Dielectric constant obtained from TDR and volumetric moisture of soils in southern Brazil

Soil moisture is the property which most greatly influences the soil dielectric constant, which is also influenced by soil mineralogy. The aim of this study was to determine mathematical models for soil moisture and the dielectric constant (Ka) for a Hapludalf, two clayey Hapludox and a very clayey Hapludox and test the reliability of universal models, such as those proposed by Topp and Ledieu and their co-workers in the 80's, and specific models to estimate soil moisture with a TDR. Soil samples were collected from the 0 to 0.30 m layer, sieved through a mesh of 0.002 m diameter and packed in PVC cylinders with a 0.1 m diameter and 0.3 m height. Seven samples of each soil class were saturated by capillarity and a probe composed of two rods was inserted in each one of them. Moisture readings began with the saturated soil and concluded when the soil was near permanent wilting point. In each step, the samples were weighed on a precision scale to calculate volumetric moisture. Linear and polynomial models were adjusted for each soil class and for all soils together between soil moisture and the dielectric constant. Accuracy of the models was evaluated by the coefficient of determination, the standard error of estimate and the 1:1 line. The models proposed by Topp and Ledieu and their co-workers were not adequate for estimating the moisture in the soil classes studied. The adjusted linear and polynomial models for the entire set of data of the four soil classes did not have sufficient accuracy for estimating soil moisture. The greater the soil clay and Fe oxide content, the greater the dielectric constant of the medium for a given volumetric moisture. The specific models, θ = 0.40283 - 0.04231 Ka + 0.00194 Ka² - 0.000022 Ka³ (Hapludox) θ = 0.01971 + 0.02902 Ka - 0.00086 Ka² + 0.000012 Ka³ (Hapludox -PF), θ = 0.01692 - 0.00507 Ka (Hapludalf) and θ = 0.08471 + 0.01145 Ka (Hapludox-CA), show greater accuracy and reliability for estimating soil moisture in the soil classes studied.

Effective mass and dielectric constant mismatch effects in spherical multishell quantum dots

The role of effective mass and dielectric mismatches on chemical potentials and addition energies of many-electron multishell quantum dots (QDs) is explored within the framework of a recent extension of the spin density functional theory. It is shown that although the gross electronic density is located in the wells of these multishell QDs, taking position-dependent effective mass and dielectric constant into account can lead to the appearance of relevant differences in chemical potential and addition energies as compared to standard calculations in which the effective mass and the dielectric constant of the well is assumed for the whole multishell structure.

Défendre la démocratie directe : sur quelques arguments antidémocratiques des élites suisses

Plus que jamais, l'actualité mondiale ou nationale met en question le pouvoir du peuple. Là il se révolte avec fracas. Ici on le voit voter contre les autorités en place. Pour les uns il reconquiert sa liberté. Pour les autres il est aveugle et crée le désordre. Voici donc un livre sur le pouvoir. Dans la tradition de Benjamin Constant ou d'Alexis de Tocqueville, Antoine Chollet confère du souffle à l'examen des fondamentaux. Comment comprendre et articuler la liberté, l'égalité, la responsabilité, l'opposition entre une élite dite éclairée et les masses. En Suisse, quels sont les atouts exceptionnels, les dérives ou les illusions de la démocratie directe? Mal comprise elle est souvent confondue avec les libertés communales du Moyen Age. Ou admise avec des réserves suspectes. L'auteur en appelle à plus de rigueur et, fort de ses convictions, conclut par des appréciations sévères sur la politique suisse. Il décèle dans ses élites des tendances clairement antidémocratiques. Et inversement, il expose les raisons d'une confiance renforcée en l'institution même de la démocratie directe.