Experimental investigation of dynamic pressure loads during dam break

The objectives of this work are to revisit the experimental measurements on dam break flow over a dry horizontal bed and to provide a detailed insight into the dynamics of the dam break wave impacting a vertical wall downstream the dam, with emphasis on the pressure loads. The measured data are statistically analyzed and critically discussed. As a result, an extensive set of data for validation of computational tools is provided.

Vibrations loads in the process of designing scientific spacecraft payloads

Scientific missions constitute fundamental cornerstones of space agencies such as ESA and NASA. Modern astronomy could not be understood without the data provided by these missions. Scientists need to design very carefully onboard instruments. Payloads have to survive the crucial launch moment and later perform well in the really harsh space environ-ment. It is very important that the instrument conceptual idea can be engineered to sustain all those loads

Measurements and Prediction of Pedestrian Walking Loads on an Aluminium Catwalk

During the last two decades the topic of human induced vibration has attracted a lot of attention among civil engineering practitioners and academics alike. Usually this type of problem may be encountered in pedestrian footbridges or floors of paperless offices. Slender designs are becoming increasingly popular, and as a consequence, the importance of paying attention to vibration serviceability also increases. This paper resumes the results obtained from measurements taken at different points of an aluminium catwalk which is 6 m in length by 0.6 m in width. Measurements were carried out when subjecting the structure to different actions:1)Static test: a steel cylinder of 35 kg was placed in the middle of the catwalk; 2)Dynamic test: this test consists of exciting the structure with singles impulses; 3)Dynamic test: people walking on the catwalk. Identification of the mechanical properties of the structure is an achievement of the paper. Indirect methods were used to estimate properties including the support stiffness, the beam bending stiffness, the mass of the structure (using Rayleigh method and iterative matrix method), the natural frequency (using the time domain and frequency domain analysis) and the damping ratio (by calculating the logarithmic decrement). Experimental results and numerical predictions for the response of an aluminium catwalk subjected to walking loads have been compared. The damping of this light weight structure depends on the amplitude of vibration which complicates the tuning of a structural model. In the light of the results obtained it seems that the used walking load model is not appropriate as the predicted transient vibration values (TTVs) are much higher than the measured ones.

Fracture of concrete structural members subjected to blast

If reinforced concrete structures are to be safe under extreme impulsive loadings such as explosions, a broad understanding of the fracture mechanics of concrete under such events is needed. Most buildings and infrastructures which are likely to be subjected to terrorist attacks are borne by a reinforced concrete (RC) structure. Up to some years ago, the traditional method used to study the ability of RC structures to withstand explosions consisted on a choice between handmade calculations, affordable but inaccurate and unreliable, and full scale experimental tests involving explosions, expensive and not available for many civil institutions. In this context, during the last years numerical simulations have arisen as the most effective method to analyze structures under such events. However, for accurate numerical simulations, reliable constitutive models are needed. Assuming that failure of concrete elements subjected to blast is primarily governed by the tensile behavior, a constitutive model has been built that accounts only for failure under tension while it behaves as elastic without failure under compression. Failure under tension is based on the Cohesive Crack Model. Moreover, the constitutive model has been used to simulate the experimental structural response of reinforced concrete slabs subjected to blast. The results of the numerical simulations with the aforementioned constitutive model show its ability of representing accurately the structural response of the RC elements under study. The simplicity of the model, which does not account for failure under compression, as already mentioned, confirms that the ability of reinforced concrete structures to withstand blast loads is primarily governed by tensile strength.

Mechanical Degradation of Tungsten Alloys at Extreme Temperatures in Vacuum and Oxidation Atmospheres

Mechanical degradation of tungsten alloys at extreme temperatures in vacuum and oxidation atmospheres.

Discussion of “Initial Pore Pressure from Vertical Surface Loads” by Jacobo Bielak (September, 1982)

The author presents a very interesting application of the ideas developed by Scott to determine the initial pore pressure in excess of the hydrostatic pore pressure in linear, elastic, homogeneous and isotropic soil-skeleton. Scott demonstrates that under vertical surface loads the problem is governed by Laplace's equation. Nevertheless the writers' think that it could be interesting to state clearly the conditions under which this analogy can be applied.

Wind tunnel analysis on the influence of cantilever parapets on the wind loads on curved roofs

Different methods to reduce the high suction caused by conical vortices have been reported in the literature: vertical parapets, either solids or porous, placed at the roof edges being the most analysed configuration. Another method for alleviating the high suction peaks due to conical vortices is to round the roof edges. Very recently, the use of some non-standard parapet configurations, like cantilever parapets, has been suggested. In this paper, its efficiency to reduce suction loads on curved roofs is experimentally checked by testing the pressure distribution on the curved roof of a low-rise building model in a wind tunnel. Very high suction loads have been measured on this model, the magnitude of these high suction loads being significantly decreased when cantilever...

Wind-induced loads over double cantilever bridges under construction

Within the last century the interest in wind-induced loads over civil engineering structures has become more and more important, the reason being that the development of new construction techniques and materials has allowed engineers and architects to design new structures far from the traditional concepts, and in many cases wind actions over these singular structures are not included in the existing codes of practice. In this paper the windinduced static loads over bridges constructed by the double cantilever method during erection stages are considered. The aerodynamic load over a double cantilever bridge under a yawing-angled wind produces a yawing (torsional) moment on the bridge deck, which can lead to undesirable rotation of the deck about the supporting pier. The effects of the wind yaw angle and the length of the deck are analysed. The wind action caused by the presence of sliding concrete forms at the ends of the deck is also studied.

Effects of traffic loads on reinforced concrete railroad culverts

In the context of the present conference paper culverts are defined as an opening or conduit passing through an embankment usually for the purpose of conveying water or providing safe pedestrian and animal crossings under rail infrastructure. The clear opening of culverts may reach values of up to 12m however, values around 3m are encountered much more frequently. Depending on the topography, the number of culverts is about 10 times that of bridges. In spite of this, their dynamic behavior has received far less attention than that of bridges. The fundamental frequency of culverts is considerably higher than that of bridges even in the case of short span bridges. As the operational speed of modern high-speed passenger rail systems rises, higher frequencies are excited and thus more energy is encountered in frequency bands where the fundamental frequency of box culverts is located. Many research efforts have been spent on the subject of ballast instability due to bridge resonance, since it was first observed when high-speed trains were introduced to the Paris/Lyon rail line. To prevent this phenomenon from occurring, design codes establish a limit value for the vertical deck acceleration. Obviously one needs some sort of numerical model in order to estimate this acceleration level and at that point things get quite complicated. Not only acceleration but also displacement values are of interest e.g. to estimate the impact factor. According to design manuals the structural design should consider the depth of cover, trench width and condition, bedding type, backfill material, and compaction. The same applies to the numerical model however, the question is: What type of model is appropriate for this job? A 3D model including the embankment and an important part of the soil underneath the culvert is computationally very expensive and hard to justify taking into account the associated costs. Consequently, there is a clear need for simplified models and design rules in order to achieve reasonable costs. This paper will describe the results obtained from a 2D finite element model which has been calibrated by means of a 3D model and experimental data obtained at culverts that belong to the high-speed railway line that links the two towns of Segovia and Valladolid in Spain

Wind tunnel analysis of the aerodynamic loads on rolling stock over railway embankments: the effect of shelter windbreaks

Wind-flow pattern over embankments involves an overexposure of the rolling stock travelling on them to wind loads. Windbreaks are a common solution for changing the flow characteristic in order to decrease unwanted effects induced by the presence of crosswind. The shelter effectiveness of a set of windbreaks placed over a railway twin-track embankment is experimentally analysed. A set of two-dimensional wind tunnel tests are undertaken and results corresponding to pressure tap measurements over a section of a typical high-speed train are herein presented.The results indicate that even small-height windbreaks provide sheltering effects to the vehicles. Also, eaves located at the windbreak tips seem to improve their sheltering effect.

Predicción del remonte extremo en playas : aplicación a los sectores litorales de la costa española

El remonte extremo o remonte del 2% es un parámetro clave en la ingeniería costera dado que permite acometer actuaciones en las playas bajo criterios de sostenibilidad económico y socioambiental. Estas actuaciones van desde el diseño de estructuras en el trasdós de la playa a planes de actuación urbanística en la costa tal que se determine adecuadamente los límites de dominio público. El adecuado diseño de estas actuaciones adquiere más relevancia hoy en día debido a las nuevas amenazas que se ponen de relieve debido al cambio climático, y que en el caso concreto de la costa se materializa en inundaciones que provocan pérdidas económicas. Estudios precedentes han realizado ensayos in situ o en modelo físico para la determinación del remonte extremo en playas. Al comparar estas formulaciones la dispersión es alta lo que implica que la precisión en la obtención del remonte no sea suficiente. Esta dispersión se justifica debido al amplio espectro de playas existentes y la alta variabilidad del clima marítimo. Este problema cobra más relevancia debido a las actuaciones preventivas o correctivas a acometer frente al cambio climático bajo un criterio de sostenibilidad. Con el fin de realizar actuaciones sostenibles bajo el contexto actual del probable aumento de inundaciones costeras por cambio climático no deben obtenerse ni magnitudes sobredimensionadas con el consecuente consumo de recursos y afección a las actividades económicas, ni magnitudes subestimadas que pongan en riesgo la estabilidad y/o la funcionalidad de las actuaciones para un periodo de diseño. El principal objetivo de esta tesis es proponer una formulación de aplicación en la obtención del remonte extremo tal que se cumplan los criterios de seguridad para el servicio y funcionalidad de la obra y los criterios de sostenibilidad económico y socio-ambiental que se requieren hoy en día. Es decir, una fórmula que no sobredimensione el cálculo de este valor pero que pueda cubrir la casuística que acontece en las distintas tipologías de playas. Complementariamente a este objetivo se ejemplifica la aplicación de estas formulaciones en casos reales tal que se reduzca la incertidumbre y ambigüedad en la obtención de las variables independientes de las formulaciones. Para la consecución de estos objetivos se realiza un estado del arte en el que se estudia tanto los estudios estadísticos en la obtención de este parámetro como los modelos numéricos propuestos para ello, tal que se deduzca la mejor línea de investigación en la consecución del fin de esta tesis. Tras este estudio del arte se concluye que la mejor línea de investigación sigue la vía estadística y se diseña un modelo físico con fondo de arena en contraste con modelos físicos con fondo impermeable fijo. Los resultados de dicho modelo se han comparado con las formulaciones precedentes y se proponen las fórmulas de aplicación más convenientes para la obtención del remonte extremo. Complementariamente a la propuesta de formulaciones se desarrolla una metodología de aplicación de dichas formulaciones a casos de la costa española que ejemplifican convenientemente su uso para una adecuada predicción de este valor en las playas. The extreme runup is a key parameter in coastal management. This parameter allows to develop sustainability actions at the coast that meet economical and environmental criteria. At the coast the actions can be either design of structures at the shore or actions plans delimiting reclamation areas. The climate change has given more relevance to accomplish an appropriate design for the coastal management actions. At the coast the threaten are mainly focused on more frequent floods that cause economic losses. Previous studies have carried out field or physical model experiments to accomplish an equation for the extreme runup prediction. Although dispersion remains high when comparing the different proposals so the accuracy in the prediction might be risky. This scattering comes from the wide sort of beaches and the high variability of the maritime climate. The new actions that are needed to develop to counteract the effects of the climate change need a more efficient criteria. Hence formulations should not overestimate or underestimate the values of the extreme runup. The overestimation implies to consume resources that are not needed and the underestimation means in a structure risk to support safely the loads. The main goal of this thesis is to propose a formulation for the extreme runup prediction so the safety of the structure can be accomplished but at the same time the sustainability of the action is ensured under economical and environmental criteria that are demanded nowadays. So the formulation does not overestimate the extreme value but cover with enough confidence the different sort of beaches. The application of the formulation is also explained in order to reduce uncertainty when the input values are obtained. In order to accomplish the goal of this research firstly a literature review is done. Statistical and numerical models are studied. The statistical model is selected as the most convenient research guideline. In order to obtain runup results a physical model with sand bed is carried out. The bed differs from those that used impermeable slope in previous experiments. Once the results are obtained they are compared with the previous equations and a final formulation is proposed. Finally a methodology to apply the deduced formulation to the Spanish beaches is addressed.

Change of extreme rainfall indexes at Ebro River Basin

The purpose of this work is to provide a description of the heavy rainfall phenomenon on statistical tools from a Spanish region. We want to quantify the effect of the climate change to verify the rapidity of its evolution across the variation of the probability distributions. Our conclusions have special interest for the agrarian insurances, which may make estimates of costs more realistically. In this work, the analysis mainly focuses on: The distribution of consecutive days without rain for each gauge stations and season. We estimate density Kernel functions and Generalized Pareto Distribution (GPD) for a network of station from the Ebro River basin until a threshold value u. We can establish a relation between distributional parameters and regional characteristics. Moreover we analyze especially the tail of the probability distribution. These tails are governed by law of power means that the number of events n can be expressed as the power of another quantity x : n(x) = x? . ? can be estimated as the slope of log-log plot the number of events and the size. The most convenient way to analyze n(x) is using the empirical probability distribution. Pr(X mayor que x) ? x-?. The distribution of rainfall over percentile of order 0.95 from wet days at the seasonal scale and in a yearly scale with the same treatment of tails than in the previous section.

Fabricación y caracterización de wolframio nanoestructurado como material de primera pared en reactores de fusión nuclear

El trabajo que se llevará a cabo se basa en el desarrollo de nuevos materiales que sean capaces de resistir las condiciones extremas a las que estarían expuestos en el interior de un reactor de fusión nuclear, como son los altos choques térmicos y los altos flujos iónicos. Actualmente se está investigando en el potencial del wolframio nanoestructurado como material de primera pared (en inglés PFM: Plasma Facing Material). La principal ventaja de éste frente al wolframio masivo radica en su gran densidad de fronteras de grano que hacen que el material sea más resistente a la irradiación. El objetivo de este trabajo será la búsqueda de las condiciones óptimas para la fabricación de recubrimientos de wolframio nanoestructurado mediante la técnica de pulverización catódica ("sputtering") en diferentes configuraciones, continuo ("Direct Current Magnetron Sputtering" o DCMS) y/o pulsado ("High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering" o HiPIMS) y caracterizar sus propiedades como PFM mediante perfilometría, microscopía óptica, microscopía electrónica de barrido ("Scanning Electron Microscope" o SEM) y difracción de rayos X ("X-Ray Diffraction" o XRD). A su vez, se realizará un ensayo de implantación con un plasma pulsado de He para analizar los efectos de la irradiación en uno de los recubrimientos. Abstract: The work that will be carried out is based on the development of new materials capable of withstanding the extreme conditions that they will have to face inside a nuclear fusion reactor, such as high thermal loads and high ion fluxes. Currently, nanostructured tungsten potential is being investigated as a plasma facing material (PFM). The main advantage over coarse grain tungsten is its high density of grain boundaries which make the material more resistant to irradiation. The project´s main objective will be the search of the optimal conditions that will allow us to fabricate nanostructured tungsten thin films by using the sputtering technique in different configurations, such as DCMS (Direct Current Magnetron Sputtering) and/or HiPIMS (High Power Impulse Magetron Sputtering) and characterize their properties as a PFM by perfilometry, optical microscopy, SEM (Scanning Electron Microcopy) and XRD (X-Ray Diffracion) analysis. Moreover, an implantation test with a He pulsed plasma will be carried out to analyze the effects of irradiation on one of the coatings.

Intermediate Band Solar Cell with Extreme Broadband Spectrum Quantum Efficiency

We report, for the first time, about an intermediate band solar cell implemented with InAs/AlGaAs quantum dots whose photoresponse expands from 250 to ~ 6000  nm. To our knowledge, this is the broadest quantum efficiency reported to date for a solar cell and demonstrates that the intermediate band solar cell is capable of producing photocurrent when illuminated with photons whose energy equals the energy of the lowest band gap. We show experimental evidence indicating that this result is in agreement with the theory of the intermediate band solar cell, according to which the generation recombination between the intermediate band and the valence band makes this photocurrent detectable. © 2015 American Physical Society

Aerodynamic loads on bluff bodies under wind gusts

Esta tesis doctoral se ha centrado en el estudio de las cargas aerodinámicas no estacionario en romos cuerpos o no aerodinámicos (bluff bodies). Con este objetivo se han identificado y analizado los siguientes puntos: -Caracterización del flujo medido con diferentes tipos de tubos de Pitot y anemómetro de hilo caliente en condiciones de flujo no estacionario inestable generado por un túnel aerodinamico de ráfagas. -Diseño e integración de los montajes experimentales requeridos para medir las cargas de viento internas y externas que actúan sobre los cuerpos romos en condiciones de flujo de viento con ráfagas. -Implementación de modelos matemáticos semi-empíricos basados en flujo potencial y las teorías fenomenológicas pertinentes para simular los resultados experimentales. -En diversan condiciones de flujo con ráfagas, la identificación y el análisis de la influencia de los parámetros obtenida a partir de los modelos teóricos desarrollados. -Se proponen estimaciones empíricas para averiguar los valores adecuados de los parámetros que influyente, mediante el ajuste de los resultados experimentales y los predichos teóricamente. Los montajes experimentales se has reakizado en un tunel aerodinamico de circuito abierto, provisto de baja velocidad, cámara de ensayes cerrada, un nuevo concepto de mecanismo generador de ráfaga sinusoidal, diseñado y construido en el Instituto de Microgravedad "Ignacio Da Riva" de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, (IDR / UPM). La principal característica de este túnel aerodynamico es la capacidad de generar un flujo con un perfil de velocidad uniforme y una fluctuación sinusoidal en el tiempo. Se han realizado pruebas experimentales para estudiar el efecto de los flujos no estacionarios en cuerpos romos situados en el suelo. Se han propuesto dos modelos teóricos para diterminar las cargas de presión externas e internas respectivamente. Con el fin de satisfacer la necesidad de la crea ráfagas de viento sinusoidales para comprobar las predicciones de los modelos teóricos, se han obtenido velocidades de hasta 30 m/s y frecuencias ráfaga de hasta 10 Hz. La sección de la cámara de ensayos es de 0,39 m x 0,54 m, dimensiónes adecuadas para llevar a cabo experimentos con modelos de ensayos. Se muestra que en la gama de parámetros explorados los resultados experimentales están en buen acuerdo con las predicciones de los modelos teóricos. Se han realizado pruebas experimentales para estudiar los efectos del flujo no estacionario, las cuales pueden ayudar a aclarar el fenómeno de las cargas de presión externa sobre los cuerpos romos sometidos a ráfagas de viento: y tambien para determinan las cargas de presión interna, que dependen del tamaño de los orificios de ventilación de la construcción. Por último, se ha analizado la contribución de los términos provenientes del flujo no estacionario, y se han caracterizado o los saltos de presión debido a la pérdida no estacionario de presión a través de los orificios de ventilación. ABSTRACT This Doctoral dissertation has been focused to study the unsteady aerodynamic loads on bluff bodies. To this aim the following points have been identified and analyzed: -Characterization of the flow measured with different types of Pitot tubes and hot wire anemometer at unsteady flow conditions generated by a gust wind tunnel. -Design and integrating of the experimental setups required to measure the internal and external wind loads acting on bluff bodies at gusty wind flow conditions. -Implementation of semi-empirical mathematical models based on potential flow and relevant phenomenological theories to simulate the experimental results.-At various gusty flow conditions, extracting and analyzing the influence of parameters obtained from the developed theoretical models. -Empirical estimations are proposed to find out suitable values of the influencing parameters, by fitting the experimental and theoretically predicted results. The experimental setups are performed in an open circuit, closed test section, low speed wind tunnel, with a new sinusoidal gust generator mechanism concept, designed and built at the Instituto de Microgravedad “Ignacio Da Riva” of the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, (IDR/UPM). The main characteristic of this wind tunnel is the ability to generate a flow with a uniform velocity profile and a sinusoidal time fluctuation of the speed. Experimental tests have been devoted to study the effect of unsteady flows on bluff bodies lying on the ground. Two theoretical models have been proposed to measure the external and internal pressure loads respectively. In order to meet the need of creating sinusoidal wind gusts to check the theoretical model predictions, the gust wind tunnel maximum flow speed and, gust frequency in the test section have been limited to 30 m/s and 10 Hz, respectively have been obtained. The test section is 0.39 m × 0.54 m, which is suitable to perform experiments with testing models. It is shown that, in the range of parameters explored, the experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical model predictions. Experimental tests have been performed to study the unsteady flow effects, which can help in clarifying the phenomenon of the external pressure loads on bluff bodies under gusty winds: and also to study internal pressure loads, which depend on the size of the venting holes of the building. Finally, the contribution of the unsteady flow terms in the theoretical model has been analyzed, and the pressure jumps due to the unsteady pressure losses through the venting holes have been characterized.