978 resultados para Expérience sensible
Resumo:
A presente dissertação de mestrado objetivou discutir o espaço urbano e seus conflitos a partir da história da Vila Acaba Mundo, localizada em Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais, cujos moradores têm se organizado e reivindicado os direitos à moradia e à cidade por algumas décadas, com razoável êxito. Pretendeu-se analisar a mobilização dos moradores da referida Vila, com atenção especial aos eventos ocorridos em 2008 e 2009, a fim de perquirir acerca das identidades coletivas formadas, bem como compreender e problematizar a constituição dinâmica de práticas e significados que conformam a comunidade e suas interações com outras coletividades e com a cidade em sua história. Almejou-se, em um âmbito mais geral, compreender como as práticas e os significados construídos pelos moradores da Vila Acaba Mundo, em sua história, contribuem para a localização de elementos emancipatórios no sentido da superação das condições sociais hoje existentes. Na tentativa de valorizar a dimensão da prática social, os códigos culturais produzidos e a articulação entre teoria e prática, em contraposição à valorização excessiva da institucionalidade e das dimensões discursivas da realidade, foi necessária a adoção de uma metodologia qualitativa de pesquisa, bem como a combinação de diversas técnicas e ferramentas de investigação, tais como: observação participante, aplicação de entrevistas semi-estruturadas e grupo focal. Além disso, foi traçado um breve histórico da Vila Acaba Mundo, com base principalmente no relato dos moradores. Buscou-se construir um referencial teórico para a apreensão do processo de organização e mobilização da referida Vila, o que permitiu que fossem apontados caminhos para o entendimento de sua história e para a compreensão do espaço urbano, em sua dimensão social.
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Esta tese apresenta uma proposta teórico-metodológica baseada no conceito de cultura profissional, visando à análise da dimensão cultural do trabalho técnico em gestão em saúde, que tem na categoria cultura profissional e nas suas subcategorias constitutivas trajetória, identidade social e reflexividade interativa as bases desta investigação. Neste sentido, busca compreender a dimensão cultural deste trabalho ao problematizar as questões que atravessam a vida laboral dos trabalhadores técnicos de saúde, ou seja, como eles compreendem a realidade em que vivem, quais trajetórias formativas e profissionais os levam a este lugar, quais os laços identitários os unem enquanto grupo, e também quais são seus espaços de decisão e de elaboração crítica das questões que atravessam seu cotidiano de trabalho. Num mesmo movimento, esta proposição reafirma o materialismo histórico dialético como o método de análise deste estudo, apresentando os pares dialéticos utilizados na interpretação dos dados coletados no trabalho empírico. A hipótese deste estudo é que a análise da dimensão cultural deste trabalho técnico, a partir do referencial marxista, permite captar a dinâmica interacional deste grupo e relacioná-la com as questões econômicas e políticas que afetam o trabalho na sociedade contemporânea. Os resultados encontrados indicam a pertinência desta proposta para compreensão dos conflitos e contradições que perpassam a dimensão cultural do referido trabalho, assim como o aprofundamento deste debate permite avançar num projeto de qualificação para estes trabalhadores, em torno do desenvolvimento de uma proposta de formação humana que permita criticar e transformar este trabalho, ao mesmo tempo em que reafirma o projeto de saúde pública universal
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Ondulações é a confluência de percepções experimentadas em constante intercâmbio com a paisagem, a cidade, as pessoas, as músicas, as poesias e personagens literários. Através de ações cotidianas vividas em andanças e caminhadas foram colhidas imagens em filmes digitais, sonoridades, discursos, textos, relatos orais, histórias e músicas. A reunião dessas recolhas constitui um livro-tese de artista confeccionado manualmente em progressivo e constante adensamento. Entre as colheitas empreendidas foram coletadas versões em diversos idiomas da letra da música O sonho não acabou de Luiz Carlos da Vila, que possui o sentido de imantação e perpetuação da memória coletiva em permanente atualização. Tais versões junto a outras sonoridades foram aderidas a filmes digitais captados nas andanças durante a pesquisa e a frases escritas-desenhadas sobre imagens de águas retiradas do livro mais cotidiano que o cotidiano de Alberto Pucheu. Ondulações rastro e livro e arte é experimentar a paisagem sujeita a atravessamentos de melodias, palavras e indícios conectivos para a configuração de uma cartografia sensível e poética na qual o encontro com o outro e com as vivências se afirmam em estado movente
Resumo:
陆地生态系统与大气之间的水热碳交换是物质、能量循环的关键过程,一直以来都为研究者们所关注。进入20 世纪以来,特别是随着人们对全球气候变暖的逐步认识,气候变化对水热碳交换过程的影响及其对气候变化的响应研究更加备受关注。本研究以2004~2006 年近三年的涡度相关系统连续观测数据为依托,分析了雨养玉米农田水热碳通量的动态及其影响因子。研究表明,玉米农田水热通量(WHF) 呈显著的单峰型日变化, 日最大值出现在正午12:00~13:00,WHF 变化同步。潜热通量(LE)的季节变化规律与日变化相似,冬季小夏季大,年最大值与最小值分别出现在7 月和1 月。显热通量(Hs) 季节变化也呈单峰型,但年最大值出现在5 月,这主要与降水以及作物生长有关。半小时尺度上,WHF 主要受辐射控制,而日峰值受辐射峰值以及植被生长的双重影响;日尺度上,只要有降水过程,Hs 就会随土壤水分的增大而减小,降水停止后逐渐恢复。而降水对LE 的影响受到可用能量(AE)的干扰,表现出复杂的变化趋势。总的来说,降水持续时间越长AE 越少,对LE 的抑制越大;季节尺度上,WHF 受热量与水分的双重制约。Hs 随着天气回暖后第一次较大降水过程的出现呈现明显下降,而LE 则呈现相反的变化趋势。随着雨季到来和作物的生长,Hs 在7 月出现低谷,而LE 呈现相反的趋势随着降水量的增加而增大;年际间WHF 的分布规律大体一致,但因气象条件等的差异,特别是降水的差异造成年际间WHF 略有不同。在不同水文年型下,水分因子的影响作用有显著差异,且WHF 对热量与水分条件变化的敏感程度也不相同。欠水年,水分因子的作用更显著,是制约WHF 变化的主要控制因子,WHF 对水分的变化更敏感;而丰水年,水分因子的影响减弱,热量的盈亏决定着WHF 变化的主要方向。在不同水文年型下,水热碳通量对水热条件的变化表现出不同的响应方式,为研究生态系统对气候变化的响应提供了参考。 净碳(C)吸收期,玉米农田净碳交换(NEE)呈显著的日变化,在日出以后由CO2 释放转变为CO2 吸收,12:30 左右达到一天中的吸收峰值,日落前出现相反的转换。而净C 释放期内,NEE 均为正值且无明显日变化。NEE 季节变化也呈单峰型二次曲线,在7 月下旬或8 月上旬达到年最大吸收率。根据NEE 的正负,一年分为三个阶段:两个C 排放期与一个C 吸收期。一般C 吸收期从6月开始到9 月结束,此前此后均为C 排放期。在半小时、日时间尺度上,光通量密度(PPFD)与NEE 有着相似的变化规律,是控制NEE 的主要因子;在日、季节尺度上,叶面积指数(LAI)和气孔导度(gs)是影响NEE 的主要生物因子,且gs 的影响程度随着发育期的变化而变化,而不同年份间LAI 对NEE 的影响没有显著的差异。几乎在所有时间步长上,土壤温度(Ts)均为生态系统呼吸(Re)的主要控制因子,时间尺度愈短,二者的相关性愈好。总的来说,在较短时间尺度上,高PPFD 与夏季低温将会促进C 的吸收,有利于C 累积。 玉米农田日最大净C 吸收速率(NEEmax, daily)以及吸收释放转换点(NEE=0)均受PPFD 控制。NEEmax, daily 出现时间与PPFDmax, daily 出现时间几乎完全一致,当PPFD 达到1 日内极大值时,净C 吸收也相应达到了日最大值。但NEEmax, daily的量值还受到其它因子的影响。当水分条件充足时,还将受到LAI、gs 等生物因子的控制。NEE 由正转为负的转换点也是由PPFD 决定。当PPFD 稳定大于PPFD*( PPFD*=100 μmol•m-2s -1)时,净C 吸收开始;当PPFD 稳定小于PPFD*时,净C 吸收由此结束。1 日内,PPFD 稳定通过PPFD*之间的时间间隔决定了日净C 吸收的时间长度。日净C 吸收的时间越长,吸收量也越大,且有明显的季节变化,7 月最长9 月最短。 按照热量水分状况将三年分组,分为I 组(水分状况相似,热量条件不同)与II 组(热量条件相似,水分状况不同)。 I 组年际间PPFD 波动是造成C 交换格局变化的关键原因。而II 组年际间C 交换格局不同是由降水量及其不同分布引起的土壤含水量(SWC)变化是造成。SWC 可以解释年际间NEE 变异的97%,而大气水汽压亏缺(VPD)可以解释30.7%;温度因子通过影响C 收支中的呼吸项,间接影响着生态系统的NEE,它可以解释年际间NEE 变异的73.9%,也是造成年际间C 交换格局不同的原因之一;另外,PPFD 和发育期早晚以及净C吸收期长度等也同样影响着C 交换格局的变化。综合两组情况来看,由水分条件年际变化引起的NEE 的波动大于能量年际变化引起的波动。总之,在较长时间尺度上,NEE 对SWC 变化比其对PPFD 变化更敏感,说明在半干旱地区土壤水分条件仍然是决定C 交换格局的主导因子。 NEE 与LE 呈线性相关,它们之间的相关性主要受温度和NEE 的控制,温度越高,二者的相关性越弱,而NEE 越大二者相关性越好。同时,作物蒸腾与土壤蒸发的比例也是影响NEE 与LE 之间关系的主要因素。蒸腾作用所占的比例越大,二者的线性关系越显著,而土壤蒸发比例越大,二者的相关性越弱。总的来说,NEE 与LE 之间的线性关系有明显的季节变化,生长季好于非生长季,夏天好于冬天。 总之,雨养玉米农田水热碳通量既具有其它农田生态系统共有的动态特征,也具有其特有特征。
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In this study heat budget components and momentum flux for August and January 1992 over the north Arabian Sea are computed. The marine meteorological data measured on board during the cruises of PAK-US joint project (NASEER) are used for the computation. Significant differences were found in the heat budget components as well as in the momentum flux during different monsoon periods over the north Arabian Sea. The latent heat flux was always positive and attributed to the large vapour pressure gradient. The computed moisture and latent heat fluxes in January were higher than August The highest value of latent heat flux 309 W/m2 at station 8 was evaluated. These higher latent heat fluxes were due to the large vapour pressure gradient, air-sea temperature difference, the wind speed, and the prevailing wind direction (from north and northeast). Negative values of sensible heat fluxes in both seasons indicate that the heat transfer was from the atmosphere to the ocean. The negative values of net heat gain indicate that the sea surface field became an energy sink: or the sea surface supplied more energy to the atmosphere than it received from it. Large variation in the momentum flux mainly attributed to the variation in the wind speed. Aerial averages of heat and momentum fluxes were also computed.
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Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) has potential of becoming the mainstream of renewable energy in the urban environment. BIPV has significant influence on the thermal performance of building envelope and changes radiation energy balance by adding or replacing conventional building elements in urban areas. PTEBU model was developed to evaluate the effect of photovoltaic (PV) system on the microclimate of urban canopy layer. PTEBU model consists of four sub-models: PV thermal model, PV electrical performance model, building energy consumption model, and urban canyon energy budget model. PTEBU model is forced with temperature, wind speed, and solar radiation above the roof level and incorporates detailed data of PV system and urban canyon in Tianjin, China. The simulation results show that PV roof and PV façade with ventilated air gap significantly change the building surface temperature and sensible heat flux density, but the air temperature of urban canyon with PV module varies little compared with the urban canyon of no PV. The PV module also changes the magnitude and pattern of diurnal variation of the storage heat flux and the net radiation for the urban canyon with PV increase slightly. The increase in the PV conversion efficiency not only improves the PV power output, but also reduces the urban canyon air temperature. © 2006.
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BIPV(Building Integrated Photovoltaics) has progressed in the past years and become an element to be considered in city planning. BIPV has influence on microclimate in urban environments and the performance of BIPV is also affected by urban climate. The effect of BIPV on urban microclimate can be summarized under the following four aspects. The change of absorptivity and emissivity from original building surface to PV will change urban radiation balance. After installation of PV, building cooling load will be reduced because of PV shading effect, so urban anthropogenic heat also decreases to some extent. Because PV can reduce carbon dioxide emissions which is one of the reasons for urban heat island, BIPV is useful to mitigate this phenomena. The anthropogenic heat will alter after using BIPV, because partial replacement of fossil fuel means to change sensible heat from fossil fuel to solar energy. Different urban microclimate may have various effects on BIPV performance that can be analyzed from two perspectives. Firstly, BIPV performance may decline with the increase of air temperature in densely built areas because many factors in urban areas cause higher temperature than that of the surrounding countryside. Secondly, the change of solar irradiance at the ground level under urban air pollution will lead to the variation of BIPV performance because total solar irradiance usually is reduced and each solar cell has a different spectral response characteristic. The thermal model and performance model of ventilated BIPV according to actual meteorologic data in Tianjin(China) are combined to predict PV temperature and power output in the city of Tianjin. Then, using dynamic building energy model, cooling load is calculated after BIPV installation. The calculation made based in Tianjin shows that it is necessary to pay attention to and further analyze interaction between them to decrease urban pollution, improve BIPV Performance and reduce colling load. Copyright © 2005 by ASME.
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The increasing use of renewable energy technologies for electricity generation, many of which have an unpredictably intermittent nature, will inevitably lead to a greater demand for large-scale electricity storage schemes. For example, the expanding fraction of electricity produced by wind turbines will require either backup or storage capacity to cover extended periods of wind lull. This paper describes a recently proposed storage scheme, referred to here as Pumped Thermal Storage (PTS), and which is based on "sensible heat" storage in large thermal reservoirs. During the charging phase, the system effectively operates as a high temperature-ratio heat pump, extracting heat from a cold reservoir and delivering heat to a hot one. In the discharge phase the processes are reversed and it operates as a heat engine. The round- trip efficiency is limited only by process irreversibilities (as opposed to Second Law limitations on the coefficient of performance and the thermal efficiency of the heat pump and heat engine respectively). PTS is currently being developed in both France and England. In both cases, the schemes operate on the Joule-Brayton (gas turbine) cycle, using argon as the working fluid. However, the French scheme proposes the use of turbomachinery for compression and expansion, whereas for that being developed in England reciprocating devices are proposed. The current paper focuses on the impact of the various process irreversibilities on the thermodynamic round-trip efficiency of the scheme. Consideration is given to compression and expansion losses and pressure losses (in pipe-work, valves and thermal reservoirs); heat transfer related irreversibility in the thermal reservoirs is discussed but not included in the analysis. Results are presented demonstrating how the various loss parameters and operating conditions influence the overall performance.
Resumo:
The increasing use of renewable energy technologies for electricity generation, many of which have an unpredictably intermittent nature, will inevitably lead to a greater need for electricity storage. Although there are many existing and emerging storage technologies, most have limitations in terms of geographical constraints, high capital cost or low cycle life, and few are of sufficient scale (in terms of both power and storage capacity) for integration at the transmission and distribution levels. This paper is concerned with a relatively new concept which will be referred to here as Pumped Thermal Electricity Storage (PTES), and which may be able to make a significant contribution towards future storage needs. During charge, PTES makes use of a high temperature-ratio heat pump to convert electrical energy into thermal energy which is stored as ‘sensible heat’ in two thermal reservoirs, one hot and one cold. When required, the thermal energy is then converted back to electricity by effectively running the heat pump backwards as a heat engine. The paper focuses on thermodynamic aspects of PTES, including energy and power density, and the various sources of irreversibility and their impact on round-trip efficiency.
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The cost of large-eddy simulation (LES) modeling in various zones of gas turbine aeroengines is outlined. This high cost clearly demonstrates the need to perform hybrid Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes-LES (RANS-LES) over the majority of engine zones because the Reynolds number is too high for pure LES. The RANS layer is used to cover over the fine streaks found in the inner part of the boundary layer. The hybrid strategy is applied to various engine zones, which is shown to typically give much greater predictive accuracy than pure RANS simulations. However, the cost estimates show that the RANS layer should be disposed within the low-pressure turbine zone. Also, the nature of the flow physics in this zone makes LES most sensible. © 2012 by Begell House, Inc.
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This paper examines the sources of uncertainly in models used to predict vibration from underground railways. It will become clear from this presentation that by varying parameters by a small amount, consistent with uncertainties in measured data, the predicted vibration levels vary significantly, often by more than 10dB. This error cannot be forecast. Small changes made to soil parameters (Compressive and Shear Wave velocities and density), to slab bending stiffness and mass and to the measurement position give rise to changes in vibration levels of more than lOdB. So if 10dB prediction error results from small uncertainties in soil parameters and measurement position it cannot be sensible to rely on prediction models for accuracy better than 10dB. The presentation will demonstrate in real time the use of the new - and freely-available - PiP software for calculating vibration from railway tunnels in real time.
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The toxic effects of La3+ on Tetrahymena thermophila have been studied by microcalorimetry at 28 degrees C. The metabolic rate constant (r) and peak time were linked to the concentration of La3+. The changes of metabolic rate constant indicated that low-concentration La3+ (0-75 mg/L) had no significant effects on the metabolism of Tetrahymena cells but high-concentration La3+ (100-175 mg/L) could inhibit their metabolism. From the results obtained by cell counting and fluorescence depolarization measurements, the inhibition of metabolism resulted from the decrease in cell number and the reduction in cell membrane fluidity. According to the results, it is clear that the metabolic mechanism of Tetrahymena cells has been changed with the addition of high-concentration La3+. In addition, microcalorimetry of Tetrahymena could be a sensible, easy-to-use, and convenient method for monitoring the potential effects of rare earth elements on cells and the freshwater ecosystem.
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Power-time curves and metabolic properties of Tetrahymena thermophila BF5 exposed to different Yb3+ stop levels were studied by ampoule method of isothermal calorimetry at 28 degrees C. Metabolic rate (r) decreased significantly while peak time (PT) increased with the increase of Yb3+ stop. These results were mainly due to the inhibition of cell growth, which corresponded to the decrease of cell number obtained by cell counting. Compared with cell counting, calorimetry was sensible, easy to use and convenient for monitoring the toxic effects of Yb3+ stop on cells and freshwater ecosystem. It was also found that cell membrane fluidity decreased significantly under the effects of Yb3+ stop, which indicated that Yb3+ could be membrane active molecules with its effect on cell membranes as fundamental aspect of its toxicity.
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In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the study of gait patterns in both animals and robots, because it allows us to systematically investigate the underlying mechanisms of energetics, dexterity, and autonomy of adaptive systems. In particular, for morphological computation research, the control of dynamic legged robots and their gait transitions provides additional insights into the guiding principles from a synthetic viewpoint for the emergence of sensible self-organizing behaviors in more-degrees-of-freedom systems. This article presents a novel approach to the study of gait patterns, which makes use of the intrinsic mechanical dynamics of robotic systems. Each of the robots consists of a U-shaped elastic beam and exploits free vibration to generate different locomotion patterns. We developed a simplified physics model of these robots, and through experiments in simulation and real-world robotic platforms, we show three distinctive mechanisms for generating different gait patterns in these robots.
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Reducing uncertainties in the estimation of land surface evapotranspiration (ET) from remote-sensing data is essential to better understand earth-atmosphere interactions. This paper demonstrates the applicability of temperature-vegetation index triangle (T-s-VI) method in estimating regional ET and evaporative fraction (EF, defined as the ratio of latent heat flux to surface available energy) from MODIS/Terra and MODIS/Aqua products in a semiarid region. We have compared the satellite-based estimates of ET and EF with eddy covariance measurements made over 4 years at two semiarid grassland sites: Audubon Ranch (AR) and Kendall Grassland (KG). The lack of closure in the eddy covariance measured surface energy components is shown to be more serious at MODIS/Aqua overpass time than that at MODIS/Terra overpass time for both AR and KG sites. The T-s-VI-derived EF could reproduce in situ EF reasonably well with BIAS and root-mean-square difference (RMSD) of less than 0.07 and 0.13, respectively. Surface net radiation has been shown to be systematically overestimated by as large as about 60 W/m(2). Satisfactory validation results of the T-s-VI-derived sensible and latent heat fluxes have been obtained with RMSD within 54 W/m(2). The simplicity and yet easy use of the T-s-VI triangle method show a great potential in estimating regional ET with highly acceptable accuracy that is of critical significance in better understanding water and energy budgets on the Earth. Nevertheless, more validation work should be carried out over various climatic regions and under other different land use/land cover conditions in the future.