Fitoremediação de águas residuais contaminadas com Zn ou Cu utilizando Arundo donax L.

A maioria dos países está demasiado dependente dos combustíveis fósseis para satisfazer as suas necessidades energéticas, em todos os seus principais sectores de actividade. A produção de culturas energéticas tem vindo a ser equacionada como uma alternativa muito promissora para substituir parcialmente esses recursos fósseis na produção de energia. De entre as diversas espécies, preferencialmente não alimentares, que podem ser cultivadas com o intuito de utilizar a sua biomassa para produzir energia, o Arundo donax apresenta-se como uma das mais promissoras, devido à sua elevada produtividade, resistência a baixos regimes hídricos, característicos dos países mediterrânicos nos meses de Verão, e a pragas. Para além do potencial de utilização como cultura energética, o Arundo donax também apresenta capacidade para remover metais pesados do substrato onde se encontra estabelecido, podendo ser utilizado para remover contaminantes do solo e das águas residuais. A utilização de águas residuais para irrigação de culturas energéticas, permite, não só, contrabalançar a escassez ou a sazonalidade da precipitação, mas também reduzir a necessidade de utilização de fertilizantes, combinando assim vantagens ambientais e económicas. Neste trabalho, foi avaliada a capacidade do Arundo donax na fitoremediação de águas residuais contendo zinco ou cobre, nomeadamente os efeitos na sua produtividade e qualidade da biomassa, bem como a capacidade de extrair aqueles metais da água residual afluente. Este ensaio foi realizado em vasos, em condições controladas, com diferentes regimes hídricos e com a duração de dois ciclos vegetativos. Os resultados obtidos permitem verificar que as concentrações de zinco e cobre testadas não afectam grandemente a produtividade nem a qualidade da biomassa produzida. Verificou-se uma maior acumulação de zinco nos rizomas e nas folhas e uma maior acumulação de cobre nas folhas e nas raízes. O sistema solo-planta consegue reter acima de 90% do zinco/cobre afluente, resultando na depuração da água residual. As percentagens de remoção pela planta podem ser superiores a 8% e 3% para zinco e para cobre, respectivamente. A rega de Arundo com águas residuais contaminadas com zinco ou cobre apresenta vantagens do ponto de vista ambiental, nomeadamente em termos de sequestro de carbono e na deplecção de recursos hídricos e minerais. Além disso a biomassa pode ser valorizada economicamente para produção de energia ou biomateriais.

O uso do software de edição áudio Audacity 2.0.5: aprendizagens decorrentes da sua utilização

Contém CD com áudio como anexo

Prevalence of cholelithiasis in patients with chagasic megaesophagus

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of cholelithiasis in the general population ranges from 9 to 18%. This prevalence is known to be higher in the presence of parasympathetic nerve damage of the biliary tract either due to surgery (vagotomy) or neuronal destruction (Chagas disease). The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of cholelithiasis and chagasic or idiopathic megaesophagus. METHODS: The ultrasound scans of 152 patients with megaesophagus submitted to cardiomyotomy and subtotal esophagectomy surgery were evaluated. The presence of cholelithiasis was compared between chagasic and idiopathic esophagopathy and ultrasound and clinical findings were correlated with age, sex and race. RESULTS: A total of 152 cases of megaesophagus, including 137 with chagasic megaesophagus and 15 with idiopathic megaesophagus, were analyzed. The mean age was 56.7 years (45-67) in the 137 patients with chagasic megaesophagus and 35.6 years (27-44) in the 15 cases of idiopathic megaesophagus, with a significant difference between the two groups (p < 0.0001). The group with chagasic megaesophagus consisted of 59 (43%) women and 78 (56.9%) men, while the group with idiopathic megaesophagus consisted of 8 (53.3%) women and 7 (46.6%) men, showing no significant difference between the groups. Of the 137 patients with confirmed chagasic megaesophagus, 39 (28.4%) presented cholelithiasis versus one case (6.6%) in the 15 patients with idiopathic megaesophagus. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of cholelithiasis is high in patients with chagasic megaesophagus and preoperative ultrasound should be performed routinely in these patients in order to treat both conditions during the same surgical procedure.

Análise de verificações indirectas do EC2 para a deformação de lajes e vigas

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar os limites de esbelteza preconizados nos regulamentos e normas utilizados em Portugal relativamente ao estado limite de deformação. Serão comparados diretamente para os mesmos vãos, os conceitos de verificação indireta de deformação do Regulamento de Estruturas de Betão Armado e Pré-esforçado (REBAP) e do Eurocódigo 2: Parte 1–1 (EC2-1-1), para lajes e vigas. Inicialmente será efetuado um estudo académico paramétrico, onde são avaliadas as flechas verticais em serviço para diferentes vãos, condições de apoio e geometria em planta. São comparados inicialmente os valores das flechas para análises lineares, usando as tabelas de Bares e modelos de elementos finitos com o software comercial SAP2000, de maneira a validar o modelo. De seguida são aplicados os métodos simplificativos de cálculo de flechas a longo prazo usando os ábacos do Comité Euro-International du Béton (CEB). Estes valores são depois comparados com as análises fisicamente não lineares em estado fendilhado a longo prazo com o SAP2000. O objetivo principal é portanto estabelecer comparações entre os dois métodos de análise pretendendo-se mostrar que a modelação com elementos finitos conduz a valores de deformações inferiores ao cálculo analítico permitindo uma maior economia no dimensionamento de elementos estruturais. Para finalizar é apresentado um manual de utilizador com o intuito de auxiliar o processo de modelação de elementos estruturais com elementos finitos não lineares utilizando o programa referido.

Le régime de la télévision au Portugal

In, European Review of Public Law (Spetses Conferences), 21, vol. 8, nº 3, Atenas, Outono de 1996

Occurrence of dolichocolon without megacolon in chronic Chagas disease patients

INTRODUCTION: Since 1970, lengthening of the rectosigmoid has been suspected to be a solitary manifestation of Chagas colopathy. METHODS: To test this hypothesis, opaque enema was administered on 210 seropositive and 63 seronegative patients, and radiographs in the anteroposterior and posteroanterior positions were examined blind to the serological and clinical findings. The distal colon was measured using a flexible ruler along the central axis of the image from the anus to the iliac crest. RESULTS: Dolichocolon was diagnosed in 31 (14.8%) seropositive and 3 (4.8%) seronegative patients. The mean length was 57.2 (±12.2)cm in seropositive patients and 52.1 (±8.8)cm in the seronegative patients (p = 0.000), that is, the distal colon in Chagas patients was, on average, 5.1cm longer. Seropositive female patients presented a mean length of 58.8 (±12.3)cm, and seronegative female patients presented 53.2 (±9.1)cm (p = 0.002). Seropositive male patients had a mean length of 55 (±11.6)cm, and seronegative male patients had 49.9 (±7.8)cm (p = 0.02). Among 191 patients without megacolon and suspected megacolon, the mean length was 56.3 (±11.6)cm in seropositive individuals and 52 (±8.8)cm in seronegative patients (p = 0.003). Among individuals with distal colon >70cm, there were 31 Chagas patients with mean length of 77.9 (±7.1)cm and three seronegative with 71.3 (±1.1)cm (p = 0.000). Among 179 with distal colon <70cm, seropositive individuals had a mean length of 53.6 (±8.8)cm, and seronegative patients had 51.2 (±7.8)cm (p = 0.059). Serological positive women had longer distal colon than men (p = 0.02), whereas the mean length were the same among seronegative individuals (p = 0.16). CONCLUSIONS: In endemic areas of Brazil Central, solitary dolichocolon is a radiological Chagas disease signal.

Detection and molecular analysis of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum from dogs with neurological disorders

INTRODUCTION: Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum are related Apicomplexa parasites responsible for systemic diseases in many species of animals, including dogs. METHODS: This study aimed to determine the occurrence of T. gondii and N. caninum infections in 50 dogs with neurological signs that were admitted to the Veterinary Hospital of Universidade Estadual Paulista, City of Botucatu, Brazil. All animals were screened for antibodies using an immunofluorescent antibody test for both parasites. Tissues of positive animals were bioassayed in mice (T. gondii) and gerbils (N. caninum), and DNA was analyzed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Positive samples for T. gondii by PCR were typed using restriction fragment length polymorphism-PCR for 11 markers: SAG1, SAG2 (5&#8242;-3&#8242;-SAG2 and alt.SAG2), SAG3, Btub, GRA6, L358, c22-8, c29-6, PK1 and Apico, and CS3 marker for virulence analysis. RESULTS: Specific antibodies were detected in 11/50 (22%; 95% confidence interval (CI95%), 12.8-35.3%) animals for T. gondii and 7/50 (14%; CI95%, 7.02-26.3%) for N. caninum. In the bioassay and PCR, 7/11 (63.6%; CI95%, 34.9-84.8%) samples were positive for T. gondii and 3/7 (42.9%; CI95%I, 15.7-75.5%) samples were positive for N. caninum. Three different genotypes were identified, but only 1 was unique. CONCLUSIONS: These data confirm the presence of T. gondii and N. caninum in dogs from Brazil, indicating the importance of this host as a sentinel of T. gondii for human beings, and the genotypic variation of this parasite in Brazil.

Poor response to azithromycin in cutaneous leishmaniasis leading to a premature interruption of a multicentric phase III clinical trial in Brazil

Introduction Parenteral antimony-based compounds are still the standard of care for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) treatment in many countries, despite their high toxicity. Previous studies showed that oral azithromycin could be an option for CL treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate efficacy and safety of oral azithromycin (AZ) for CL treatment compared with injectable meglumine antimoniate (MA). Methods This was a randomized, open-label, 2-arm, non-inferiority clinical trial. Treatment-na39;ve patients with localized CL were treated with MA (15mg/kg/day up to 1,215mg) or AZ (500mg/day) during 20 consecutive days. The primary efficacy end point was a CL cure 90 days after treatment completion. The analysis was performed with intention-to-treat (ITT) and per protocol (PP) analyses. After an anticipated interim analysis, the study was interrupted due to the high failure rate in the azithromycin group. Results Twenty-four volunteers were included in each group. The MA group had a higher cure rate than the AZ group with the ITT and PP analyses, which were 54.2% versus 20.8% [relative risk (RR) 1.97; 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) 1.13-3.42] and 72.2% versus 23.8% (RR 3.03; 95%CI 1.34-6.87), respectively. No unexpected adverse events were observed. Conclusions Azithromycin is ineffective for CL treatment and does not seem to have a role in the therapeutic arsenal for CL.

Natural transovarial transmission of dengue virus 4 in Aedes aegypti from Cuiabá, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Dengue is the most prevalent arboviral disease in tropical areas. In Mato Grosso, outbreaks are reported every year, but studies on dengue in this state are scarce. METHODS: Natural transovarial infection of Aedes aegypti by a flavivirus was investigated in the Jardim Industriário neighborhood of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso. Eggs were collected with ovitraps during the dry, intermediate, and rainy seasons of 2012. After the eggs hatched and the larvae developed to adulthood, mosquitoes (n = 758) were identified and allocated to pools of 1-10 specimens according to the collection location, sex, and climatic period. After RNA extraction, multiplex semi-nested RT-PCR was performed to detect the four dengue virus (DENV) serotypes, yellow fever virus, West Nile virus and Saint Louis encephalitis virus. RESULTS: DENV-4 was the only flavivirus detected, and it was found in 8/50 pools (16.0%). Three of the positive pools contained females, and five contained males. Their nucleotide sequences presented 96-100% similarity with DENV-4 genotype II strains from Manaus, Amazonas. The minimum infection rate was 10.5 per 1000 specimens, and the maximum likelihood estimator of the infection rate was 11.6 (95% confidence interval: 4.8; 23.3). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides the first evidence of natural transovarial infection by DENV-4 in Ae. Aegypti in Mato Grosso, suggesting that this type of infection might serve as a mechanism of virus maintenance during interepidemic periods in Cuiabá, a city where dengue epidemics are reported every year. These results emphasize the need for efficient vector population control measures to prevent arbovirus outbreaks in the state.

Size of gastroesophageal varices: its behavior after the surgical treatment of portal hypertension

The size of gastroesophageal varices is one of the most important factors leading to hemorrhage related to portal hypertension. An endoscopic evaluation of the size of gastroesophageal varices before and after different operations for portal hypertension was performed in 73 patients with schistosomiasis, as part of a randomized trial: proximal splenorenal shunt (PSS n=24), distal splenorenal shunt (DSS n=24), and esophagogastric devascularization with splenectomy (EGDS n=25). The endoscopic evaluation was performed before and up to 10 years after the operations. Variceal size was graded according to Palmer's classification: grade 1 -- up to 3 mm, grade 2 -- from 3 to 6 mm, grade 3 -- greater than 6 mm, and were analyzed in four anatomical locations: inferior, middle or superior third of the esophagus, and proximal stomach. The total number of points in the pre-operative grading minus the number of points in the post-operative grading gave a differential grading, allowing statistical comparison among the surgical groups. Good results, in terms of disappearance or decrease of variceal size, were observed more frequently after PSS than after DSS or EGDS - 95.8%, 83.3%, and 72%, respectively. When differential grading was analyzed, a statistically significant difference was observed between PSS and EGDS, but not between proximal and distal splenorenal shunts. In conclusion, shunt surgeries were more efficient than devascularization in diminishing variceal size.

Short- and long-term outcomes of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis

Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis was an important advancement in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. The aim of this study was to determine whether early complications of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis in patients with ulcerative colitis are associated with poor late functional results. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eighty patients were operated on from 1986 to 2000, 62 patients with ileostomy and 18 without. The early and late complications were recorded. Specific emphasis has been placed on the incidence of pouchitis with prolonged follow-up. RESULTS: The ileostomy was closed an average of 9.2 months after the first operation. Fourteen patients were excluded from the long-term evaluation; 6 patients were lost to regular follow-up, 4 died, and 4 patients still have the ileostomy. Of the 4 patients that died, 1 died from surgical complications. Early complications after operation (41) occurred in 34 patients (42.5%). Late complications (29) occurred in 25 patients as follows: 16 had pouchitis, 3 associated with stenosis and 1 with sexual dysfunction; 5 had stenosis; and there was 1 case each of incisional hernia, ileoanal fistula, hepatic cancer, and endometriosis. Pouchitis occurred in 6 patients (9.8%) 1 year after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis, 9 (14.8%) after 3 years, 13 (21.3%) after 5 years, and 16 (26.2%) after more than 6 years. The mean daily stool frequency was 12 before and 5.8 after operation. One pouch was removed because of fistulas that appeared 2 years later. CONCLUSIONS: Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis is associated with a considerable number of early complications. There was no correlation between pouchitis and severe disease, operation with or without ileostomy, or early postoperative complications. The incidence of pouchitis was directly proportional to duration of time of follow-up.

Low coronary perfusion pressure is associated with endocardial fibrosis in a rat model of volume overload cardiac hypertrophy

Left ventricular hypertrophy following volume overload is regarded as an example of cardiac remodeling without increased fibrosis accumulation. However, infarction is associated with increased fibrosis within the noninfarcted, hypertrophied myocardium, particularly in the subendocardial regions. It is conceivable to suppose that, as also occurs postinfarction, low coronary driving pressure may also interfere with accumulation of myocardial fibrosis following aortocaval fistula. PURPOSE: To investigate the role of acute hemodynamic changes in subsequent deposition of cardiac fibrosis in response to aortocaval fistula. METHOD: Aortocaval fistula were created in 4 groups of Wistar rats that were followed over 4 and 8 weeks: aortocaval fistula 4 and aortocaval fistula 8 (10 rats each) and their respective controls (sham-operated controls - Sh), Sh4 and Sh8 (8 rats each). Hemodynamic measurements were performed 1 week after surgery. Hypertrophy and fibrosis were quantified by myocyte diameter and collagen volume fraction at the end of follow up. RESULT: Compared with Sh4 and Sh8, pulse pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and +dP/dt were higher in aortocaval fistula 4 and aortocaval fistula 8, but -dP/dt was similar. Coronary driving pressure (mm Hg), used as an estimate of perfusion pressure, was lower in aortocaval fistula 8 (52.6 ± 4.1) than in Sh8 (100.8 ± 1.3), but comparable between aortocaval fistula 4 (50.0 ± 8.9) and Sh4 (84.8 ± 2.3). Myocyte diameter was greater in aortocaval fistula 8, whereas interstitial and subendocardial fibrosis were greater in aortocaval fistula 4 and aortocaval fistula 8. Coronary driving pressure correlated inversely and independently with subendocardial fibrosis (r² = .86, P <.001), whereas left ventricular systolic pressure (r² = 0.73, P = .004) and end-diastolic pressure (r² = 0.55, P = 012) correlated positively and independently with interstitial fibrosis. CONCLUSION: Coronary driving pressure falls and ventricular pressures increase early after aortocaval fistula and are associated with subsequent myocardial fibrosis deposition.

Interpretação fenológica de espécies lenhosas de Campina na Reserva Biológica de Campina do INPA ao Norte de Manaus

O autor apresenta resultados de observações fenológicas de 27 espécies lenhosas de campina, na Reserva Biológica de Campina do INPA, 60 Km ao Norte de Manaus, colhidas no período de agosto/77 a julho 86. A maioria das espécies apresentou a plena floração na estação seca, comportamento mostrado pelas espécies de Campina Sombreada; na transição da Campina Sombreada para a Campina Aberta houve tendência da plena floração ocorrer tanto na estação seca quanto na chuvosa e as espécies de Campina Aberta tiveram esta fase na estação chuvosa e na transição para a seca. Os comportamentos das espécies de transição e as de Campina Abertamostraram-se diferentes da maioria das espécies arbóreas de floresta tropical úmida. Verificou-se que 12 espécies apresentaram floração anual; 3 espécies floresceram regularmente durante todos os meses do ano; 8 espécies tiveram floração irregular e somente uma espécie floresceu em intervalos de 3 anos. Vinte espécies comportaram-se como perenifólias, sem troca de folhas, aparentemente. Numa análise dos componentes principais para a plena floração, folhas novas e frutas maduros, os eixos 1,8 e 3 definiram estas fases, respectivamente. Os círculos de correlações mostraram que existiram duas épocas de ocorrência distintas destas fases (estação seca e estação chuvosa). A representação plena em 3 eixos indicou as espécies em oposição e com comportamento similar, quanto às três fases analisadas.

A taxonomy for the flexible job shop scheduling problem

This chapter aims at developing a taxonomic framework to classify the studies on the flexible job shop scheduling problem (FJSP). The FJSP is a generalization of the classical job shop scheduling problem (JSP), which is one of the oldest NP-hard problems. Although various solution methodologies have been developed to obtain good solutions in reasonable time for FSJPs with different objective functions and constraints, no study which systematically reviews the FJSP literature has been encountered. In the proposed taxonomy, the type of study, type of problem, objective, methodology, data characteristics, and benchmarking are the main categories. In order to verify the proposed taxonomy, a variety of papers from the literature are classified. Using this classification, several inferences are drawn and gaps in the FJSP literature are specified. With the proposed taxonomy, the aim is to develop a framework for a broad view of the FJSP literature and construct a basis for future studies.

Recursos frutícolas na Várzea e na terra firme em onze comunidades rurais do alto Solimões, Amazonas, Brasil

A região do Alto Solimões 33; muito rica em recursos gen33;ticos agr37;colas, especialmente frut37;colas, mas estes recursos contribuem principalmente para a subsist34;ncia em lugar de ter um papel mais amplo no desenvolvimento regional. Um levantamento qualitativo preliminar das esp33;cies frut37;colas nativas e ex3;ticas foi executado em 11 comunidades rurais (8 caboclas, 3 Ticunas) nos ecossistemas principais (várzea, terra firme). Observou-se 37 fruteiras nativas em 20 fam37;lias e 10 fruteiras ex3;ticas em 9 fam37;lias; das nativas, 9 foram raras (observadas em 1 ou 2 comunidades) e 3 foram comuns (observadas em 10 ou 11 comunidades); das ex3;ticas, 2 foram raras e as bananas foram encontradas em todas as comunidades, sendo a fruteira mais importante na subsist34;ncia e na comercializa31;ão. As comunidades com mais acesso imediato à várzea e à terra firme tiveram mais esp33;cies (22,5±6,6 nativas e 6,5±2,2 ex3;ticas), que comunidades com acesso apenas à terra firme (19,0±2,2 nativas e 5,3±0,5 ex3;ticas), que por sua vez tiveram mais esp33;cies que comunidades com acesso apenas à várzea (5±2 nativas e 1,5±0,9 ex3;ticas).