Conversa amb Th. S. Popkewitz: els ensenyants i la reforma de la formació del professorat als EUA, professionalització i poder

La meva hipòtesi és que els supòsits socials i epistemològics que s'han incorporat a les reformes nord-americanes de formació del profes.sorat tendeixen a mistificar la complexitat social i política de I'escolarització i a descontextualitzar les profundes qüestions sobre el poder i el coneixement a I'ensenyament. Les regles, els programes de recerca, els informes de les administracions estan expressats en els termes més humanistes i progressistes possibles. Pretenen portar-nos a tots la democracia, generar un creixement económic i una renovació cultural, i també promoure el desenvolupament individual. Peró a través del recorregut deis somnis i la retórica progressista hom pot observar la creació de tecnologies que s'internalitzen i organitzen la vida quotidiana, Ilurs esperances i anhels. Th .. S. Popkewitz (1993)

Monitoring Fatigue Status with HRV Measures in Elite Athletes : An Avenue Beyond RMSSD?

Among the tools proposed to assess the athlete's "fatigue," the analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) provides an indirect evaluation of the settings of autonomic control of heart activity. HRV analysis is performed through assessment of time-domain indices, the square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent normal R-R intervals (RMSSD) measured during short (5 min) recordings in supine position upon awakening in the morning and particularly the logarithm of RMSSD (LnRMSSD) has been proposed as the most useful resting HRV indicator. However, if RMSSD can help the practitioner to identify a global "fatigue" level, it does not allow discriminating different types of fatigue. Recent results using spectral HRV analysis highlighted firstly that HRV profiles assessed in supine and standing positions are independent and complementary; and secondly that using these postural profiles allows the clustering of distinct sub-categories of "fatigue." Since, cardiovascular control settings are different in standing and lying posture, using the HRV figures of both postures to cluster fatigue state embeds information on the dynamics of control responses. Such, HRV spectral analysis appears more sensitive and enlightening than time-domain HRV indices. The wealthier information provided by this spectral analysis should improve the monitoring of the adaptive training-recovery process in athletes.

Monitoring Fatigue Status with HRV Measures in Elite Athletes: An Avenue Beyond RMSSD?

Among the tools proposed to assess the athlete's "fatigue," the analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) provides an indirect evaluation of the settings of autonomic control of heart activity. HRV analysis is performed through assessment of time-domain indices, the square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent normal R-R intervals (RMSSD) measured during short (5 min) recordings in supine position upon awakening in the morning and particularly the logarithm of RMSSD (LnRMSSD) has been proposed as the most useful resting HRV indicator. However, if RMSSD can help the practitioner to identify a global "fatigue" level, it does not allow discriminating different types of fatigue. Recent results using spectral HRV analysis highlighted firstly that HRV profiles assessed in supine and standing positions are independent and complementary; and secondly that using these postural profiles allows the clustering of distinct sub-categories of "fatigue." Since, cardiovascular control settings are different in standing and lying posture, using the HRV figures of both postures to cluster fatigue state embeds information on the dynamics of control responses. Such, HRV spectral analysis appears more sensitive and enlightening than time-domain HRV indices. The wealthier information provided by this spectral analysis should improve the monitoring of the adaptive training-recovery process in athletes.

Typology of "Fatigue" by Heart Rate Variability Analysis in Elite Nordic-skiers.

This study investigated changes in heart rate variability (HRV) in elite Nordic-skiers to characterize different types of "fatigue" in 27 men and 30 women surveyed from 2004 to 2008. R-R intervals were recorded at rest during 8 min supine (SU) followed by 7 min standing (ST). HRV parameters analysed were powers of low (LF), high (HF) frequencies, (LF+HF) (ms(2)) and heart rate (HR, bpm). In the 1 063 HRV tests performed, 172 corresponded to a "fatigue" state and the first were considered for analysis. 4 types of "fatigue" (F) were identified: 1. F(HF(-)LF(-))SU_ST for 42 tests: decrease in LFSU (- 46%), HFSU (- 70%), LFST (- 43%), HFST (- 53%) and increase in HRSU (+ 15%), HRST (+ 14%). 2. F(LF(+) SULF(-) ST) for 8 tests: increase in LFSU (+ 190%) decrease in LFST (- 84%) and increase in HRST (+ 21%). 3. F(HF(-) SUHF(+) ST) for 6 tests: decrease in HFSU (- 72%) and increase in HFST (+ 501%). 4. F(HF(+) SU) for only 1 test with an increase in HFSU (+ 2161%) and decrease in HRSU (- 15%). Supine and standing HRV patterns were independently modified by "fatigue". 4 "fatigue"-shifted HRV patterns were statistically sorted according to differently paired changes in the 2 postures. This characterization might be useful for further understanding autonomic rearrangements in different "fatigue" conditions.

Soldiers in a stingless bee: work rate and task repertoire suggest they are an elite force

The differentiation of workers into morphological subcastes (e.g., soldiers) represents an important evolutionary transition and is thought to improve division of labor in social insects. Soldiers occur in many ant and termite species, where they make up a small proportion of the workforce. A common assumption of worker caste evolution is that soldiers are behavioral specialists. Here, we report the first test of the "rare specialist" hypothesis in a eusocial bee. Colonies of the stingless bee Tetragonisca angustula are defended by a small group of morphologically differentiated soldiers. Contrary to the rare specialist hypothesis, we found that soldiers worked more (+34%-41%) and performed a greater variety of tasks (+23%-34%) than other workers, particularly early in life. Our results suggest a "rare elite" function of soldiers in T. angustula, that is, that they perform a disproportionately large amount of the work. Division of labor was based on a combination of temporal and physical castes, but soldiers transitioned faster from one task to the next. We discuss why the rare specialist assumption might not hold in species with a moderate degree of worker differentiation.

El poder de les banderes

Es van analitzar quins factors identitaris desvetllen més el sentiment d"unió i protecció cap a la pròpia nació, i a través de quins mecanismes neurals. Se"n van valorar diversos, entre els quals iferents manifestacions culturals, monuments, la propensió a adquirir productes propis, aspectes gastronòmics i, també, les banderes. El resultat fou clar: les banderes són els únics trets identitaris dels analitzats que estimulen aquest sentiment d"unió i protecció, i ho fan precisament a través de les funcions socials i grupals de l"oxitocina.

L'impacte de la iconografia musical en les dinàmiques socials : David Bowie o el poder social de les imatges musicals

El present treball de recerca posa de relleu que la música és un element fonamental de la configuració de les societats humanes actuals i analitza un cas concret, el de l'artista britànic David Bowie, per il·lustrar els mecanismes pels quals un artista pot convertir-se en una icona i, d'aquesta manera, influir decissivament en la configuració d'elements de l'imaginari social compartit.

On the Use of a Test to Exhaustion Specific to Tennis (TEST) with Ball Hitting by Elite Players

PURPOSE: We aimed to a) introduce a new Test to Exhaustion Specific to Tennis (TEST) and compare performance (test duration) and physiological responses to those obtained during the 20-m multistage shuttle test (MSST), and b) determine to which extent those variables correlate with performance level (tennis competitive ranking) for both test procedures. METHODS: Twenty-seven junior players (8 males, 19 females) members of the national teams of the French Tennis Federation completed MSST and TEST, including elements of the game (ball hitting, intermittent activity, lateral displacement), in a randomized order. Cardiorespiratory responses were compared at submaximal (respiratory compensation point) and maximal loads between the two tests. RESULTS: At the respiratory compensation point oxygen uptake (50.1 +/- 4.7 vs. 47.5 +/- 4.3 mL.min-1.kg-1, p = 0.02), but not minute ventilation and heart rate, was higher for TEST compared to MSST. However, load increment and physiological responses at exhaustion did not differ between the two tests. Players' ranking correlated negatively with oxygen uptake measured at submaximal and maximal loads for both TEST (r = -0.41; p = 0.01 and -0.55; p = 0.004) and MSST (r = -0.38; P = 0.05 and -0.51; p = 0.1). CONCLUSION: Using TEST provides a tennis-specific assessment of aerobic fitness and may be used to prescribe aerobic exercise in a context more appropriate to the game than MSST. Results also indicate that VO2 values both at submaximal and maximal load reached during TEST and MSST are moderate predictors of players competitive ranking.

Alternativa al poder; establecimiento de poder: el discurso en el canal en YouTube de Podemos

Peer-reviewed

«M'encantaria poder venir a l'estadi a jugar contra el meu equip»: dixi de persona, footing i identitat, una entrevista a Pep Guardiola

Aquest article té dos objectius bàsics. En primer lloc, mostrar la capacitat analítica d'un estudi de cas a l'hora d'estudiar l'expressió de la identitat i dels rols assumits pels participants en la comunicació, posant-la en relació amb els marcs participatius d'Erwing Goffman (1981), d'una banda, i amb la dixi de persona i les seves manifestacions gramaticals (Levinson 1983; Nogué 2008), de l'altra. I en segon lloc, mostrar com l'estructura gramatical pot proporcionar indicadors lingüístics que donen informació sobre la identitat i els rols assumits, posant l'èmfasi en una circumstància concreta: la manera com es reflecteix lingüísticament la col¿lisió entre dos o més rols. Paraules clau: dixi de persona, identitat, rol participatiu, marc participatiu. This article has two main purposes. In the first place, to show how a case study can provide interesting information about the expression of identity and of the different roles assumed by the communication participants. On the one hand, this information is related to the participation frameworks proposed by Erwing Goffman (1981); on the other hand, to person deixis and its grammatical manifestations (Levinson 1983; Nogué 2008). And in the second place, to show how grammatical structure can provide linguistic cues about identity and roles, putting the emphasis on a specific circumstance: the linguistic signs of the collision between two or more of these roles. Key words: person deixis, identity, participation role, participation framework.

Los nuevos activos del árbitro de baloncesto: poder blando, empatía y comunicación. El caso del Comité catalán de Árbitros de Baloncesto

The basketball refereeing has undergone many changes in the last ten years. This article claims to combine some conceptual and methodological basis to define the meanings for the so called ‘modern refereeing’. Indeed, this research is concerned to the analysis of the new communication skills as an inseparable asset to the arbitration task, characterized by the dialogue, the administration of 'soft power', the emotional management and the adoption of a renewed and empathic attitude towards all the components of the game. Finally, this paper will propose the concretion of some specific communicative characteristics of the basketball refereeing in the XXI century.

Michel Foucault, la familia y el poder psiquiátrico. (Historia de una rectificación)

[esp]Durante la primera mitad de los años setenta, Michel Foucault modificó en algunos aspectos su pensamiento, pasando de su etapa <> a su etapa <>. Como consecuencia de esta transformación, negó que la familia fuera (como había defendido en los años sesenta) un modelo adecuado para explicar la organización de las primeras instituciones psiquiátricas. En este trabajo, estudiaremos las relaciones existentes entre dicho cambio de perspectiva y la crítica foucaultiana a la definición del término <deología>> propuesto por Althusser.

La cuestión del poder neutral en Schmitt

El artículo busca mostrar la importancia que la teoría del pouvoir neutre de B. Constant/ tuvo en la interpretación que Carl Schmitt hace de las funciones del Reichspräsident, en los años veinte hasta el nazismo. Aun cuando Schmitt critica al romanticismo, del cual al autor de Adolphe es una figura clave, igualmente reconoce que Constant teorizó la institución constitucional más adecuada para enfrentar las situaciones críticas, cuando la constitución debe autodefenderse mediante poderes legales pero excepcionales.

A «transgressão do universal»: o intelectual e o poder em Michel Foucault

A partir da correlação, postulada pelo pensamento de Michel Foucault, entre o exercício do poder e a manifestação da verdade, o presente artigo pretende retraçar as exigências políticas de sua filosofia, relacionando-as com a figura de um tipo intelectual que tem por função não mais a defesa da universalidade, mas sim sua transgressão política e teórica - quer dizer: "política" porque "teórica".

Medicina centrada no paciente e ensino médico: a importância do cuidado com a pessoa e o poder médico

Este artigo apresenta uma revisão da medicina centrada no paciente e da importância de ensiná-la nas escolas médicas, em virtude das repercussões para o exercício da medicina advindas da mudança na nosologia prevalente e da maior disponibilidade de informações sobre saúde e doenças para os leigos. Também discute o uso de escalas para avaliação de atitudes a respeito da relação médico-paciente, particularmente da escala Patient-practitioner orientation scale (PPOS), em que escores mais elevados estão associados a atitudes mais centradas no paciente. Apresenta os resultados da aplicação dessa escala em 738 estudantes de seis diferentes períodos do curso de Medicina da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, comparando-os com os obtidos com estudantes norte-americanos com uso da mesma escala. Os escores foram mais elevados entre estudantes brasileiros, com atitudes mais centradas no paciente do que os estudantes norte-americanos. A análise das subescalas de poder e cuidado mostra que há uma valorização do cuidado. Entretanto, houve uma tendência à concentração de poder no médico.