Un método para sacar raíces cuadradas exactas

En este art\'\i culo se presenta, con una gran variedad de ejemplos, unm\'etodo para sacar ra\'\i ces cuadradas exactas. Este m\'etodo se present\'opor primera vez hace 15 a\~nos con el nombre de ley Costeana, pero adiferencia de ahora se enfatiza en el hecho que puede ser implementadoen el curso de cuarto de primaria, al cual asiste la autora (primer autor)de este articulo.

Mass and energy balance of the carbonization of babassu nutshell as affected by temperature

The objective of this work was to evaluate the carbonization yield of babassu nutshell as affected by final temperature, as well as the energy losses involved in the process. Three layers constituting the babassu nut, that is, the epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp, were used together. The material was carbonized, considering the following final temperatures: 450, 550, 650, 750, and 850ºC. The following were evaluated: energy and charcoal yields, pyroligneous liquid, non-condensable gases, and fixed carbon. The use of babassu nutshell can be highly feasible for charcoal production. The yield of charcoal from babassu nutshell carbonization was higher than that reported in the literature for Eucalyptus wood carbonization, considering the final temperature of 450ºC. Charcoal and energy yields decreased more sharply at lower temperatures, with a tendency to stabilize at higher temperatures. The energy yields obtained can be considered satisfactory, with losses between 45 and 52% (based on higher heating value) and between 43 and 49% (based on lower heating value) at temperatures ranging from 450 to 850ºC, respectively. Yields in fixed carbon and pyroligneous liquid are not affected by the final carbonization temperature.

Procedures for evaluating the tolerance of cassava genotypes to postharvest physiological deterioration

Abstract: The objective of this work was to define procedures to assess the tolerance of cassava genotypes to postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD) and to microbial deterioration (MD). Roots of six cassava genotypes were evaluated in two experiments, during storage under different environmental conditions: high temperature and low soil moisture; or low temperature and high soil moisture. Roots were treated or not with fungicide (carbendazim) before storage. Genotype reactions to MD and PPD were evaluated at 0, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 days after harvest (DAH), in the proximal, medial, and distal parts of the roots. A diagrammatic scale was proposed to evaluate nonperipheral symptoms of PPD. Fungicide treatment and root position did not influence PPD expression; however, all factors had significant effect on MD severity. Genotypes differed as to their tolerance to PPD and MD. Both deterioration types were more pronounced during periods of higher humidity and lower temperatures. The fungicide treatment increased root shelf life by reducing MD severity up to 10 DAH. Whole roots showed low MD severity and high PPD expression up to 10 DAH, which enabled the assessment of PPD without significant interference of MD symptoms during this period.

Development of a diagrammatic scale for the evaluation of postharvest physiological deterioration in cassava roots

Abstract:The objective of this work was to develop a scale to assess the severity of postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD) of cassava roots, and to validate this scale for accuracy and reproducibility estimates. A diagrammatic scale (0 to 100%) for the damaged roots was analyzed according to precision, accuracy, and reproducibility. Seven evaluators (four with experience and three without it) quantified the PPD severity, with or without the scale, considering 150 roots with different levels of PPD. Without and with the use of the scale, respectively, the inexperienced evaluators obtained coefficients of determination (R2) from 0.76 to 0.86 and 0.87 to 0.92, and the experienced evaluators obtained R2 from 0.90 to 0.96 and 0.96 to 0.97. The values of the intercept (a) obtained by both the experienced and inexperienced evaluators who did not use the scale were all significant, while after using the scale, only two evaluators got values that were not significantly different from one. Evaluation reproducibility between the evaluators ranged from 0.61 to 0.91 for the inexperienced ones and from 0.83 to 0.95 for the experienced ones. The proposed diagrammatic scale was considered appropriate to estimate the severity of PPD in cassava roots, and can be used to identify sources of tolerance to postharvest deterioration.

Concentrações de ANA e BAP na micropropagação de abacaxizeiro L. Merrill (Ananas comosus) e no cultivo hidropônico das plântulas obtidas in vitro

O efeito de diferentes concentrações de ANA e BAP na micropropagação do abacaxizeiro, bem como no cultivo em hidroponia das plântulas obtidas in vitro, foram estudados em brotos de abacaxizeiro da variedade Pérola, inoculados em meio de cultura básico MS, suplementado com os fitorreguladores BAP e ANA em diferentes concentrações. Caracteres morfológicos quantitativos relacionados ao crescimento dos brotos e das plântulas de abacaxizeiro foram avaliados respectivamente durante os cultivos in vitro e em hidroponia e mostraram que, o tratamento T1 (BAP = 1,0 mg L-1e ANA = 0,5 mg L-1) proporcionou a maior taxa média de regeneração de brotos e conseqüentemente uma maior produção de matéria fresca. Entretanto, a altura dos brotos e a formação de suas raízes foram maiores nos tratamentos T2 (BAP = 0,5 mg L-1 e ANA = 0,25 mg L-1 ) e T3 (BAP = 0,25 mg L-1 e ANA = 0,12 mg L-1 ). Após sessenta dias de cultivo em hidroponia, todas as plântulas oriundas do tratamento T1 apresentaram um bom desenvolvimento, expresso pela maioria dos caracteres morfológicos avaliados. O sistema de micropropagação utilizado neste trabalho possibilitou a obtenção de brotos de abacaxizeiro Pérola, em quantidade suficiente e ao mesmo tempo de fácil individualização, seguida da regeneração de plântulas que foram cultivadas em hidroponia.

Estudio descriptivo de prevalencia del consumo de tabaco en pacientes hospitalizados en el Hospital Duran i Reynals

Determinar la prevalencia y el patrón de consumo de tabaco de los pacientes hospitalizados en el Hospital Duran i Reynals a través de un estudio descriptivo transversal mediante de entrevistas realizadas a los pacientes ingresados entre los meses de enero y febrero de 2014. Se realizó análisis estadístico descriptivo considerando las variables: edad, sexo, patrón de consumo, conocimiento de la normativa, cumplimiento de esta y grado de intervención enfermera (5AS: Ask, Advice, Assess, Assist, Arrange).

Biología y control de carpocapsa mediante el uso de estrategias combinadas

La biología de la carpocapsa (Cydia pomonella) en la zona frutícola de Lleida durante 2008 ha estado muy condicionada por el largo período de lluvias durante el mes de mayo, que provocó un primer vuelo y una primera generación de larvas reducidos. El control mediante el uso combinado de confusión sexual + granulovirus + insecticidas ha continuado proporcionando un resultado satisfactorio, con una reducción del número de aplicaciones insecticidas en las fincas en las que hace años que se utiliza el sistema. El difusor de feromona y éster de pera es una buena alternativa para el muestreo de poblaciones. Existen poblaciones resistentes a los insecticidas, pero la resistencia no es un fenómeno extendido por toda la zona .

Assessment of insecticide resistance in eggs and neonate larvae of Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Spanish Cydia pomonella (L.) field populations have developed resistance to several insecticide groups. Diagnostic concentrations were established as the LC90 calculated on a susceptible strain (S_Spain) for five and seven insecticides and tested on eggs and neonate larvae field populations, respectively. The three most relevant enzymatic detoxification systems (mixed-function oxidases (MFO), glutathione S-tranferases (GST) and esterases (EST)) were studied for neonate larvae. In eggs, 96% of the field populations showed a significantly lower efficacy when compared with the susceptible strain (S_Spain) and the most effective insecticides were fenoxycarb and thiacloprid. In neonate larvae, a significant loss of susceptibility to the insecticides was detected. Flufenoxuron, azinphos-methyl and phosmet showed the lowest efficacy, while lambda-cyhalothrin, alpha-cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos-ethyl showed the highest. Biochemical assays showed that the most important enzymatic system involved in insecticide detoxification was MFO, with highest enzymatic activity ratios (5.1–16.6 for neonates from nine field populations). An enhanced GST and EST activities was detected in one field population, with enzymatic activity ratios of threefold and fivefold for GST and EST, respectively, when compared with the susceptible strain. The insecticide bioassays showed that the LC90 used were effective as diagnostic concentrations. Measures of MFO activity alongside bioassays with insecticide diagnostic concentrations could be used as tools for monitoring insecticide resistance in neonate larvae of C. pomonella.

Salivary cotinine concentrations in daily smokers in Barcelona, Spain: a cross-sectional study

Background: Characterizing and comparing the determinant of cotinine concentrations in different populations should facilitate a better understanding of smoking patterns and addiction. This study describes and characterizes determinants of salivary cotinine concentration in a sample of Spanish adult daily smoker men and women. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out between March 2004 and December 2005 in a representative sample of 1245 people from the general population of Barcelona, Spain. A standard questionnaire was used to gather information on active tobacco smoking and passive exposure, and a saliva specimen was obtained to determine salivary cotinine concentration. Two hundred and eleven adult smokers (>16 years old) with complete data were included in the analysis. Determinants of cotinine concentrations were assessed using linear regression models. Results: Salivary cotinine concentration was associated with the reported number of cigarettes smoked in the previous 24 hours (R2 = 0.339; p < 0.05). The inclusion of a quadratic component for number of cigarettes smoked in the regression analyses resulted in an improvement of the fit (R2 = 0.386; p < 0.05). Cotinine concentration differed significantly by sex, with men having higher levels. Conclusion: This study shows that salivary cotinine concentration is significantly associated with the number of cigarettes smoked and sex, but not with other smoking-related variables.

Tobacco control policies in hospitals before and after the implementation of a national smoking ban in Catalonia, Spain

Background: Diverse projects and guidelines to assist hospitals towards the attainment of comprehensive smoke-free policies have been developed. In 2006, Spain government passed a new smoking ban that reinforce tobacco control policies and banned completely smoking in hospitals. This study assesses the progression of tobacco control policies in the Catalan Network of Smokefree Hospitals before and after a comprehensive national smoking ban. Methods: We used the Self-Audit Questionnaire of the European Network for Smoke-free Hospitals to score the compliance of 9 policy standards (global score = 102). We used two crosssectional surveys to evaluate tobacco control policies before (2005) and after the implementation of a national smoking ban (2007) in 32 hospitals of Catalonia, Spain. We compared the means of the overall score in 2005 and 2007 according to the type of hospital, the number of beds, the prevalence of tobacco consumption, and the number of years as a smoke-free hospital. Results: The mean of the implementation score of tobacco control policies was 52.4 (95% CI:45.4-59.5) in 2005 and 71.6 (95% CI: 67.0-76.2) in 2007 with an increase of 36.7% (p < 0.01). The hospitals with greater improvement were general hospitals (48% increase; p < 0.01), hospitals with > 300 beds (41.1% increase; p < 0.01), hospitals with employees' tobacco consumption prevalence 35-39% (72.2% increase; p < 0.05) and hospitals that had recently implemented smoke-free policies (74.2% increase; p < 0.01). Conclusion: The national smoking ban appears to increase tobacco control activities in hospitals combined with other non-bylaw initiatives such as the Smoke-free Hospital Network.

Tobacco control policies in hospitals before and after the implementation of a national smoking ban in Catalonia, Spain

Background: Diverse projects and guidelines to assist hospitals towards the attainment of comprehensive smoke-free policies have been developed. In 2006, Spain government passed a new smoking ban that reinforce tobacco control policies and banned completely smoking in hospitals. This study assesses the progression of tobacco control policies in the Catalan Network of Smokefree Hospitals before and after a comprehensive national smoking ban. Methods: We used the Self-Audit Questionnaire of the European Network for Smoke-free Hospitals to score the compliance of 9 policy standards (global score = 102). We used two crosssectional surveys to evaluate tobacco control policies before (2005) and after the implementation of a national smoking ban (2007) in 32 hospitals of Catalonia, Spain. We compared the means of the overall score in 2005 and 2007 according to the type of hospital, the number of beds, the prevalence of tobacco consumption, and the number of years as a smoke-free hospital. Results: The mean of the implementation score of tobacco control policies was 52.4 (95% CI:45.4-59.5) in 2005 and 71.6 (95% CI: 67.0-76.2) in 2007 with an increase of 36.7% (p < 0.01). The hospitals with greater improvement were general hospitals (48% increase; p < 0.01), hospitals with > 300 beds (41.1% increase; p < 0.01), hospitals with employees' tobacco consumption prevalence 35-39% (72.2% increase; p < 0.05) and hospitals that had recently implemented smoke-free policies (74.2% increase; p < 0.01). Conclusion: The national smoking ban appears to increase tobacco control activities in hospitals combined with other non-bylaw initiatives such as the Smoke-free Hospital Network.

Extrato da casca do fruto do cacaueiro como fertilizante potássico no crescimento de mudas de cacaueiro

Em função da importância da casca do fruto como principal resíduo da cacauicultura e as possibilidades de seu uso, este trabalho teve como objetivos realizar análise de nutrientes do extrato orgânico obtido por lavagem do composto de casca e avaliar seu efeito como fertilizante potássico no solo e no crescimento de mudas de cacaueiro. O ensaio foi realizado em casa de vegetação, com aplicação de doses de extrato via solo, cultivo em tubetes e mudas seminais de cacaueiro. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com três repetições, e a unidade experimental formada por nove plantas crescidas individualmente em tubetes. Os tratamentos foram 5 doses de K: zero; 125; 250; 500 e 1.000 mg de K dm-3 de solo. Após 120 dias da aplicação do extrato no solo, verificou-se que o pH, a saturação de bases e os teores disponíveis de Ca, Mg, K, Zn e Mn aumentaram, e o teor de Al e Fe diminuíram. Os resultados também evidenciaram que a dose de 1.000 mg K dm-3 de solo desequilibrou as relações K/Mg e K/Ca nas folhas com redução no crescimento das mudas. Mudas de cacaueiro apresentaram crescimento significativo em função de doses de K e, considerando a facilidade de produzir e aplicar o extrato da casca do fruto do cacaueiro, é possível usá-lo como fonte de K na produção de mudas de cacaueiro.

Diversidade e sazonalidade de crisomelídeos (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) em pomar, no município de Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brasil

Este trabalho teve como objetivo levantar informações sobre os padrões de composição faunística, estrutura da comunidade e sazonalidade de Chrysomelidae num pomar localizado na região dos Campos Gerais do Paraná. Durante cerca de dois anos de amostragem, foram coletados 3.661 coleópteros e, destes, 1.103 crisomelídeos, representando 30,1% dos besouros capturados. Eumolpinae e Galerucinae foram as duas subfamílias que apresentaram maior abundância e riqueza de espécies, sendo que as oito mais representativas no pomar foram: Eumolpinae sp. 7 e Eumolpinae sp. 15, Diabrotica speciosa, Iphimeis dives, Spintherophyta semiaurata, Colaspis sp. 1 e Colaspis sp. 2 e Syphrea sp. 1, representando 91,7% dos indivíduos coletados. Em relação às árvores frutíferas, observou-se que o maior número de insetos foi coletado em laranjeira e tangerineira; a laranjeira teve a maior riqueza de espécies, e o caquizeiro apresentou o maior índice de diversidade. A redução considerável de crisomelídeos no segundo ciclo anual demonstra que a família tem uma oscilação temporal acentuada. A primavera foi a estação de maior abundância nos dois anos de coleta, e os fatores meteorológicos não apresentaram correlação com a abundância de crisomelídeos.

El análisis de los datos cualitativos: un proceso complejo

Este artículo muestra la complejidad del análisis de los datos cualitativos a partir de las ideas sobre el método planteadas por Morin y surge fruto del proceso analítico llevado a cabo durante la elaboración de nuestras tesis doctorales. Nuestra experiencia parte del método de las comparaciones constantes y representa un desafío dotado de contradicciones complementarias, donde los datos se agrupan y desagrupan, se integran y se desintegran de acuerdo con los principios hologramático, dialógico y recursivo. Como resultado establecemos las siguientes fases del proceso de análisis: 1) 'El todo': desarrollando ideas; 2) Del todo a las partes: separando y agrupando; 3) De lo particular a lo general: re-agrupando; 4) Descomponer el todo en sus partes sin perder el todo: integrando y relacionando; 5) Relacionar las partes que dan sentido al todo: identificando la categoría central.

CARACTERÍSTICAS MORFOLÓGICAS E VARIABILIDADE GENÉTICA DE ARATICUM UTILIZANDO MARCADORES RAPD E MICROSSATÉLITES

RESUMONeste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a variabilidade genética da coleção de trabalho de acessos de araticum da Embrapa Cerrados e outros materiais próximos ao Distrito Federal, utilizando marcadores moleculares RAPD, microssatélites e análise de características morfológicas. Folhas de 18 acessos de araticum foram coletadas e utilizadas para a extração das amostras de DNA genômico, as quais foram amplificadas para obtenção de marcadores moleculares RAPD e microssatélites. Na análise morfológica, foram avaliadas 23 características dos acessos de araticum. As dissimilaridades genéticas entre os 18 genótipos de araticum evidenciaram a variabilidade genética dos acessos e as análises de agrupamento levaram à formação de três grupos de similaridade. Verificaram-se coeficientes de dissimilaridades genéticas baixos entre os materiais oriundos da Embrapa Cerrados e altos entre os outros materiais. Esses acessos são importantes fontes de variabilidade para o enriquecimento da atual coleção de trabalho da Embrapa Cerrados e para futuros estudos de caracterização morfológica e agronômica.