"Water users must be efficient producers". Women's access to and use of land in Chókwè irrigation scheme, Mozambique

The irrigation scheme Eduardo Mondlane, situated in Chókwè District - in the Southern part of the Gaza province and within the Limpopo River Basin - is the largest in the country, covering approximately 30,000 hectares of land. Built by the Portuguese colonial administration in the 1950s to exploit the agricultural potential of the area through cash-cropping, after Independence it became one of Frelimo’s flagship projects aiming at the “socialization of the countryside” and at agricultural economic development through the creation of a state farm and of several cooperatives. The failure of Frelimo’s economic reforms, several infrastructural constraints and local farmers resistance to collective forms of production led to scheme to a state of severe degradation aggravated by the floods of the year 2000. A project of technical rehabilitation initiated after the floods is currently accompanied by a strong “efficiency” discourse from the managing institution that strongly opposes the use of irrigated land for subsistence agriculture, historically a major livelihood strategy for smallfarmers, particularly for women. In fact, the area has been characterized, since the end of the XIX century, by a stable pattern of male migration towards South African mines, that has resulted in an a steady increase of women-headed households (both de jure and de facto). The relationship between land reform, agricultural development, poverty alleviation and gender equality in Southern Africa is long debated in academic literature. Within this debate, the role of agricultural activities in irrigation schemes is particularly interesting considering that, in a drought-prone area, having access to water for irrigation means increased possibilities of improving food and livelihood security, and income levels. In the case of Chókwè, local governments institutions are endorsing the development of commercial agriculture through initiatives such as partnerships with international cooperation agencies or joint-ventures with private investors. While these business models can sometimes lead to positive outcomes in terms of poverty alleviation, it is important to recognize that decentralization and neoliberal reforms occur in the context of financial and political crisis of the State that lacks the resources to efficiently manage infrastructures such as irrigation systems. This kind of institutional and economic reforms risk accelerating processes of social and economic marginalisation, including landlessness, in particular for poor rural women that mainly use irrigated land for subsistence production. The study combines an analysis of the historical and geographical context with the study of relevant literature and original fieldwork. Fieldwork was conducted between February and June 2007 (where I mainly collected secondary data, maps and statistics and conducted preliminary visit to Chókwè) and from October 2007 to March 2008. Fieldwork methodology was qualitative and used semi-structured interviews with central and local Government officials, technical experts of the irrigation scheme, civil society organisations, international NGOs, rural extensionists, and water users from the irrigation scheme, in particular those women smallfarmers members of local farmers’ associations. Thanks to the collaboration with the Union of Farmers’ Associations of Chókwè, she has been able to participate to members’ meeting, to education and training activities addressed to women farmers members of the Union and to organize a group discussion. In Chókwè irrigation scheme, women account for the 32% of water users of the familiar sector (comprising plot-holders with less than 5 hectares of land) and for just 5% of the private sector. If one considers farmers’ associations of the familiar sector (a legacy of Frelimo’s cooperatives), women are 84% of total members. However, the security given to them by the land title that they have acquired through occupation is severely endangered by the use that they make of land, that is considered as “non efficient” by the irrigation scheme authority. Due to a reduced access to marketing possibilities and to inputs, training, information and credit women, in actual fact, risk to see their right to access land and water revoked because they are not able to sustain the increasing cost of the water fee. The myth of the “efficient producer” does not take into consideration the characteristics of inequality and gender discrimination of the neo-liberal market. Expecting small-farmers, and in particular women, to be able to compete in the globalized agricultural market seems unrealistic, and can perpetuate unequal gendered access to resources such as land and water.

Studio dell’evoluzione dei segni del paesaggio rurale tradizionale: una proposta di metodo parametrico ed applicazione alla scala dell’azienda agricola

Il presupposto della ricerca consiste nel riconosciuto valore storico-testimoniale e identitario e in un significativo potenziale d’indicazione pianificatoria e progettuale che detengono in sé i segni del paesaggio rurale tradizionale. Allo stato attuale, sebbene tali valori vengano ampiamente affermati sia nell’ambiente normativo-amministrativo che in quello scientifico, è tuttora riscontrabile una carenza di appropriati metodi e tecniche idonei a creare opportuni quadri conoscitivi per il riconoscimento, la catalogazione e il monitoraggio dei paesaggi rurali tradizionali a supporto di politiche, di piani e di progetti che interessano il territorio extraurbano. La ricerca si prefigge l’obiettivo generale della messa a punto di un set articolato ed originale di strumenti analitici e interpretativi di carattere quantitativo idonei per lo studio delle trasformazioni fisiche dei segni del paesaggio rurale tradizionale e per la valutazione del loro grado di integrità e rilevanza alla scala dell’azienda agricola. Tale obiettivo primario si è tradotto in obiettivi specifici, il cui conseguimento implica il ricorso ad un caso studio territoriale. A tal proposito è stato individuato un campione di 11 aziende agricole assunte quali aree studio, per una superficie complessiva pari all’incirca 200 ha, localizzate nel territorio dell’alta pianura imolese (Emilia-Romagna). L’analisi e l’interpretazione quantitativa delle trasformazioni fisiche avvenute a carico dei sopraccitati segni sono state condotte a decorrere da prima dell’industrializzazione all’attualità e per numerosi istanti temporali. Lo studio si presenta sia come contributo di metodo concernente la lettura diacronica dei caratteri tradizionali spaziali e compositivi del territorio rurale, sia come contributo conoscitivo relativo alle dinamiche evolutive dei paesaggi tradizionali rurali dell’area indagata.

An Analysis of Living Conditions in Rural Villages in China. A New Geography of the Country.

Analysts, politicians and international players from all over the world look at China as one of the most powerful countries on the international scenario, and as a country whose economic development can significantly impact on the economies of the rest of the world. However many aspects of this country have still to be investigated. First the still fundamental role played by Chinese rural areas for the general development of the country from a political, economic and social point of view. In particular, the way in which the rural areas have influenced the social stability of the whole country has been widely discussed due to their strict relationship with the urban areas where most people from the countryside emigrate searching for a job and a better life. In recent years many studies have mostly focused on the urbanization phenomenon with little interest in the living conditions in rural areas and in the deep changes which have occurred in some, mainly agricultural provinces. An analysis of the level of infrastructure is one of the main aspects which highlights the principal differences in terms of living conditions between rural and urban areas. In this thesis, I first carried out the analysis through the multivariate statistics approach (Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis) in order to define the new map of rural areas based on the analysis of living conditions. In the second part I elaborated an index (Living Conditions Index) through the Fuzzy Expert/Inference System. Finally I compared this index (LCI) to the results obtained from the cluster analysis drawing geographic maps. The data source is the second national agricultural census of China carried out in 2006. In particular, I analysed the data refer to villages but aggregated at province level.

Le campagne di Piacenza tra VII e IX secolo: insediamenti e comunità

Al centro della seguente ricerca c'è il Piacentino, ossia il territorio che faceva capo alla città di Placentia in età altomedievale, più precisamente tra VII e IX secolo. L'aspetto su cui è concentrata l’analisi è quello dell’insediamento, rapportando le forme insediative alle comunità rurali e alle strutture del potere. Il Piacentino costituisce un contesto particolare, sia per la vicinanza alla capitale Pavia, sia per la presenza di enti patrimoniali molto importanti, quale il monastero di Bobbio, sia per l'estensione di vallate appenniniche che ne hanno protetto l'isolamento e impedito, fino al secolo IX inoltrato, l'insediamento di una forte aristocrazia. Ciò che sembra dedursi dall’analisi della documentazione (informatizzata) di VIII, ma soprattutto di IX secolo, è che la civitas di Piacenza, sede del conte e centro della diocesi, non costituiva di fatto il punto di riferimento per gli abitanti dell’intero territorio rurale. Dal punto di vista del possesso fondiario molti insediamenti erano autonomi. Ciò vale soprattutto per i siti di alcune zone collinari e per quelli dell’Appennino, mentre il discorso è da porsi in modo più sfumato per la pianura e per la zona dei prata vel campanea Placentina, ubicati immediatamente al di fuori della civitas. Lo studio della media e grande proprietà fondiaria ha permesso di registrare la frammentarietà dei possedimenti, ossia la loro dispersione nel sistema insediativo del comitato, la loro ubicazione e l’articolato intreccio proprietario, che in alcune zone sembra avere permesso l’esistenza di comunità locali piuttosto forti. L’attento esame della documentazione e il sicuro rimando alla bibliografia di riferimento hanno portato a risultati originali e significativi.

On land management: landowners' attitudes to land and farming in Valdera, Tuscany

This thesis aims at explaining the intersecting dynamics of structural changes in agriculture and urbanisation, which involves changes in urban-rural relationships. The research questions are: how and why do landowners differ in their attitudes to land and farming? what are the main implications on rural landscapes and the policy implications? Relationships between urbanisation and agriculture are firstly analysed through a critical literature review; the analysis focuses on the 'landowner' as the key actor who actively takes decisions on the rural landscape From the empirical study – which is based on a Tuscan area (Valdera), and addressed through qualitative methods – a great diversity of landowners' attitudes to land and farming emerge, thus contributing to the agricultural restructuring, such as: 1) the emphasis on recreational function of the countryside for urban people 2) contracting out of land management, especially when landowners live or/and have 'urban' employment 3) the active role of hobby farmers in land management 4) agricultural operations simplification and lack of investments (especially in case of property rights expropriation). The thesis is framed in three papers, with the same methods and research questions. It seems evident that rural landscapes is subjected to functional changes (e.g. residential) and structural changes (landscape polarisation), which requires the need 1) to consider that rural landscape management is increasingly less connected to agricultural production as economic activity; 2) to give a coherence to the range of policy interventions (physical planning, landscape, sectoral).

Un modello multicriteriale di supporto alla pianificazione territoriale finalizzato alla classificazione del territorio rurale e alla caratterizzazione dell’Impronta Agro ambientale delle aree agricole periurbane.

La ricerca proposta si pone l’obiettivo di definire e sperimentare un metodo per un’articolata e sistematica lettura del territorio rurale, che, oltre ad ampliare la conoscenza del territorio, sia di supporto ai processi di pianificazione paesaggistici ed urbanistici e all’attuazione delle politiche agricole e di sviluppo rurale. Un’approfondita disamina dello stato dell’arte riguardante l’evoluzione del processo di urbanizzazione e le conseguenze dello stesso in Italia e in Europa, oltre che del quadro delle politiche territoriali locali nell’ambito del tema specifico dello spazio rurale e periurbano, hanno reso possibile, insieme a una dettagliata analisi delle principali metodologie di analisi territoriale presenti in letteratura, la determinazione del concept alla base della ricerca condotta. E’ stata sviluppata e testata una metodologia multicriteriale e multilivello per la lettura del territorio rurale sviluppata in ambiente GIS, che si avvale di algoritmi di clustering (quale l’algoritmo IsoCluster) e classificazione a massima verosimiglianza, focalizzando l’attenzione sugli spazi agricoli periurbani. Tale metodo si incentra sulla descrizione del territorio attraverso la lettura di diverse componenti dello stesso, quali quelle agro-ambientali e socio-economiche, ed opera una sintesi avvalendosi di una chiave interpretativa messa a punto allo scopo, l’Impronta Agroambientale (Agro-environmental Footprint - AEF), che si propone di quantificare il potenziale impatto degli spazi rurali sul sistema urbano. In particolare obiettivo di tale strumento è l’identificazione nel territorio extra-urbano di ambiti omogenei per caratteristiche attraverso una lettura del territorio a differenti scale (da quella territoriale a quella aziendale) al fine di giungere ad una sua classificazione e quindi alla definizione delle aree classificabili come “agricole periurbane”. La tesi propone la presentazione dell’architettura complessiva della metodologia e la descrizione dei livelli di analisi che la compongono oltre che la successiva sperimentazione e validazione della stessa attraverso un caso studio rappresentativo posto nella Pianura Padana (Italia).

Tipologia e diffusione delle produzioni ceramiche in Romagna tra XIII e XV secolo

In questo lavoro si è avuta la possibilità di studiare e confrontare i reperti ceramici provenienti da tre recenti scavi condotti nella zona della Romagna dall’Università di Bologna: il monastero di San Severo a Classe (RA), il castello di Rontana (Brisighella-RA) e la pieve di S. Reparata a Terra del Sole (FC). Si tratta di scavi ancora inediti differenti tra loro sia per connotazione distrettuale di appartenenza che per tipologia insediativa La cesura cronologica che si è preso in esame va dal XIII a XV secolo. Il XIII secolo corrisponde a un periodo in cui si assiste ad una riapertura dei trasporti a lunga distanza e si diffonde la tendenza al trasferimento dei saperi tecnici da Oriente verso Occidente, fenomeno che include l’introduzione di nuove tecnologie produttive in campo ceramico come l’ingobbio e la maiolica in diversi centri urbani. Si passa poi attraverso il XIV secolo, momento in cui alcune produzioni, come quella della maiolica, raggiungono la loro massima diffusione, con una diversificazione qualitativa dei prodotti, raggiungendo anche l’ambito rurale, e si assiste alla moltiplicazione dei centri di produzione. Si arriva così al XV secolo periodo in cui iniziano ad affermarsi dei veri e propri centri produttivi “industriali”, rappresentativi anche di una specializzazione regionale dei prodotti di qualità medio-alta. La possibilità di confrontare materiali di siti così differenti tra loro ha dato modo di sottolineare analogie e differenze anche tra città e campagna, in un territorio come quello romagnolo che ancora risente del peso della lunga tradizione antiquaria che ha caratterizzato gli studi fino al secolo scorso.

Industrial Restructuring in the Budapest agglomeration

The major 'motor' of the recent Hungarian industrial development has been foreign direct investment, particularly by multinational companies. This has stimulated the development process, as shown by the dynamism of production, exports and profitability of industry in Budapest. On the other hand, this has also led to a split of the industrial sphere into its foreign and domestic sections, or into foreign-owned companies and domestic SMEs. The major question asked in this project is where is Hungarian industry heading and will the gap between the contracting domestic part and the foreign multinationals continue to widen or will they be joined in a much more favourable scenario. Barta sees this as a question of whether Hungary can avoid the 'dead-end street' of South Asian industrialising countries, and instead move towards a new Eastern European or Hungarian model. He concludes that Budapest industry does not follow any given model and indeed its development probably cannot be seen as a 'model' proper in itself, but is, or will be, a mixture of different elements. This would be a welcome fusion of Hungary's rich human resources of accumulated knowledge with foreign direct investment. Budapest would play an exceptional role in such a process, as the gateway for foreign output to the rest of the country. The share of industry in the Budapest economy will continue to decrease, but it will become a more modern and profitable sector. It will also fulfil a technological transfer role between the developed world and the Hungarian countryside (or even a larger region of central and eastern Europe). Barta predicts that Budapest industry will develop a special structure, with a large subcontractor network supporting the large foreign enterprises, and alongside this industrial districts formed by SMEs.

The Dynamics of the Policies of Ethnic Cleansing in Silesia in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries

Through studying German, Polish and Czech publications on Silesia, Mr. Kamusella found that most of them, instead of trying to objectively analyse the past, are devoted to proving some essential "Germanness", "Polishness" or "Czechness" of this region. He believes that the terminology and thought-patterns of nationalist ideology are so deeply entrenched in the minds of researchers that they do not consider themselves nationalist. However, he notes that, due to the spread of the results of the latest studies on ethnicity/nationalism (by Gellner, Hobsbawm, Smith, Erikson Buillig, amongst others), German publications on Silesia have become quite objective since the 1980s, and the same process (impeded by under funding) has been taking place in Poland and the Czech Republic since 1989. His own research totals some 500 pages, in English, presented on disc. So what are the traps into which historians have been inclined to fall? There is a tendency for them to treat Silesia as an entity which has existed forever, though Mr. Kamusella points out that it emerged as a region only at the beginning of the 11th century. These same historians speak of Poles, Czechs and Germans in Silesia, though Mr. Kamusella found that before the mid-19th century, identification was with an inhabitant's local area, religion or dynasty. In fact, a German national identity started to be forged in Prussian Silesia only during the Liberation War against Napoleon (1813-1815). It was concretised in 1861 in the form of the first Prussian census, when the language a citizen spoke was equated with his/her nationality. A similar census was carried out in Austrian Silesia only in 1881. The censuses forced the Silesians to choose their nationality despite their multiethnic multicultural identities. It was the active promotion of a German identity in Prussian Silesia, and Vienna's uneasy acceptance of the national identities in Austrian Silesia which stimulated the development of Polish national, Moravian ethnic and Upper Silesian ethnic regional identities in Upper Silesia, and Polish national, Czech national, Moravian ethnic and Silesian ethnic identities in Austrian Silesia. While traditional historians speak of the "nationalist struggle" as though it were a permanent characteristic of Silesia, Mr. Kamusella points out that such a struggle only developed in earnest after 1918. What is more, he shows how it has been conveniently forgotten that, besides the national players, there were also significant ethnic movements of Moravians, Upper Silesians, Silesians and the tutejsi (i.e. those who still chose to identify with their locality). At this point Mr. Kamusella moves into the area of linguistics. While traditionally historians have spoken of the conflicts between the three national languages (German, Polish and Czech), Mr Kamusella reminds us that the standardised forms of these languages, which we choose to dub "national", were developed only in the mid-18th century, after 1869 (when Polish became the official language in Galicia), and after the 1870s (when Czech became the official language in Bohemia). As for standard German, it was only widely promoted in Silesia from the mid 19th century onwards. In fact, the majority of the population of Prussian Upper Silesia and Austrian Silesia were bi- or even multilingual. What is more, the "Polish" and "Czech" Silesians spoke were not the standard languages we know today, but a continuum of West-Slavic dialects in the countryside and a continuum of West-Slavic/German creoles in the urbanised areas. Such was the linguistic confusion that, from time to time, some ethnic/regional and Church activists strove to create a distinctive Upper Silesian/Silesian language on the basis of these dialects/creoles, but their efforts were thwarted by the staunch promotion of standard German, and after 1918, of standard Polish and Czech. Still on the subject of language, Mr. Kamusella draws attention to a problem around the issue of place names and personal names. Polish historians use current Polish versions of the Silesian place names, Czechs use current Polish/Czech versions of the place names, and Germans use the German versions which were in use in Silesia up to 1945. Mr. Kamusella attempted to avoid this, as he sees it, nationalist tendency, by using an appropriate version of a place name for a given period and providing its modern counterpart in parentheses. In the case of modern place names he gives the German version in parentheses. As for the name of historical figures, he strove to use the name entered on the birth certificate of the person involved, and by doing so avoid such confusion as, for instance, surrounds the Austrian Silesian pastor L.J. Sherschnik, who in German became Scherschnick, in Polish, Szersznik, and in Czech, Sersnik. Indeed, the prospective Silesian scholar should, Mr. Kamusella suggests, as well as the three languages directly involved in the area itself, know English and French, since many documents and books on the subject have been published in these languages, and even Latin, when dealing in depth with the period before the mid-19th century. Mr. Kamusella divides the policies of ethnic cleansing into two categories. The first he classifies as soft, meaning that policy is confined to the educational system, army, civil service and the church, and the aim is that everyone learn the language of the dominant group. The second is the group of hard policies, which amount to what is popularly labelled as ethnic cleansing. This category of policy aims at the total assimilation and/or physical liquidation of the non-dominant groups non-congruent with the ideal of homogeneity of a given nation-state. Mr. Kamusella found that soft policies were consciously and systematically employed by Prussia/Germany in Prussian Silesia from the 1860s to 1918, whereas in Austrian Silesia, Vienna quite inconsistently dabbled in them from the 1880s to 1917. In the inter-war period, the emergence of the nation-states of Poland and Czechoslovakia led to full employment of the soft policies and partial employment of the hard ones (curbed by the League of Nations minorities protection system) in Czechoslovakian Silesia, German Upper Silesia and the Polish parts of Upper and Austrian Silesia. In 1939-1945, Berlin started consistently using all the "hard" methods to homogenise Polish and Czechoslovakian Silesia which fell, in their entirety, within the Reich's borders. After World War II Czechoslovakia regained its prewar part of Silesia while Poland was given its prewar section plus almost the whole of the prewar German province. Subsequently, with the active involvement and support of the Soviet Union, Warsaw and Prague expelled the majority of Germans from Silesia in 1945-1948 (there were also instances of the Poles expelling Upper Silesian Czechs/Moravians, and of the Czechs expelling Czech Silesian Poles/pro-Polish Silesians). During the period of communist rule, the same two countries carried out a thorough Polonisation and Czechisation of Silesia, submerging this region into a new, non-historically based administrative division. Democratisation in the wake of the fall of communism, and a gradual retreat from the nationalist ideal of the homogeneous nation-state with a view to possible membership of the European Union, caused the abolition of the "hard" policies and phasing out of the "soft" ones. Consequently, limited revivals of various ethnic/national minorities have been observed in Czech and Polish Silesia, whereas Silesian regionalism has become popular in the westernmost part of Silesia which remained part of Germany. Mr. Kamusella believes it is possible that, with the overcoming of the nation-state discourse in European politics, when the expression of multiethnicity and multilingualism has become the cause of the day in Silesia, regionalism will hold sway in this region, uniting its ethnically/nationally variegated population in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity championed by the European Union.

Willy Loman and the "Soul of a New Machine": Technology and the Common Man

As Death of a Salesman opens, Willy Loman returns home “tired to the death” (p. 13). Lost in reveries about the beautiful countryside and the past, he's been driving off the road; and now he wants a cheese sandwich. But Linda's suggestion that he try a new American-type cheese — “It's whipped” (p. 16) — irritates Willy: “Why do you get American when I like Swiss?” (p. 17). His anger at being contradicted unleashes an indictment of modern industrialized America: The street is lined with cars. There's not a breath of fresh air in the neighborhood. The grass don't grow any more, you can't raise a carrot in the back yard. (p. 17). In the old days, “This time of year it was lilac and wisteria.” Now: “Smell the stink from that apartment house! And another one on the other side…” (pp. 17–18). But just as Willy defines the conflict between nature and industry, he pauses and simply wonders: “How can they whip cheese?” (p. 18). The clash between the old agrarian ideal and capitalistic enterprise is well documented in the literature on Death of a Salesman, as is the spiritual shift from Thomas Jefferson to Andrew Carnegie to Dale Carnegie that the play reflects. The son of a pioneer inventor and the slave to broken machines, Willy Loman seems to epitomize the victim of modern technology.

Planificación en territorios rurales

La planificación del territorio no puede transcurrir disociado de las actuales estrategias marco del desarrollo rural. Actualmente, el término “territorial" está presente (explícita o implícitamente) en la mayoría de las publicaciones que abordan el tema del desarrollo. Se está dando una revalorización, un resurgimiento del concepto de territorio, no sólo como soporte físico, sino como un “agente" fundamental de desarrollo. En la bibliografía especializada, se afirma que la visión territorial del desarrollo permite superar la mirada sectorial, favoreciendo una interpretación ampliada de lo rural, incorporando elementos de otras actividades no agrícolas y de la economía de los recursos naturales. En tal contexto y dada la revalorización del “territorio" entendido ahora como un factor estratégico en el desarrollo de las zonas rurales, es justamente que las premisas de ordenamiento territorial toman un lugar destacado en los procesos de desarrollo rural. El presente artículo tiene por finalidad comparar brevemente los procesos evolutivos de los conceptos de desarrollo rural y ordenamiento territorial, como así también resaltar la estrecha vinculación entre ambos. Para ello se analizan, en primer lugar, las principales características de las estrategias de Desarrollo Rural aplicadas en América Latina, hasta llegar a las actuales implicancias del modelo territorial de desarrollo. Luego, se avanza sobre las concepciones del ordenamiento territorial para terminar posteriormente, reafirmando las vinculaciones que existen entre ambos conceptos.

Poderes locales y gobierno central ante el cambio de régimen en Buenos Aires : Cartas de ciudadanía, cargos públicos y práctica de oficios, 1812-1815

En la presente ponencia nos proponemos analizar la situación jurídica y política de algunos extranjeros que ocupaban cargos públicos o realizaban oficios civiles en el Rio de la Plata. En este contexto, los criterios para definir quién era un vecino-ciudadano dependían de la posibilidad de mantener o perder cargos públicos, o de ejercer ciertos oficios en los pueblos de la campaña. Se estudiarán dos casos en los cuales se presentaron situaciones análogas para los que no eran reconocidos pertenecientes a la comunidad política, es decir para los extranjeros. Aquellos que no lograban la obtención de una carta de ciudadanía se veían obligados a dejar sus cargos u oficios. Sin embargo, los reglamentos y las decisiones del gobierno en estos casos se vieron superados por las prácticas y situaciones concretas. Otro de los casos estudiados en esta ponencia se corresponde con un litigio en Chascomús un fuerte y pueblo de la campaña de Buenos Aires, en la frontera con el mundo indígena. Allí, un hombre de origen catalán le es impedido ejercer su oficio de panadero, limitándolo a la producción de pastelería fina. La decisión fue tomada por el comandante del fuerte ante un pedido de un grupo de panaderas que se consideraban 'patricias', señalando el origen español de dicho panadero para limitarlo en el ejercicio del oficio. El conflicto nos ofrece varias aristas interesantes sobre los mecanismos del ejercicio del poder que estamos viendo en otros trabajos, pero aquí nos detendremos en la definición del grupo de pertenencia y en la utilización de los conceptos de patria y patriotas

El deporte en la Comunidad Japonesa de Colonia Urquiza : Béisbol

Este trabajo es parte de un seguimiento de la cultura y la actividad de la comunidad japonesa de Colonia Urquiza. Se han explorado temas relacionados con lo económico, cultural y social , y de estos últimos, haremos mención, de cómo el deporte tiene una importancia muy especial desde varios aspectos: como actividad física, sociabilidad, disciplina, solidaridad, trabajo en equipo, cooperación, etc. En la Argentina, el deporte más popular es el fútbol, practicado por todas las generaciones, en forma profesional o amateur, siendo común hacerlo como pasatiempo de una reunión o encuentro entre amigos. ;En Colonia Urquiza, los alumnos de la escuela japonesa, practican diversas actividades físicas como parte de la currícula y esparcimiento, lo que los lleva en algunos casos, a ver el deporte en forma profesional, como ocurre con el ping pong y el béisbol. El fútbol y el vóley, convocan a los adolescentes, mientras que el golf, park golf y pesca deportiva a los adultos. ;Focalizaremos nuestra atención en el béisbol (baseball), deporte que en esta comunidad, instalada en un mundo rural, a 20 km de la capital de la provincia de Bs. As., comenzó a tener impulso en la década del ´90, logrando conformar delegaciones nikkei de infantiles en Argentina, para medirse con sus pares en Japón. Cabe mencionar que en Argentina este deporte fue encausándose, logrando conformar la Liga Metropolitana de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, donde hay equipos formados solo por descendientes de japoneses y otros equipos mixtos, y se confrontan en torneos infantiles, prejunior, junior y adultos, con las ligas de las provincias a nivel nacional e internacional. Por lo tanto, pretendemos estudiar la relación de la comunidad con el ambiente y el deporte, los que consideramos vitales en el imaginario de la sociedad nipona

Pulperos y pulperías rurales bonaerenses : Su influencia en la campaña y los pueblos, 1780-1820

En las últimas décadas se ha construido una nueva imagen del mundo rural pampeano que ha complejizado el análisis con nuevos temas, métodos y fuentes. En estos estudios si bien los pulperos y pulperías están presentes siempre figuran de manera lateral o complementaria. En este trabajo me propuse profundizar el estudio de pulperos y pulperías rurales una vez reconocida su influencia en materia económica, política y social tanto en la campaña en su conjunto como hacia el interior de los pueblos. El tema elegido entonces responde a la necesidad de un estudio exclusivo y exhaustivo sobre un grupo que entendemos ha cumplido una función muy relevante como elemento central en la expansión, ocupación y estructuración de la sociedad rural bonaerense al igual que lo fueron las estancias, los fuertes y las parroquias. La expansión y consolidación de la campaña bonaerense ha sido acompañada por el despliegue comercial en las últimas décadas del siglo XVIII. Podemos hablar de un fenómeno de retroalimentación entre comerciantes y explotaciones ganaderas protagonizado con frecuencia por las mismas personas. En este sentido las pulperías contribuyeron a la formación de pueblos, la ocupación de nuevas tierras y el desarrollo de relaciones pacíficas con los pueblos originarios, aunque a veces fueron agentes disruptores. Nos queda claro que las pulperías eran engranajes importantes dentro de la economía local y ubicaban a sus propietarios por encima de la mayoría de los productores. Sin embargo muchos pulperos también eran productores o viceversa y esa diversificación les permitía disminuir los riesgos y las posibilidades de "naufragio". Creemos haber matizado y en algunos casos rechazado algunas de las imágenes literarias que en general configuraron una visión muy negativa de los pulperos y sus negocios. El pulpero no era muy distinto a su clientela y formaba parte de las costumbres predominantes de la campaña más allá de tener, en muchos casos, una posición económica más holgada. En este sentido, muchos pulperos fueron vecinos referentes en sus pueblos cumpliendo distintas funciones más allá de la fundamental que era el abastecimiento de bienes básicos, ocuparon cargos en el andamiaje institucional y se erigieron en la "voz del pueblo". La posición privilegiada de algunos pulperos les permitía evadir el peso de la justicia y cuando ocupaban cargos sacar provecho de ellos. Esto refuerza la idea de connivencia entre comercializadores locales y el aparato institucional local en torno al usufructo del tráfico de cueros que cada vez se hacía más rentable.

Diferencias e intercambios culturales entre el campo y la ciudad respecto de las mujeres en la España del siglo XVIII

Este artículo es una síntesis que pone en relación los niveles culturales femeninos en el campo y en las ciudades de España en el siglo XVIII con los movimientos migratorios femeninos entre ambos mundos. La autora propone algunas vías para estudiar las diferencias de alfabetización y la diversidad de idiomas, y para observar si las migraciones temporales o permanentes a las ciudades sirvieron como forma de transmisión de ideas o costumbres entre las ciudades y el campo. El texto subraya en especial las diferencias territoriales entre el Norte y el Sur españoles, y ofrece explicaciones sobre estos contrastes