The genetics of primary congenital glaucoma

One of the objectives of the molecular biological study of glaucoma is to establish how the disease develops as a result of the production of aberrant gene products. Many of the genes associated with glaucoma code for proteins which are likely to be directly or indirectly involved in the development and/or function of cells within the trabecular meshwork. The identification of specific defects in these genes is likely to lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in PCG and glaucoma in general and to the development of alternative therapies to surgery. The CYP1B1 gene in particular, which is a linked to congenital glaucoma, and is expressed in the trabecular meshwork, codes for a member of the cytochrome P450 group of proteins. These iron binding proteins constitute a family of enzymes involved in the processes of xenobiotic metabolism, growth, and development. The discovery of the CYP1B1 gene in PCG emphases the importance of abnormalities in the molecular structure of proteins expressed in cells of the trabecular network as a cause of PCG. The identification of specific genetic defects leads to the possibility of more widespread screening for PCG especially in affected families and hence, the possibility of the identification of asymptomatic carriers of the disease. Early identification of 'at risk' parents may then enable earlier detection of PCG and intervention in the infant.

Meta-analysis of the population and phenotypic expression of CYP2C9/2C19 polymorphism on drug metabolism in different ethnicities

The term "pharmacogenetics" has been defined as the scientific study of inherited factors that affect the human drug response. Many pharmacogenetie studies have been published since 1995 and have focussed on the principal enzyme family involved in drug metabolism, the cytochrome P450 family, particularly cytochrome P4502C9 and 2C19. In order to investigate the pharmacogenetic aspect of pharmacotherapy, the relevant studies describing the association of pharmacogenetic factor(s) in drug responses must be retrieved from existing literature using a systematic review approach. In addition, the estimation of variant allele prevalence for the gene under study between different ethnic populations is important for pharmacogenetic studies. In this thesis, the prevalence of CYP2C9/2C19 alleles between different ethnicities has been estimated through meta-analysis and the population genetic principle. The clinical outcome of CYP2C9/2C19 allelic variation on the pharmacotherapy of epilepsy has been investigated; although many new antiepileptic drugs have been launched into the market, carbamazepine, phenobarbital and phenytoin are still the major agents in the pharmacotherapy of epilepsy. Therefore, phenytoin was chosen as a model AED and the effect of CYP2C9/2C19 genetic polymorphism on phenytoin metabolism was further examined.An estimation of the allele prevalence was undertaken for three CYP2C9/2C19 alleles respectively using a meta-analysis of studies that fit the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The prevalence of CYP2C9*1 is approximately 81%, 96%, 97% and 94% in Caucasian, Chinese, Japanese, African populations respectively; the pooled prevalence of CYP2C19*1 is about 86%, 57%, 58% and 85% in these ethnic populations respectively. However, the studies of association between CYP2C9/2C19 polymorphism and phenytoin metabolism failed to achieve any qualitative or quantitative conclusion. Therefore, mephenytoin metabolism was examined as a probe drug for association between CYP2C19 polymorphism and mephenytoin metabolic ratio. Similarly, analysis of association between CYP2C9 polymorphism and warfarin dose requirement was undertaken.It was confirmed that subjects carrying two mutated CYP2C19 alleles have higher S/R mephenytoin ratio due to deficient CYP2C19 enzyme activity. The studies of warfarin and CYP2C9 polymorphism did not provide a conclusive result due to poor comparability between studies.The genetic polymorphism of drug metabolism enzymes has been studied extensively, however other genetic factors, such as multiple drug resistance genes (MDR) and genes encoding ion channels, which may contribute to variability in function of drug transporters and targets, require more attention in future pharmacogenetic studies of antiepileptic drugs.

Paradoxical decrease in HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein A1 with simvastatin and atorvastatin in a patient with type 2 diabetes

Statins are agents widely used to lower LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) in primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. The five statins available in the UK (simvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin and rosuvastatin) differ in many of their pharmacologic properties. In addition to lowering LDL-C, statins also increase HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) moderately. There have been rare reports of significant HDL-C decreases in patients commenced on fibrates and when thiazolidinediones are added to fibrates. This is known as a 'paradoxical HDL-C decrease' as both groups of agents usually increase HDL-C. This phenomenon has never been clearly documented following statin therapy. We now describe a patient with type 2 diabetes who showed this paradoxical fall in HDL-C (baseline HDL-C: 1.8 mmol/L; on simvastatin 40 mg HDL-C 0.6 mmol/L; on atorvastatin 20 mg HDL-C 0.9 mmol/L) with a similar decrease in apolipoprotein A1. No similar decrease was observed with pravastatin and rosuvastatin therapy. This phenomenon appeared to be associated with statin treatment and not a statin/fibrate combination. Our patient clearly demonstrated a paradoxical HDL-C fall with simvastatin and atorvastatin, but not pravastatin or rosuvastatin. Simvastatin and atorvastatin share many pharmacokinetic properties such as lipophilicity while pravastatin and rosuvastatin are relatively hydrophilic and are not metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4. However, these characteristics do not explain the dramatic reductions in HDL-C observed.

Tailoring heme -thiolate proteins into efficient biocatalysts with high specificity and selectivity

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, one of the most important classes of heme-thiolate proteins, have attracted considerable interest in the biochemical community because of its catalytic versatility, substrate diversity and great number in the superfamily. Although P450s are capable of catalyzing numerous difficult oxidation reactions, the relatively low stability, low turnover rates and the need of electron-donating cofactors have limited their practical biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications as isolated enzymes. The goal of this study is to tailor such heme-thiolate proteins into efficient biocatalysts with high specificity and selectivity by protein engineering and to better understand the structure-function relationship in cytochromes P450. In the effort to engineer P450cam, the prototype member of the P450 superfamily, into an efficient peroxygenase that utilizes hydrogen peroxide via the “peroxide-shunt” pathway, site-directed mutagenesis has been used to elucidate the critical roles of hydrophobic residues in the active site. Various biophysical, biochemical and spectroscopic techniques have been utilized to investigate the wild-type and mutant proteins. Three important P450cam variants were obtained showing distinct structural and functional features. In P450camV247H mutant, which exhibited almost identical spectral properties with the wild-type, it is demonstrated that a single amino acid switch turned the monooxygenase into an efficient preoxidase by increasing the peroxidase activity nearly one thousand folds. In order to tune the distal pocket of P450cam with polar residues, Leu 246 was replaced with a basic residue, lysine, resulting in a mutant with spectral features identical to P420, the inactive species of P450. But this inactive-species-like mutant showed catalytic activities without the facilitation of any cofactors. By substituting Gly 248 with a histidine, a novel Cys-Fe-His ligation set was obtained in P450cam which represented the very rare case of His ligation in heme-thiolate proteins. In addition to serving as a convenient model for hemoprotein structural studies, the G248H mutant also provided evidence about the nature of the axial ligand in cytochrome P420 and other engineered hemoproteins with thiolate ligations. Furthermore, attempts have been made to replace the proximal ligand in sperm whale myoglobin to construct a heme-thiolate protein model by mimicking the protein environment of cytochrome P450cam and chloroperoxidase.

Tailoring Heme-Thiolate Proteins into Efficient Biocatalysts with High Specificity and Selectivity

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, one of the most important classes of heme-thiolate proteins, have attracted considerable interest in the biochemical community because of its catalytic versatility, substrate diversity and great number in the superfamily. Although P450s are capable of catalyzing numerous difficult oxidation reactions, the relatively low stability, low turnover rates and the need of electron-donating cofactors have limited their practical biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications as isolated enzymes. The goal of this study is to tailor such heme-thiolate proteins into efficient biocatalysts with high specificity and selectivity by protein engineering and to better understand the structure-function relationship in cytochromes P450. In the effort to engineer P450cam, the prototype member of the P450 superfamily, into an efficient peroxygenase that utilizes hydrogen peroxide via the “peroxide-shunt” pathway, site-directed mutagenesis has been used to elucidate the critical roles of hydrophobic residues in the active site. Various biophysical, biochemical and spectroscopic techniques have been utilized to investigate the wild-type and mutant proteins. Three important P450cam variants were obtained showing distinct structural and functional features. In P450camV247H mutant, which exhibited almost identical spectral properties with the wild-type, it is demonstrated that a single amino acid switch turned the monooxygenase into an efficient preoxidase by increasing the peroxidase activity nearly one thousand folds. In order to tune the distal pocket of P450cam with polar residues, Leu 246 was replaced with a basic residue, lysine, resulting in a mutant with spectral features identical to P420, the inactive species of P450. But this inactive-species-like mutant showed catalytic activities without the facilitation of any cofactors. By substituting Gly 248 with a histidine, a novel Cys-Fe-His ligation set was obtained in P450cam which represented the very rare case of His ligation in heme-thiolate proteins. In addition to serving as a convenient model for hemoprotein structural studies, the G248H mutant also provided evidence about the nature of the axial ligand in cytochrome P420 and other engineered hemoproteins with thiolate ligations. Furthermore, attempts have been made to replace the proximal ligand in sperm whale myoglobin to construct a heme-thiolate protein model by mimicking the protein environment of cytochrome P450cam and chloroperoxidase.

Characterisation of the oxysterol metabolising enzyme pathway in mismatch repair proficient and deficient colorectal cancer

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The immunohistochemistry was performed with the support of the Grampian Biorepository. GRANT SUPPORT Rebecca Swan was supported by the Jean Shanks Foundation. This study was supported by funding from Friends of Anchor and the Encompass kick start and SMART:Scotland award schemes of Scottish Enterprise.

Polymorphismes dans des gènes de métabolisme des corticostéroïdes : rôle dans la réponse thérapeutique

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Impact de l'insuffisance rénale sur le système endocrinien de la vitamine D₃ chez le rat

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Modulation de l'activité des CYP1A2 et CYP3A6 par des dérivés radicalaires de l'oxygène

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Modulation de la P-glycoprotéine et évaluation des répercussions électrophysiologiques cardiaques

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Impact de l'insuffisance rénale sur le système endocrinien de la vitamine D₃ chez le rat

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Modulation de l'activité des CYP1A2 et CYP3A6 par des dérivés radicalaires de l'oxygène

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Modulation de la P-glycoprotéine et évaluation des répercussions électrophysiologiques cardiaques

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Effet des pesticides MCPA et imidaclopride sur la régulation des voies de signalisation du récepteur à la dioxine (AhR) et au récepteur aux androgènes (AR)

Avec l’ère industrielle sont venus les polluants environnementaux. Ils sont de plus en plus pointés du doigt pour une variété d’effets indésirables en particulier pour leur potentiel à affecter la santé humaine. Les pesticides font partie de ces polluants et leurs usages ne font que croître depuis une vingtaine d’années. Ces produits qui servent à améliorer la production agricole en éliminant les pestes qui ravagent les récoltes sont souvent peu étudiés à long terme avant d’être homologués. L’effet perturbateur au niveau cellulaire et les effets à long terme de ces pesticides sont peu connus. Pour ce projet de maîtrise, nous avons observé l’effet de deux pesticides, l’imidaclopride et l’acide 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic (MCPA), sur les voies de signalisation du récepteur à la dioxine (AhR) et du récepteur aux androgènes (AR). L’imidaclopride est un insecticide de la famille des néonicotinoïdes, une classe de plus en plus utilisée. Ce pesticide est surtout connu pour être en lien avec le déclin des colonies d’abeilles depuis une décennie. Le MCPA est un des herbicides les plus utilisés au Québec, il est persistant et souvent retrouvé dans les eaux de la province. Nous avons traité des cellules du cancer du sein et des cellules du cancer de la prostate avec ces pesticides et nous avons vérifié si leur présence perturbait les deux voies de signalisation cellulaire à l’étude. Le récepteur AhR est un facteur de transcription activé par un ligand. Le TCDD, une dioxine, est le meilleur ligand exogène connu à ce jour de ce récepteur. Par contre, ses ligands naturels, des dérivés du tryptophane ou des facteurs de virulence de bactéries, l’activent de façon beaucoup moins forte. Lors de l’activation de la voie AhR, les gènes CYP1A1 et CYP1B1 sont transcrits et codent pour des enzymes du cytochrome P450 qui transforment les ligands en produits plus facilement éliminables. Dans un contexte où de l’œstradiol (E2) est présent dans les cellules, il y a une interaction croisée entre le récepteur à l’œstrogène (ER) et le récepteur AhR, qui fait en sorte que l’expression de CYP1A1 est réprimée. Cela se traduit en un ratio d’enzyme CYP1A1 à CYP1B1 différent qui pourrait augmenter la possibilité d’une accumulation de métabolites génotoxiques. En effet, CYP1B1 hydroxyle le ligand d’AhR mais aussi l’œstradiol en 4-hydroxyœstradiol (4-OHE), dont l’accumulation peut amener des mutations dans l’ADN alors que l’enzyme CYP1A1 l’hydroxyle en 2-hydroxyœstradiol (2-OHE), qui n’as aucun effet néfaste répertorié sur la cellule. Dans les cellules du cancer du sein, le MCPA appliqué en champs induisait fortement l’expression de CYP1B1 comparable à l’échantillon traité au témoin positif (TCDD), alors que CYP1A1 l’était que très légèrement par rapport au témoin non-traité. Au niveau protéique, CYP1A1 n’était qu’exprimée dans le témoin positif (TCDD) et ce, en quantité moindre lorsqu’il y avait présence d’œstradiol. CYP1B1 était fortement exprimée dans l’échantillon de TCDD, ce qui était attendu, mais aussi dans tous les échantillons traités au MCPA de NuFarm. Ces effets ne sont pas notés avec l’ingrédient actif du MCPA. La présence d’un ou plusieurs autres produits ajoutés dans le MCPA de la compagnie NuFarm en combinaison avec l’ingrédient actif pourrait activer la voie de signalisation d’AhR et causer ce débalancement dans l’expression des gènes CYP1A1 et CYP1B1. Nos résultats indiquent que plusieurs concentrations de l’ingrédient actif de l’imidaclopride ne perturbe pas les voies cellulaires d’AhR ni AR, alors que, le MCPA perturbe ces deux voies cellulaires. Par contre, c’est seulement celui produit par la compagnie NuFarm qui est utilisé en champs. Cette formulation appliquée en terrain agricole inclut l’ingrédient actif ainsi que les antigels, les surfactants et les adjuvants qui permettent au produit d’être plus efficace. L’ingrédient actif du MCPA seul n’affectait pas les deux voies. Le récepteur aux androgènes (AR) est aussi un facteur de transcription qui se lie à l’ADN afin de réguler l’expression des gènes et il est particulièrement important pour le développement et le maintien du phénotype masculin. Depuis une vingtaine d’années, des problèmes de baisse de libido et de fertilité s’accentuent dans notre société et semblent être reliés à la baisse de testostérone des hommes (Travison et al. 2007). Cette molécule est d’ailleurs un des deux ligands du récepteur AR, le deuxième étant la 5-dihydrotestostérone (DHT). Le facteur environnemental plutôt que le mode de vie semble être un facteur déterminant dans l’étude qui portait sur ce déclin. Les pesticides ont déjà été soupçonnés pour avoir un potentiel anti-androgénique, mais aucune étude ne fait un lien de causalité direct. Dans le projet de maitrise présenté dans ce document, l’expression des gènes marqueurs PSA (antigène spécifique de la prostate) et PCA3 (antigène du cancer de la prostate) a été quantifiée pour savoir si les pesticides ont un effet perturbateur sur la voie du récepteur AR. Dans les cellules du cancer de la prostate, l’expression de PSA et PCA3 était semblable au non-traité dans l’échantillon traité au MCPA (NuFarm), et ce, même après l’ajout de DHT, qui active l’expression de ces deux gènes. Cette fois-ci, l’ingrédient actif seul faisait en sorte que les deux gènes marqueurs étaient moins exprimés lors de l’ajout de la DHT, par rapport au témoin. Il semblerait que l’ingrédient actif est à la base de ce changement d’expression de nos gènes marqueurs. Donc, le MCPA pourrait avoir un effet anti-androgénique dans les cellules du cancer de la prostate. Donc, le MCPA est un pesticide qui affecte les voies de signalisation cellulaires AhR et AR. Il est particulier de noter que le pesticide appliqué en champ perturbe nettement plus les voies cellulaires. Il sera important de continuer à étudier les effets des pesticides sur l’homme au niveau cellulaire et de comprendre comment ils pourraient contribuer au développement du cancer.

LATERAL BRANCHING OXIDOREDUCTASE acts in the final stages of strigolactone biosynthesis inArabidopsis

Strigolactones are a group of plant compounds of diverse but related chemical structures. They have similar bioactivity across a broad range of plant species, act to optimize plant growth and development, and promote soil microbe interactions. Carlactone, a common precursor to strigolactones, is produced by conserved enzymes found in a number of diverse species. Versions of the MORE AXILLARY GROWTH1 (MAX1) cytochrome P450 from rice and Arabidopsis thaliana make specific subsets of strigolactones from carlactone. However, the diversity of natural strigolactones suggests that additional enzymes are involved and remain to be discovered. Here, we use an innovative method that has revealed a missing enzyme involved in strigolactone metabolism. By using a transcriptomics approach involving a range of treatments that modify strigolactone biosynthesis gene expression coupled with reverse genetics, we identified LATERAL BRANCHING OXIDOREDUCTASE (LBO), a gene encoding an oxidoreductase-like enzyme of the 2-oxoglutarate and Fe(II)-dependent dioxygenase superfamily. Arabidopsis lbo mutants exhibited increased shoot branching, but the lbo mutation did not enhance the max mutant phenotype. Grafting indicated that LBO is required for a graft-transmissible signal that, in turn, requires a product of MAX1. Mutant lbo backgrounds showed reduced responses to carlactone, the substrate of MAX1, and methyl carlactonoate (MeCLA), a product downstream of MAX1. Furthermore, lbo mutants contained increased amounts of these compounds, and the LBO protein specifically converts MeCLA to an unidentified strigolactone-like compound. Thus, LBO function may be important in the later steps of strigolactone biosynthesis to inhibit shoot branching in Arabidopsis and other seed plants.