Rapid determination of furosemide by combined spot test/diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to detect doping in sport

This paper describes the development and application of a simple, cheap, and clean method for the quantification of furosemide in urine samples from athletes, to detect doping, using a combined spot test/diffuse reflectance spectroscopy procedure. The method is based on the complexation reaction of furosemide (5-(aminosulfonyl)-4-chloro-2-((furanylmethyl)amino)benzoic acid, dissolved in ethanol, with FeCl3 and the surfactant dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) in aqueous solution, yielding a colored compound on the surface of a filter paper. The reagent concentrations were optimized using a chemometric experimental design. The reflectometric measurements of the complex formed were carried out at 477nm. The linear range obtained was 1.65-9.00×10-3molL-1 of furosemide (R=0.997), and the detection and quantification limits were 4.9×10-4 and 1.62×10-3molL-1, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied in the analysis of furosemide in spiked urine, demonstrating that it is a reliable alternative method for the detection of furosemide doping in sport. © 2012 Elsevier B.V..

Physical education in schools, sport activity and total physical activity in adolescents

Less than half of adolescents reach the recommended 300 minutes per week of physical activity (PA). Physical education classes and sports participation provide opportunities for adolescents to accumulate more time for PA practice; however, little is known about the influence of these variables on the level of total physical activity of adolescents. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the practice of physical education (PE) in schools and sports activities (SA) with the practice of total PA of adolescents. The study was cross-sectional and involved 467 adolescents of high school (15.8 ± 0.9 years-old) from the city of Rio Claro, in the State of São Paulo. Participants completed the Physical Activity Questionnaire to Older Children (PAQ-C) and questions related to the practice of PE and SA in schools. We performed a logistic regression with p<0.05 using SPSS. Girls had lower prevalence of PA than boys, 9.4% and 26.8%, respectively. Boys who did not participate of PE classes (OR=0.25, 95% CI=0.09-0.66) and SA in schools (OR=0.34, 95% CI=0.12-0.95) were less likely to be active in PA than boys who practiced these activities. The participation in PE classes or engagement in some SA were positively associated with the practice of total PA in boys.

Analysis of cardiopulmonary and metabolic variables measured during laboratory and sport-specific incremental tests for table tennis performance prediction

Purpose. - The purposes of this study were: i) to compare the physiological responses measured during a specific table tennis incremental test with the physiological responses measured during cycling, arm cranking, and treadmill running tests; and ii) to verify the accuracy of table tennis performance prediction based on the physiological responses from these tests.Methods. - Eleven national level male table tennis players participated in the study and undertook incremental tests using ergometers. Table tennis performance was defined as the ranking obtained during a simulated tournament between the participants.Results. - In general, peak values for physiological variables (e.g., (V) over dotO(2PEAK) and [La]PEAK) were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the specific test (e.g., (V) over dotO(2PEAK) = 39.9 +/- 1.5 ml.kg(-1) per minute and [La]PEAK = 6.4 +/- 0.5 mmol.L-1) than during cycling (e.g., (V) over dotO(2PEAK) = 41.3 +/- 1.4 ml.kg(-1) per minute and [La]PEAK = 10.2 +/- 0.7 mmol.L-1) or running (e.g., (V) over dotO(2PEAK) = 43.9 +/- 1.5 ml.kg(-1) per minute and [La]PEAK = 10.0 +/- 0.7 mmol.L-1), but higher than during arm cranking (e.g., (V) over dotO(2PEAK) = 26.6 +/- 1.6 ml.kg(-1) per minute and [La]PEAK = 8.9 +/- 0.6 mmol.L-1). At respiratory compensation point intensity (RCP), only the variables measured on arm cranking were lower (P < 0.05) than on the other ergometers. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed significant correlation between table tennis performance and lactate concentration ([La]) and also rate of perceived effort (RPE) at RCP during cycling (r = 0.89; P < 0.05).Conclusion. - In conclusion, the significant differences obtained between the specific and laboratory ergometers demonstrate the need to use a specific test to measure physiological parameters in table tennis and the physiological parameters measured, independent of the ergometer used, are unable to predict table tennis performance. (C) 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Sport techniques in physical education school: a look at the socio-cultural trends

Teaching sports techniques lessons of Physical Education is a very controversial subject. We must emphasize the fact that called our attention, that dealing with sport in a critical way would be the same as being against the teaching of the art. Several factors contributed in shaping this reality, among them we suspect that the proposal's incomprehension made within the socio-cultural trends. Thus, the aim of this work was to investigate the technical aspects of sports in teaching of Physical Education, as socio-cultural trends part. Throughout the text it is possible to identify new goals considering sportive techniques such as the concern with interests of students who movement, consideration of cultural repertoire of these students, in addition to proposing that the lessons do not restrict implementation of these movements, but also includes the knowledge of social, political, economic and cultural universe of sports events.

Influência dos estados emocionais em jogadoras de handebol

Questions of psychological interference have been white of the researchers, that identify in the emotional states, a key precious and important in the fight to get a significant result in the esportivo context. The present study it raised questions of interest of sciences of the sport, objectifying to check the influences of the emotional states of players of handebol and its possible interferences in the esportivo income. We work with a qualitative research, leading given next to the athletes and commission technique of the team of handebol of Sorocaba; using questionnaires structuralized and halfstructuralized for the collection of data. All the gotten results had been represented graphically and analyzed front to the theoretical referencial of the area. These results in had shown them that inside of the searched universe, consequentemente exist some factors that intervene with the esportivo income of the majority of the athletes , affecting in a generalized manner the income of the team. In this way we have that it is not only enough to give attention to the physical training, technician and tacticians. It is necessary to give a special attention to the psychological factors of the athletes, so that in a competition they can relieve everything that that has condition to relieve. Finally, we more suggest deepened research inside of this area so that let us can better understand and take attitudes with regard to subjects as the Daily paymenstrual Tension and the question of the leadership, in the form of case studies. We also suggest an intervention of work of a psychologist of the sport acting next to team since the phase of definition of objectives until the ends of the championship.

Glória e tragédia: a dualidade da prestação de contas do Sport Club Corinthians Paulista em seus relatórios de sustentabilidade

Pós-graduação em Comunicação - FAAC

Physico-chemical characterization and analytical development for sodium azumolene, a potential drug designed to fight malignant hyperthermia

Sodium azumolene is a drug designed to fight Malignant Hyperthermia (MH), which is characterized by genetic predisposition and triggered by the use of inhalational anesthetics. This drug is shown as a water-soluble analogue of dantrolene sodium, 30-folds more water soluble, which gives advantages for its emergency use. To our knowledge there is no analytical method for sodium zaumolene raw material or dosage form published so far. The objective of the present investigation was to develop and validate analytical methods to achieve sodium azumolene chemical identification and quantification. The sodium azumolene was characterized regarding its thermal behavior, by differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis; Visible, UV and infrared absorption. To accurately assess the sodium Azumolene content three different analytical methods (visible and UV spectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography) were developed and validated. All methods showed to be linear, accurate, precise and reliable. Azumolene has shown to be equipotent to dantrolene in the treatment and prevention of an MH crisis and the great advantage compared to dantrolene is better water solubility. This study has characterized the sodium azumolene and presents new analytical methods which have not been reported so far.

Doping e suplementação no MMA: um estudo documental de caso

The first records of the use of substances that enhance athletic performance began in antiquity. The objective of this study is to analyze the use of doping methods and supplements by amateur athletes and MMA professionals and what motivates usage. The work consisted of desk research in which use of work carried out at fifteen amateur and professional athletes, which underwent a data collection; these athletes are all over eighteen years old, male and practicing MMA for at least two years. The questionnaire that they were submitted corresponded to ten multiple-choice questions, which are: Age, what type of fight practiced as a basis for MMA, how long practices martial arts, sees the sport of competitive or recreational way, has already made use dietary supplements, have made use of banned substances (steroids) in the sport, it has already made use of steroids which the substance used and to what end was done using, know the side effects of anabolic steroids, know one or more people who have already made use of steroids in order to increase their performance in the fight, he believes it is possible an athlete achieve success in modern MMA without the use of anabolic steroids. The results showed that, of the fifteen athletes interviewed, only two said they never made use of dietary supplements, and four said they have already made use of anabolic steroids. All fifteen athletes claim to know the side effects of steroid use, and 14 of them say they know one or more sport-mates who have already made use of steroids. Given the results, it can be concluded that the use of steroids is common in MMA

Physiological responses and rate of perceived exertion in Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes

In this study, the physiological responses and rate of perceived exertion in Brazilian jiu-jitsu fighters submitted to a combat simulation were investigated. Venous blood samples and heart rate were taken from twelve male Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes (27.1+/-2.7 yrs, 75.4+/-8.8 kg, 174.9+/-4.4 cm, 9.2+/-2.4% fat), at rest, after a warm-up (ten minutes), immediately after the fight simulation (seven minutes) and after recovery (fourteen minutes). After the combat the rate of perceived exertion was collected. The combat of the Brazilian jiu-jitsu fighters did not change blood concentrations of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein, ureia and ammonia. However, blood levels of high density lipoprotein were significantly higher post-fight (before: 43.0+/-6.9 mg/dL, after: 45.1+/-8.0 mg/dL) and stayed at high levels during the recovery period (43.6+/-8.1 mg/dL) compared to the rest values (40.0+/-6.6 mg/dL). The fight did not cause changes in the concentrations of the cell damage markers of creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase and creatinine. However, blood concentrations of the alanine aminotransferase (before: 16.1+/-7.1 U/L, after: 18.6+/-7.1 U/L) and lactate dehydrogenase (before: 491.5+/-177.6 U/L, after: 542.6+/-141.4 U/L) enzymes were elevated after the fight. Heart rate (before: 122+/-25 bpm, after: 165+/-17 bpm) and lactate (before: 2.5+/-1.2 mmol/L, after: 11.9+/-5.8 mmol/L) increased significantly with the completion of combat. Despite this, the athletes rated the fight as being light or somewhat hard (12+/-2). These results showed that muscle glycogen is not the only substrate used in Brazilian jiu-jitsu fights, since there are indications of activation of the glycolytic, lipolytic and proteolytic pathways. Furthermore, the athletes rated the combats as being light or somewhat hard although muscle damage markers were generated.

Methods of body-mass reduction by combat sport athletes

The aim of this study was to investigate the methods adopted to reduce body mass (BM) in competitive athletes from the grappling (judo, jujitsu) and striking (karate and tae kwon do) combat sports in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. An exploratory methodology was employed through descriptive research, using a standardized questionnaire with objective questions self-administered to 580 athletes (25.0 +/- 3.7 yr, 74.5 +/- 9.7 kg, and 16.4% +/- 5.1% body fat). Regardless of the sport, 60% of the athletes reported using a method of rapid weight loss (RWL) through increased energy expenditure. Strikers tend to begin reducing BM during adolescence. Furthermore, 50% of the sample used saunas and plastic clothing, and only 26.1% received advice from a nutritionist. The authors conclude that a high percentage of athletes uses RWL methods. In addition, a high percentage of athletes uses unapproved or prohibited methods such as diuretics, saunas, and plastic clothing. The age at which combat sport athletes reduce BM for the first time is also worrying, especially among strikers.

Assessment of nose protector for sport activities: finite element analysis

There has been a significant increase in the number of facial fractures stemming from sport activities in recent years, with the nasal bone one of the most affected structures. Researchers recommend the use of a nose protector, but there is no standardization regarding the material employed. Clinical experience has demonstrated that a combination of a flexible and rigid layer of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) offers both comfort and safety to practitioners of sports. The aim of the present study was the investigation into the stresses generated by the impact of a rigid body on the nasal bone on models with and without an EVA protector. For such, finite element analysis was employed. A craniofacial model was constructed from images obtained through computed tomography. The nose protector was modeled with two layers of EVA (1 mm of rigid EVA over 2 mm of flexible EVA), following the geometry of the soft tissue. Finite element analysis was performed using the LS Dyna program. The bone and rigid EVA were represented as elastic linear material, whereas the soft tissues and flexible EVA were represented as hyperelastic material. The impact from a rigid sphere on the frontal region of the face was simulated with a constant velocity of 20 m s-1 for 9.1 mu s. The model without the protector served as the control. The distribution of maximal stress of the facial bones was recorded. The maximal stress on the nasal bone surpassed the breaking limit of 0.130.34 MPa on the model without a protector, while remaining below this limit on the model with the protector. Thus, the nose protector made from both flexible and rigid EVA proved effective at protecting the nasal bones under high-impact conditions.