33.68°C to 30.53±2.05°C in SAL-I/R, 30.69±2.21°C in PTX-I/R and 31.43±1.03°C in NAC-I/R (P<0.05). In the other hand, there was an attenuation of mucosal damage in the small intestine of the animals receiving PTX, and only in the ileum of the animals receiving NAC. No changes were found in ileum or plasma malondialdehyde levels in any group. Conclusion. PTX was more efficient in reducing histological lesions than NAC, but neither treatment prevented hemodynamic changes during splanchnic organs I/R.

Técnica do grupo focal como método de avaliação do conhecimento de adolescentes sobre saúde bucal

This study aims to the understanding of adolescents regarding oral health, using the Focus Group technique. The study was conducted at three public schools in the city of Araçatuba, São Paulo State, Brazil, with ten students in each. In order to conduct the focus groups, the following words, which featured high error levels, were addressed in survey questions on oral health: oral health; plaque, permanent teeth; fluoride; gum bleeds?; dental floss; transmission of cavities. During the discussions in the focus groups, it was observed that many teenagers were surprised at the situation to which they were submitted and at the topic they were discussing. The word 'oral health' was associated with the condition of cleanliness of the oral cavity, not identifying oral health as part of general health. The term 'transmission of cavities' did not have a sufficient understanding. The term 'permanent tooth' was well understood and was associated with a type of tooth that would not be replaced. The word 'fluoride' had more association with the task of cleaning than protection of the teeth. It is concluded that the use of the focus group technique is of great importance in the interpretation of the knowledge of adolescents on oral health and the appropriateness of the terminology of questionnaires on the same subject.

Annexin-A1 peptide down-regulates the leukocyte recruitment and up-regulates interleukin-10 release into lung after intestinal ischemia-reperfusion in mice

Background: Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury is a serious and triggering event in the development of remote organ dysfunction, from which the lung is the main target. This condition is characterized by intense neutrophil recruitment, increased microvascular permeability. Intestinal IR is also responsible for induction of adult respiratory distress syndrome, the most serious and life-threatening form of acute lung injury. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of annexin-A1 protein as an endogenous regulator of the organ remote injury induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion. Male C57bl/6 mice were subjected to intestinal ischemia, induced by 45 min occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery, followed by reperfusion. Results: The intestinal ischemia/reperfusion evoked a high intensity lung inflammation as indicated by the number of neutrophils as compared to control group. Treatment with annexin-A1 peptidomimetic Ac2-26, reduced the number of neutrophils in the lung tissue and increased its number in the blood vessels, which suggests a regulatory effect of the peptide Ac2-26 in the neutrophil migration. Moreover, the peptide Ac2-26 treatment was associated with higher levels of plasma IL-10. Conclusion: Our data suggest that the annexin-A1 peptidomimetic Ac2-26 treatment has a regulatory and protective effect in the intestinal ischemia/reperfusion by attenuation of the leukocyte migration to the lung and induction of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 release into the plasma. The anti-inflammatory action of annexin-A1 and its peptidomimetic described here may serve as a basis for future therapeutic approach in mitigating inflammatory processes due to intestinal ischemia/reperfusion. © 2013 Guido et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

Report of the first meeting of the focal points appointed by the governments of the signatory countries of the declaration on the application of principle 10 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, 6 and 7 November 2012

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Annotated provisional agenda. Second meeting of the focal points appointed by the Governments of the signatory countries of the Declaration on the application of Principle 10 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean

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Provisional agenda. Second meeting of the focal points appointed by the Governments of the signatory countries of the Declaration on the application of Principle 10 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean

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Report of the second meeting of the focal points appointed by the governments of the signatory countries of the declaration on the application of principle 10 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean, Guadalajara, Mexico, 16 and 17 April 2013

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Puntos focales nacionales = National focal points

Documento Informativo, No 3

Familia pobre rural y urbana como grupo focal de políticas

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Familia pobre rural y urbana como grupo focal de políticas

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