El concepto de metadato: algo m��s que descripci��n de recursos electr��nicos

Resulta evidente la necesidad de establecer mecanismos que permitan una descripci��n m��s exhaustiva de los recursos electr��nicos. En este trabajo se propone como soluci��n el uso de metadatos. Por ese motivo se estudia el concepto de metadato con el fin de determinar tanto su campo de acci��n como los diferentes presupuestos subyacentes en este.

Envejecimiento: patolog��as m��s frecuentes, prevenci��n y tratamiento fisioter��pico

La poblaci��n envejece progresivamente,lo que conlleva a un aumento de las patolog��as y de la demanda asistencial. En las ��reas B��sicas de Salud, como el CAPs Eixample (ICS) de Barcelona, existe una demanda para mejorar el estado de salud y el bienestar de la poblaci��n anciana, y la necesidad de encontrar innovaciones para hacer m��s eficiente la Asistencia sanitaria, hemos iniciado un proyecto de investigaci��n y desarrollo para incrementar el bien estar, disminuyendo la morbilidad, y mejorando la calidad de vida de los ancianos. En este trabajo se describe el proyecto de Fisioterapia realizado en un marco multidisciplinario de profesionales de la sanidad.

A highly sensitive LC-tandem MS assay for the measurement in plasma and in urine of salbutamol administered by nebulization during mechanical ventilation in healthy volunteers.

The new-generation nebulizers are commonly used for the administration of salbutamol in mechanically ventilated patients. The different modes of administration and new devices have not been compared. We developed a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of concentrations as low as 0.05���ng/mL of salbutamol, corresponding to the desired plasma concentration after inhalation. Salbutamol quantification was performed by reverse-phase HPLC. Analyte quantification was performed by electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry using selected reaction monitoring detection ESI in the positive mode. The method was validated over concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 100���ng/mL in plasma and from 0.18 to 135���ng/mL in urine. The method is precise, with mean inter-day coefficient of variation (CV%) within 3.1-8.3% in plasma and 1.3-3.9% in urine, as well as accurate. The proposed method was found to reach the required sensitivity for the evaluation of different nebulizers as well as nebulization modes. The present assay was applied to examine whether salbutamol urine levels, normalized with the creatinine levels, correlated with the plasma concentrations. A suitable, convenient and noninvasive method of monitoring patients receiving salbutamol by mechanical ventilation could be implemented. Copyright �� 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Cloreto de mepiquat, thidiazuron e ethephon aplicados no algodoeiro em Ponta Por��, MS

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes dosagens de cloreto de mepiquat, thidiazuron e ethephon, aplicadas parceladamente no algodoeiro (Gossypium hirsutum L.) na Fazenda Itamarati, Ponta Por��, MS. As dosagens de cloreto de mepiquat foram: (0; 12,5 + 12,5 + 25,0 = 50; 25 + 25 + 25 = 75; 0 + 50 + 50 = 100; 12,5 + 62,5 + 50 = 125) g ha-1, com aplica����es efetuadas aos 34, 47 e 62 dias ap��s a emerg��ncia (DAE) em 1993/94, e aos 42, 60 e 73 DAE, em 1994/95, enquanto o thidiazuron foi aplicado quando 70% dos capulhos estavam abertos, nas dosagens de 0, 45, 60 e 75 g ha-1; j�� o ethephon foi aplicado sete dias ap��s o thidiazuron, quando j�� se observava desfolha de 85%, nas dosagens de 0, 960 e 1.440 g ha-1. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados em faixa, com subparcelas subdivididas e quatro repeti����es. O cloreto de mepiquat proporcionou redu����o do n��mero de frutos verdes, aumento do peso de 100 sementes e do peso m��dio de um capulho; a percentagem de desfolha aumentou com as dosagens de thidiazuron e ethephon; constatou-se que a intera����o cloreto de mepiquat x thidiazuron x ethephon foi significativa para percentagem de abertura de capulhos e produ����o de algod��o em caro��o.

Comparison between a linear ion trap and a triple quadruple MS in the sensitive detection of large peptides at femtomole amounts on column.

In addition to the importance of sample preparation and extract separation, MS detection is a key factor in the sensitive quantification of large undigested peptides. In this article, a linear ion trap MS (LIT-MS) and a triple quadrupole MS (TQ-MS) have been compared in the detection of large peptides at subnanomolar concentrations. Natural brain natriuretic peptide, C-peptide, substance P and D-Junk-inhibitor peptide, a full D-amino acid therapeutic peptide, were chosen. They were detected by ESI and simultaneous MS(1) and MS(2) acquisitions. With direct peptide infusion, MS(2) spectra revealed that fragmentation was peptide dependent, milder on the LIT-MS and required high collision energies on the TQ-MS to obtain high-intensity product ions. Peptide adsorption on surfaces was overcome and peptide dilutions ranging from 0.1 to 25 nM were injected onto an ultra high-pressure LC system with a 1 mm id analytical column and coupled with the MS instruments. No difference was observed between the two instruments when recording in LC-MS(1) acquisitions. However, in LC-MS(2) acquisitions, a better sensitivity in the detection of large peptides was observed with the LIT-MS. Indeed, with the three longer peptides, the typical fragmentation in the TQ-MS resulted in a dramatic loss of sensitivity (> or = 10x).

A LC-tandem MS assay for the simultaneous measurement of new antiretroviral agents: Raltegravir, maraviroc, darunavir, and etravirine.

Raltegravir (RAL), maraviroc (MVC), darunavir (DRV), and etravirine (ETV) are new antiretroviral agents with significant potential for drug interactions. This work describes a sensitive and accurate liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the determination of plasma drug levels. Single-step extraction of RAL, MVC, DRV, ETV and RTV from plasma (100 microl) is performed by protein precipitation using 600 microl of acetonitrile, after the addition of 100 microl darunavir-d(9) (DRV-d(9)) at 1000 ng/ml in MeOH/H(2)O 50/50 as internal standard (I.S.). The mixture is vortexed, sonicated for 10 min, vortex-mixed again and centrifuged. An aliquot of supernatant (150 microl) is diluted 1:1 with a mixture of 20 mM ammonium acetate/MeOH 40/60 and 10 microl is injected onto a 2.1 x 50 mm Waters Atlantis-dC18 3 microm analytical column. Chromatographic separations are performed using a gradient program with 2 mM ammonium acetate containing 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid. Analytes quantification is performed by electrospray ionisation-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry using the selected reaction monitoring detection in the positive mode. The method has been validated over the clinically relevant concentrations ranging from 12.5 to 5000 ng/ml, 2.5 to 1000 ng/ml, 25 to 10,000 ng/ml, 10 to 4000 ng/ml, and 5 to 2000 ng/ml for RAL, MRV, DRV, ETV and RTV, respectively. The extraction recovery for all antiretroviral drugs is always above 91%. The method is precise, with mean inter-day CV% within 5.1-9.8%, and accurate (range of inter-day deviation from nominal values -3.3 to +5.1%). In addition our method enables the simultaneous assessment of raltegravir-glucuronide. This is the first analytical method allowing the simultaneous assay of antiretroviral agents targeted to four different steps of HIV replication. The proposed method is suitable for the Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Service of these new regimen combinations administered as salvage therapy to patients having experienced treatment failure, and for whom exposure, tolerance and adherence assessments are critical.

Ensenyar a llegir i escriure i m��s hores de castell��. Com ho farem?

La LOCE i els decrets que la complementen estableixen que en el primer cicle de prim��ria, els cursos en qu�� s'apr��n a llegir i escriure, s'han impartir quatre hores setmanals de castell��. En aquest article s'analitzen les repercussions d��aquesta mesura en el proc��s d'aprenentatge de la lectura i l'escriptura i en la consecuci�� de l'objectiu ling����stic final del sistema educatiu a Catalunya (garantir el coneixement de les dues lleng��es oficials). La discussi�� gira entorn de tres eixos: la diversitat de coneixements ling����stics de l'alumnat que apr��n a llegir i escriure en una mateixa aula, la integraci�� de l'ensenyament de la lectura i l'escriptura en les activitats que es desenvolupen al llarg de la jornada escolar, i la constataci�� que els infants aprenen a llegir i escriure en les lleng��es que fan servir els adults quan interaccionen amb ells, encara que els nens no les parlin correctament.

Comparative study of the LC-MS/MS and UPLC-MS/MS for the multi-residue analysis of quinolones, penicillins and cephalosporins in cow milk, and validation according to the regulation 2002/657/EC

The aim of this study was to develop and validate an analytical method to simultaneously determine European Union-regulated beta-lactams (penicillins and cephalosporins) and quinolones in cow milk. The procedure involves a new solid phase extraction (SPE) to clean-up and pre-concentrate the three series of antibiotics before analysis by liquid chromatography��tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography��tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). LC-MS/MS and UPLC-MS/MS techniques were also compared. The method was validated according to the Directive 2002/657/EC and subsequently applied to 56 samples of raw cow milk supplied by the Laboratori Interprofessional Lleter de Catalunya (ALLIC) (Laboratori Interprofessional Lleter de Catalunya, Control Laboratory Interprofessional of Milk of Catalunya).

Rapid sample pre-treatment prior to GC-MS and GC-MS/MS urinary toxicological screening.

Drug screening is an important issue in clinical and forensic toxicology. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) remains the gold standard technique for the screening of unknown compounds in urine samples. However, this technique requires substantial sample preparation, which is time consuming. Moreover, some common drugs such as cannabis cannot be easily detected in urine using general procedures. In this work, a sample preparation protocol for treating 200 μL of urine in less than 30 min is described. The enzymatic hydrolysis of glucuro-conjugates was performed in 5 min thanks to the use of microwaves. The use of a deconvolution software allowed reducing the GC-MS run to 10 min, without impairing the quality of the compound identifications. Comparing the results from 139 authentic urine samples to those obtained using the current routine analysis indicated this method performed well. Moreover, additional 5-min GC-MS/MS programs are described, enabling a very sensitive target screening of 54 drugs, including THC-COOH or buprenorphine, without further sample preparation. These methods appeared as an interesting alternative to immuno-assays based screening. The analytical strategy presented in this article proved to be a promising approach for systematic toxicological analysis (STA) of drugs in urine.

L���alguer de Posidonia oceanica de les illes Medes: m��s de trenta anys d���estudi

Fins on hem pogut esbrinar, el primer estudi publicat en una revista cient��fica sobre la praderia o alguer de Posidonia oceanica de les illes Medes ��s el de De Haro (1965). En aquella ��poca, la investigaci�� delsfons marins estava als seus inicis i probablement la praderia de les illes Medes va ser un dels primers llocs en qu��, amb mitjans for��a precaris i a c��rrec d���uns joves estudiants, es van efectuar prospeccions en immersi��, t��cnica que tot just comen��ava per�� que molt r��pidament havia de substituir les dragues ialtres artefactes menys fiables. Amb el Programa de Bentos, entre 1972-1974 (Ros, 1982) ���precisament aquest autor (vegeu el cap��tol 1) era un d���aquells ��joves estudiants��; l���altre era en Jordi Camp, actualment investigador del CSIC���, la recerca bent��nica va agafar un primer impuls i l���escafandre aut��nom es va incorporar plenament com a eina d���observaci�� i mostreig. Durant aquest programa, es va situar una de les estacions de treball a les illes Medes, i l���alguer de Posidonia va ser un dels h��bitats objecte d���estudi, tot i que m��s aviat amb un objectiu faun��stic i biocen��tic que estrictament ecol��gic.

Los adhesivos empleados en el entelado de carteles modernos. Uso de la Espectrometr��a de Masas de Ionizaci��n/Desorci��n por L��ser asistida por Matriz y analizador de Tiempo de Vuelo (MALDI-TOF-MS) para la identificaci��n de ��teres de celulosa

"XVIII Congreso Internacional de Conservaci��n y Restauraci��n de Bienes Culturales - 18th International Meeting on Heritage Conservation", Granada 9 al 11 novembre de 2011

Influ��ncia da ��poca de semeadura no comportamento de cultivares de arroz irrigado por aspers��o em Selv��ria, MS

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da ��poca da semeadura no comportamento de diferentes cultivares de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) de sequeiro (IAC 201, Caraj��s, Guarani, IAC 202, CNA 7800, CNA 7801, Caiap��, Rio Parana��ba e Araguaia) irrigados por aspers��o, quanto �� produ����o e qualidade dos gr��os. As sementes foram semeadas no in��cio da segunda quinzena dos meses de setembro, outubro, novembro, dezembro, janeiro e fevereiro. Os experimentos foram instalados no Munic��pio de Selv��ria, MS, durante os anos agr��colas 1995/96 e 1996/97. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repeti����es. O controle da irriga����o foi realizado por meio de tensi��metros, e a suplementa����o h��drica foi realizada quando o potencial matricial atingiu -0,033 MPa, durante a fase reprodutiva e -0,058 MPa, nas demais fases. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que as cultivares CNA 7801, Caraj��s, IAC 201, CNA 7800 e IAC 202 apresentaram comportamento superior; a semeadura realizada em novembro propiciou produtividade mais elevada; semeaduras antecipadas (setembro-outubro) ou retardada (fevereiro) resultaram em menores ��ndices de acamamento; as cultivares IAC 202, CNA 7800 e CNA 7801 apresentaram aus��ncia ou baixo ��ndice de acamamento, nas diferentes ��pocas de semeadura e, a semeadura retardada (fevereiro) proporcionou a obten����o de maior rendimento de inteiros.

Tire traces: discrimination and classification of pyrolysis-GC/MS profiles

Tire traces can be observed on several crime scenes as vehicles are often used by criminals. The tread abrasion on the road, while braking or skidding, leads to the production of small rubber particles which can be collected for comparison purposes. This research focused on the statistical comparison of Py-GC/MS profiles of tire traces and tire treads. The optimisation of the analytical method was carried out using experimental designs. The aim was to determine the best pyrolysis parameters regarding the repeatability of the results. Thus, the pyrolysis factor effect could also be calculated. The pyrolysis temperature was found to be five time more important than time. Finally, a pyrolysis at 650 ��C during 15 s was selected. Ten tires of different manufacturers and models were used for this study. Several samples were collected on each tire, and several replicates were carried out to study the variability within each tire (intravariability). More than eighty compounds were integrated for each analysis and the variability study showed that more than 75% presented a relative standard deviation (RSD) below 5% for the ten tires, thus supporting a low intravariability. The variability between the ten tires (intervariability) presented higher values and the ten most variant compounds had a RSD value above 13%, supporting their high potential of discrimination between the tires tested. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was able to fully discriminate the ten tires with the help of the first three principal components. The ten tires were finally used to perform braking tests on a racetrack with a vehicle equipped with an anti-lock braking system. The resulting tire traces were adequately collected using sheets of white gelatine. As for tires, the intravariability for the traces was found to be lower than the intervariability. Clustering methods were carried out and the Ward's method based on the squared Euclidean distance was able to correctly group all of the tire traces replicates in the same cluster than the replicates of their corresponding tire. Blind tests on traces were performed and were correctly assigned to their tire source. These results support the hypothesis that the tested tires, of different manufacturers and models, can be discriminated by a statistical comparison of their chemical profiles. The traces were found to be not differentiable from their source but differentiable from all the other tires present in the subset. The results are promising and will be extended on a larger sample set.

Identificaci�� de les compet��ncies m��s valorades en l'entorn professional i adequaci�� del pla d'estudis de grau en enginyeria inform��tica

L'execuci�� d'aquest projecte ha volgut reflectir quines s��n les capacitats professionals m��s valorades actualment, poder entendre quines s��n les condicions actuals i reflexionar sobre quina ��s la cobertura que els plans educatius actuals -en l'��mbit de l'enginyeria inform��tica- brinden a aquesta evoluci��, contribuint amb aquest estudi a l'objectiu general de l'��rea de compet��ncies professionals d'apropar el m��n acad��mic al laboral.