What's happening in European supply-chains?

Many multinational companies are supposedly viewing Europe as one region and re-shaping their approach to the supply of products to customers. Several factors are thought to be driving this trend, notably the degree of merger and acquisitions activity; the need for improved financial performance; the pressure to reduce inventories and costs, facilitated by improvements in communication and information technology systems. All of this is in the context of European market and monetary harmonisation. This paper investigates the extent and effect of the amanegement of supply chains on a pan-European baisis by multinational business. A survey was used to examine changes, both made and anticipated. to operational strategies, processes, organisational structures and physical infrastructure across a range of businesses and industry sectors. Cost reducation, driven by the need for profit and shreholder return, was found to be the priority for developments in supply chains.Many businesses reported consolidation of manufacturing and distribution activities whilst retaining discrete country-by-country organisational structures for managing customers and markets.Logistics Service Providers were seen in a traditional role as suppliers of commodity warehousing and transport services and lacked true pan-European capability. Despite the often-vaunted concept of a pan-European business model, individual businesses wwere seen to be negotiating their own path to balancing economies of scale with customers' service needs and expectations.

An Efficient User-Level Shared Memory Mechanism for Application-Specific Extensions

This paper focuses on an efficient user-level method for the deployment of application-specific extensions, using commodity operating systems and hardware. A sandboxing technique is described that supports multiple extensions within a shared virtual address space. Applications can register sandboxed code with the system, so that it may be executed in the context of any process. Such code may be used to implement generic routines and handlers for a class of applications, or system service extensions that complement the functionality of the core kernel. Using our approach, application-specific extensions can be written like conventional user-level code, utilizing libraries and system calls, with the advantage that they may be executed without the traditional costs of scheduling and context-switching between process-level protection domains. No special hardware support such as segmentation or tagged translation look-aside buffers (TLBs) is required. Instead, our ``user-level sandboxing'' mechanism requires only paged-based virtual memory support, given that sandboxed extensions are either written by a trusted source or are guaranteed to be memory-safe (e.g., using type-safe languages). Using a fast method of upcalls, we show how our mechanism provides significant performance improvements over traditional methods of invoking user-level services. As an application of our approach, we have implemented a user-level network subsystem that avoids data copying via the kernel and, in many cases, yields far greater network throughput than kernel-level approaches.

MyRoom: A user-centred model of affective responsive architecture

Can my immediate physical environment affect how I feel? The instinctive answer to this question must be a resounding “yes”. What might seem a throwaway remark is increasingly borne out by research in environmental and behavioural psychology, and in the more recent discipline of Evidence-Based Design. Research outcomes are beginning to converge with findings in neuroscience and neurophysiology, as we discover more about how the human brain and body functions, and reacts to environmental stimuli. What we see, hear, touch, and sense affects each of us psychologically and, by extension, physically, on a continual basis. The physical characteristics of our daily environment thus have the capacity to profoundly affect all aspects of our functioning, from biological systems to cognitive ability. This has long been understood on an intuitive basis, and utilised on a more conscious basis by architects and other designers. Recent research in evidence-based design, coupled with advances in neurophysiology, confirm what have been previously held as commonalities, but also illuminate an almost frightening potential to do enormous good, or alternatively, terrible harm, by virtue of how we make our everyday surroundings. The thesis adopts a design methodology in its approach to exploring the potential use of wireless sensor networks in environments for elderly people. Vitruvian principles of “commodity, firmness and delight” inform the research process and become embedded in the final design proposals and research conclusions. The issue of person-environment fit becomes a key principle in describing a model of continuously-evolving responsive architecture which makes the individual user its focus, with the intention of promoting wellbeing. The key research questions are: What are the key system characteristics of an adaptive therapeutic single-room environment? How can embedded technologies be utilised to maximise the adaptive and therapeutic aspects of the personal life-space of an elderly person with dementia?.

Politics, Power, PISA: a genealogy of mathematics education policy at second level in Ireland at the beginning of the 21st century

This thesis traces a genealogy of the discourse of mathematics education reform in Ireland at the beginning of the twenty first century at a time when the hegemonic political discourse is that of neoliberalism. It draws on the work of Michel Foucault to identify the network of power relations involved in the development of a single case of curriculum reform – in this case Project Maths. It identifies the construction of an apparatus within the fields of politics, economics and education, the elements of which include institutions like the OECD and the Government, the bureaucracy, expert groups and special interest groups, the media, the school, the State, state assessment and international assessment. Five major themes in educational reform emerge from the analysis: the arrival of neoliberal governance in Ireland; the triumph of human capital theory as the hegemonic educational philosophy here; the dominant role of OECD/PISA and its values in the mathematics education discourse in Ireland; the fetishisation of western scientific knowledge and knowledge as commodity; and the formation of a new kind of subjectivity, namely the subjectivity of the young person as a form of human-capital-to-be. In particular, it provides a critical analysis of the influence of OECD/PISA on the development of mathematics education policy here – especially on Project Maths curriculum, assessment and pedagogy. It unpacks the arguments in favour of curriculum change and lays bare their ideological foundations. This discourse contextualises educational change as occurring within a rapidly changing economic environment where the concept of the State’s economic aspirations and developments in science, technology and communications are reshaping both the focus of business and the demands being put on education. Within this discourse, education is to be repurposed and its consequences measured against the paradigm of the Knowledge Economy – usually characterised as the inevitable or necessary future of a carefully defined present.

Essays on Vietnam’s Financial Reforms: Foreign Exchange Statistics and Evidence of Long-Run Equilibrium

In this paper, we examine exchange rates in Vietnam’s transitional economy. Evidence of long-run equilibrium are established in most cases through a single co-integrating vector among endogenous variables that determine the real exchange rates. This supports relative PPP in which ECT of the system can be combined linearly into a stationary process, reducing deviation from PPP in the long run. Restricted coefficient vectors ß’ = (1, 1, -1) for real exchange rates of currencies in question are not rejected. This empirics of relative PPP adds to found evidences by many researchers, including Flre et al. (1999), Lee (1999), Johnson (1990), Culver and Papell (1999), Cuddington and Liang (2001). Instead of testing for different time series on a common base currency, we use different base currencies (USD, GBP, JPY and EUR). By doing so we want to know the whether theory may posit significant differences against one currency? We have found consensus, given inevitable technical differences, even with smallerdata sample for EUR. Speeds of convergence to PPP and adjustment are faster compared to results from other researches for developed economies, using both observed and bootstrapped HL measures. Perhaps, a better explanation is the adjustment from hyperinflation period, after which the theory indicates that adjusting process actually accelerates. We observe that deviation appears to have been large in early stages of the reform, mostly overvaluation. Over time, its correction took place leading significant deviations to gradually disappear.

Confidence intervals for half-life deviations from purchasing power parity

Existing point estimates of half-life deviations from purchasing power parity (PPP), around 3-5 years, suggest that the speed of convergence is extremely slow. This article assesses the degree of uncertainty around these point estimates by using local-to-unity asymptotic theory to construct confidence intervals that are robust to high persistence in small samples. The empirical evidence suggests that the lower bound of the confidence interval is between four and eight quarters for most currencies, which is not inconsistent with traditional price-stickiness explanations. However, the upper bounds are infinity for all currencies, so we cannot provide conclusive evidence in favor of PPP either. © 2005 American Statistical Association.

Gold mining in the Peruvian Amazon: global prices, deforestation, and mercury imports.

Many factors such as poverty, ineffective institutions and environmental regulations may prevent developing countries from managing how natural resources are extracted to meet a strong market demand. Extraction for some resources has reached such proportions that evidence is measurable from space. We present recent evidence of the global demand for a single commodity and the ecosystem destruction resulting from commodity extraction, recorded by satellites for one of the most biodiverse areas of the world. We find that since 2003, recent mining deforestation in Madre de Dios, Peru is increasing nonlinearly alongside a constant annual rate of increase in international gold price (∼18%/yr). We detect that the new pattern of mining deforestation (1915 ha/year, 2006-2009) is outpacing that of nearby settlement deforestation. We show that gold price is linked with exponential increases in Peruvian national mercury imports over time (R(2) = 0.93, p = 0.04, 2003-2009). Given the past rates of increase we predict that mercury imports may more than double for 2011 (∼500 t/year). Virtually all of Peru's mercury imports are used in artisanal gold mining. Much of the mining increase is unregulated/artisanal in nature, lacking environmental impact analysis or miner education. As a result, large quantities of mercury are being released into the atmosphere, sediments and waterways. Other developing countries endowed with gold deposits are likely experiencing similar environmental destruction in response to recent record high gold prices. The increasing availability of satellite imagery ought to evoke further studies linking economic variables with land use and cover changes on the ground.

Design of Scheduling Algorithms Using Game Theoretic Ideas

Scheduling a set of jobs over a collection of machines to optimize a certain quality-of-service measure is one of the most important research topics in both computer science theory and practice. In this thesis, we design algorithms that optimize {\em flow-time} (or delay) of jobs for scheduling problems that arise in a wide range of applications. We consider the classical model of unrelated machine scheduling and resolve several long standing open problems; we introduce new models that capture the novel algorithmic challenges in scheduling jobs in data centers or large clusters; we study the effect of selfish behavior in distributed and decentralized environments; we design algorithms that strive to balance the energy consumption and performance.

The technically interesting aspect of our work is the surprising connections we establish between approximation and online algorithms, economics, game theory, and queuing theory. It is the interplay of ideas from these different areas that lies at the heart of most of the algorithms presented in this thesis.

The main contributions of the thesis can be placed in one of the following categories.

1. Classical Unrelated Machine Scheduling: We give the first polygorithmic approximation algorithms for minimizing the average flow-time and minimizing the maximum flow-time in the offline setting. In the online and non-clairvoyant setting, we design the first non-clairvoyant algorithm for minimizing the weighted flow-time in the resource augmentation model. Our work introduces iterated rounding technique for the offline flow-time optimization, and gives the first framework to analyze non-clairvoyant algorithms for unrelated machines.

2. Polytope Scheduling Problem: To capture the multidimensional nature of the scheduling problems that arise in practice, we introduce Polytope Scheduling Problem (\psp). The \psp problem generalizes almost all classical scheduling models, and also captures hitherto unstudied scheduling problems such as routing multi-commodity flows, routing multicast (video-on-demand) trees, and multi-dimensional resource allocation. We design several competitive algorithms for the \psp problem and its variants for the objectives of minimizing the flow-time and completion time. Our work establishes many interesting connections between scheduling and market equilibrium concepts, fairness and non-clairvoyant scheduling, and queuing theoretic notion of stability and resource augmentation analysis.

3. Energy Efficient Scheduling: We give the first non-clairvoyant algorithm for minimizing the total flow-time + energy in the online and resource augmentation model for the most general setting of unrelated machines.

4. Selfish Scheduling: We study the effect of selfish behavior in scheduling and routing problems. We define a fairness index for scheduling policies called {\em bounded stretch}, and show that for the objective of minimizing the average (weighted) completion time, policies with small stretch lead to equilibrium outcomes with small price of anarchy. Our work gives the first linear/ convex programming duality based framework to bound the price of anarchy for general equilibrium concepts such as coarse correlated equilibrium.

Global value chains in a post-Washington Consensus world

Contemporary globalization has been marked by significant shifts in the organization and governance of global industries. In the 1970s and 1980s, one such shift was characterized by the emergence of buyer-driven and producer-driven commodity chains. In the early 2000s, a more differentiated typology of governance structures was introduced, which focused on new types of coordination in global value chains (GVCs). Today the organization of the global economy is entering another phase, with transformations that are reshaping the governance structures of both GVCs and global capitalism at various levels: (1) the end of the Washington Consensus and the rise of contending centers of economic and political power; (2) a combination of geographic consolidation and value chain concentration in the global supply base, which, in some cases, is shifting bargaining power from lead firms in GVCs to large suppliers in developing economies; (3) new patterns of strategic coordination among value chain actors; (4) a shift in the end markets of many GVCs accelerated by the economic crisis of 2008-09, which is redefining regional geographies of investment and trade; and (5) a diffusion of the GVC approach to major international donor agencies, which is prompting a reformulation of established development paradigms. © 2013 © 2013 Taylor & Francis.

NAFTA and uneven development in the North American apparel industry

The various contributions to this book have documented how NAFTA-inspired firm strategies are changing the geography of apparel production in North America. The authors show in myriad ways how companies at different positions along the apparel commodity chain are responding to the new institutional and regulatory environment that NAFTA creates. By making it easier for U.S. companies to take advantage of Mexico as a nearby low-cost site for export-oriented apparel production, NAFTA is deepening the regional division of labor within North America, and this process has consequences for firms and workers in each of the signatory countries. In the introduction to this book we alluded to the obvious implications of shifting investment and trade patterns in the North American apparel industry for employment in the different countries. In this concluding chapter we focus on Mexico in the NAFTA era, specifically the extent to which Mexico's role in the North American economy facilitates or inhibits its economic development. W e begin with a discussion of the contemporary debate about Mexico's development, which turns on the question of how to assess the implications of Mexico's rapid and pro-found process of economic reform. Second, we focus on the textile and apparel industries as sectors that have been significantly affected by changes in regulatory environments at both the global and regional levels. Third, we examine the evidence regarding Mexico's NAFTA-era export dynamism, and in particular we emphasize the importance of interfirm networks, both for making sense of Mexico's meteoric rise among apparel exporters and for evaluating the implications of this dynamism for development. Fourth, we turn to a consideration of the national political-economic environment that shapes developmental outcomes for all Mexicans. Although regional disparities within Mexico are profound, aspects of government policy, such as management of the national currency, and characteristics of the institutional environment, such as industrial relations, have nationwide effects, and critics of NAFTA charge that these factors are contributing to a process of economic and social polarization that is ever more evident (Morales 1999; Dussel Peters 2000). Finally, we suggest that the mixed consequences of Mexico's NAFTA-era growth can be taken as emblematic of the contradictions that the process of globalization poses for economic and social development. The anti-sweatshop campaign in North America is one example of transnational or crossborder movements that are emerging to address the negative consequences of this process. In bringing attention to the problem of sweatshop production in North America, activists are developing strategies that rely on a network logic that is not dissimilar to the approaches reflected in the various chapters of this book. © 2009 by Temple University Press. All rights reserved.

Logística externa de exportación de Quinua : estudio comparativo entre Perú y Bolivia

En los últimos años la quinua se ha constituido en un alimento de gran demanda por sus bondades nutritivas, con un elevado contenido proteico que fluctúa entre 13 a 20 por ciento el cual supera cualitativamente y cuantitativamente a otros cereales como el arroz, avena, cebada, etc. (7 a 11 por ciento). El ciclo de producción de la quinua se encuentra en un proceso de crecimiento exponencial en el cual, Perú viene posicionándose como principal productor y exportador mundial de quinua (50 por ciento), superando a Bolivia (49 por ciento) e ingresando a más de 45 mercados, con una demanda liderada por Estados Unidos. Cabe resaltar que el precio de comercialización de quinua viene siendo determinado por el mercado internacional por cuanto la quinua ha tendido a convertirse en un `commodity` y no varía de manera substancial, si proviene de Bolivia (US$ 6,64 por Kg.) o Perú (US$ 5,64 por Kg.), por lo cual estos costos serán variables de acuerdo a la eficiencia logística de proceso y distribución que permita generar una diferencia competitiva en el mercado. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir y comparar el sistema logístico de exportación de la Quinua peruana y boliviana, con la finalidad de identificar la diferencia competitiva en el mercado internacional utilizando indicadores logísticos emitidos por el Banco mundial, apoyado del diamante de Porter con énfasis en dos determinantes que son la condición de los factores y de la demanda. De acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos Perú en infraestructura, comercio exterior, idoneidad logística, trazabilidad y justo a tiempo; posee mejor desempeño comparado a Bolivia. Además, en los fletes internos (terrestres) y externos (marítimo) de quinua a mercados como EE.UU (Los Ángeles) y España (Puerto de Barcelona), el Perú tiene menores costos de exportación (US$/contenedor 890) que Bolivia (US$/contenedor 1.440), pero mayores al promedio de Latinoamérica. Uno de los factores que se apalancó para esta competitividad, son sus ventajas comparativas (cercanía de Puerto con zonas productoras), y competitivas (modernización del puerto de Callo). Además la iniciativa que ha tenido el estado peruano en la concesión de sus puertos para la modernización y la reducción de trámite documentario, así como el TLC con EE.UU que permitió a Perú tener mejores relaciones comerciales (52 ranking de 144 países evaluados) comparado con Bolivia (82). Y por último se concluye de manera general que el sistema logístico de quinua de Perú logísticamente es más competitivo que el sistema logístico de quinua de Bolivia, ya que obtuvo 10 por ciento más de ampliación de mercado externo, creando una ventaja diferenciada respecto a Bolivia que al 2014 disminuyo en un 15 por ciento en sus exportaciones con respecto al 2013. Asimismo, cerca del 70 por ciento del valor total exportado de la quinua de Perú representa quinua convencional y el otro 30 por ciento quinua orgánica, siendo esta última en promedio un 10 por ciento mejor pagada que el producto convencional. Y que generalmente la mercancía es despachada y puesta a disposición al importador generalmente dado por precio FOB.

Estudio del maíz blanco gigante del Cuzco (MBGC) con denominación de origen bajo la nueva economía institucional : situación actual, limitantes y estrategias

La producción mundial de maíz en general tiene carácter de ser un producto commodity, con grandes volúmenes, precios altos y homogéneos. Pero en Perú hoy en día surge la necesidad de competir globalmente, con productos especiality, con pocos volúmenes y altamente diferenciados. Dicha estrategia es aplicada por el Perú con el Maíz Blanco Gigante, presentando ventaja comparativa a nivel de otras variedades de maíz, al poseer características únicas en relación al lugar de origen y prácticas culturales que se han mantenido en su cultivo a través del tiempo. Es por ello que se da reconocimiento y certificación como DO en el año 2005, como Maíz Blanco Gigante del Cusco, presentando tendencias de exportación a partir de dicho año. La investigación se enfoca al estudio de la situación actual del MBGC como DO bajo la Nueva Economía Institucional (NEI). Los resultados del estudio indican que la conexión institucional presenta desatinos, los organismos que dieron inicio al proceso de la DO se encuentran descoordinados, con ausencia de medidas de control. Ello ha ocasionado un débil enforcement en las reglas de juego y por ende en el marco institucional, afectando la imagen, posicionamiento y falencias a nivel de la cadena del MBGC. Se recomienda definir políticas y estrategias de uso de la DO, con miras a establecer mesas de diálogo sobre la participación (promoción, normativa y/o fiscalizadora), de los entes públicos como INDECOPI, Gobierno Regional, Gobierno Local con respecto a la DO del MBGC y sus características particulares como bien público a fin de dinamizar las inversiones, comercio y mantener la ventaja competitiva.

El cluster del azúcar en el valle geográfico del Río Cauca, Colombia

El azúcar es un commodity específico y uno de los mayores contribuyentes al producto interno bruto agrícola de los países en desarrollo para el consumo interno y el comercio internacional. A nivel mundial, el azúcar es obtenido industrialmente a partir de remolacha azucarera (Beta vulgaris) y de la caña de azúcar (Saccharum officinarum) como las únicas fuentes importantes para el comercio (...). El mercado internacional del azúcar es uno de los mercados de commodities agrícolas más altamente distorsionado. El comercio del azúcar crudo y refinado se caracteriza en general, por la ayuda interna significativa y generalizada, y algunas políticas que distorsionan el mercado como: pagos mínimos garantizados a productores, controles de producción y comercialización, regulación de precios, aranceles, cuotas de importación y subvenciones a la exportación (...). A nivel general, se pueden distinguir, básicamente, dos tipos de mercados de azúcar: el mercado protegido y el mercado libre. El mercado protegido consiste en acuerdos preferenciales y contratos de largo plazo que incluyen el sistema de cuotas entre diferentes países. En general, los precios del azúcar presentan fuertes fluctuaciones que obedecen a factores económicos, especulaciones, cambios políticos, recesiones y efectos climáticos (...). No obstante lo anterior, en los últimos años se ha observado una clara tendencia a la globalización de los mercados, y mercado del azúcar no es la excepción. Recientemente, se han centrado esfuerzos para liberalizar parcialmente algunos de los mercados más importantes, como es el caso de EEUU, la UE, Brasil y Australia (...). La creciente demanda de fuentes de energía renovable, entre las cuales se destacan los biocombustibles, también ha afectado significativamente la dinámica comercial y productiva de algunos sectores, en particular el sector azucarero. La caña de azúcar, se ha constituido en la principal materia prima para la elaboración de bioetanol, por lo cual, los países productores han experimentado un reciente cambio en su estructura productiva y comercial, buscando productos de mayor valor agregado, a fin de mejorar su posición competitiva. Bajo este esquema, las industrias productoras de azúcar, sobretodo en países en desarrollo enfrenta enormes retos para convertir sus ventajas comparativas en ventajas competitivas. La estructura de los costos de producción y el rendimiento de cada industria azucarera domestica son unos de los principales impulsores de su competitividad, la determinación de los futuros centros de la producción y el crecimiento de las exportaciones. En medio de este contexto, el presente estudio aborda los principales determinantes de la competitividad de la industria azucarera en Colombia, concentrada en un 98,07 por ciento en el cluster del valle geográfico del rio Cauca.

Subsistema agroexportador del mango orgánico fresco peruano - un producto de especialidad

La expansión de la demanda de alimentos a nivel mundial y los nuevos hábitos de consumo centrados en productos saludables, nutritivos, naturales y orgánicos han generado un contexto positivo para el crecimiento del consumo de frutas y hortalizas en general, y del mango orgánico en particular. Por lo que en Perú se ha incrementado las áreas productivas con certificación orgánica para el cultivo de mango, dándole valor agregado apreciado por los clientes externos lo que se justifica con el precio diferenciado que están dispuestos a pagar por este producto. Pasando de ofrecer un producto commodity a un producto de especialidad. Por ello el objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar los factores sobre los que se apalancó crecimiento exportador del mango orgánico desde un enfoque de la nueva economía institucional. Como metodología se utilizó las tres vías de Joskow. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que en los últimos diez años la producción se ha incrementado en más del 100 por ciento, y ha permitido ocupar actualmente el tercer lugar en las exportaciones después de México y Brasil, en Latinoamérica. Este crecimiento está sostenido en las innovaciones del ambiente institucional, con la apertura de mercados como estrategia comercial peruana; en las ventajas comparativas y competitivas logradas en el sector gracias a las inversiones públicas y privadas y la existencia de contratos formales e informales debidamente alineados que generaron un nivel de confianza que reduce la incertidumbre, por ende una disminución de los costos de transacción entre productores-industria-importadores, que en conjunto permiten un crecimiento sustentable.

Impacto del marco institucional en el cambio de paradigma en el sector alpaquero : el caso de los productores alpaqueros del Distrito Corani, Región Puno, Perú

En los últimos años la demanda mundial de fibra de alpaca ha experimentado un gran crecimiento debido a que es considerada una de las fibras más lujosas y finas del mundo, no sólo por sus atributos físicos sino porque es escasa en el mercado, haciéndola más exclusiva. Las ventajas comparativas en el Perú, han permitido que nuestro país ostente el 86,9 por ciento de la producción ganadera mundial de alpacas; sin embargo el sistema de agronegocios de la fibra de alpaca se ha caracterizado durante años por un alto nivel de intermediación en la comercialización y limitada capacidad de negociación de los criadores de alpacas, altos costos de transacción e información asimétrica. Históricamente la fibra de alpaca en el Perú se ha comercializado como un commodity, la estructura de gobernanza entre criadores de alpaca y compradores era el mercado spot. En este sentido, el objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar las innovaciones organizacionales y tecnológicas adoptadas por los pequeños y medianos productores alpaqueros del distrito de Corani ante el impulso del ambiente institucional, a fin de poder describir las mejoras en el subsistema estrictamente coordinado (SSEC). La metodología de trabajo utilizada fue la epistemología fenomenológica combinada con un análisis estructural discreto con énfasis en las innovaciones. Para ello se realizó un análisis a nivel institucional, organizacional y tecnológico del subsistema de la Región Puno y del caso de los productores alpaqueros del distrito de Corani, que a través de su forma asociativa lograron una coordinación horizontal y a la vez vertical mediante los representantes de su Comité de Acopio, logrando adaptarse y cambiar el paradigma tradicional, y de esta forma tomar un rol más activo y colectivo en el acopio, clasificación, proceso y comercialización de la fibra de alpaca con valor agregado. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que se rompió el path dependecy trabajando de forma colectiva apoyados en organizaciones públicas y privadas del sector, adquirieron mayores niveles de coordinación para gobernar el intercambio de una manera eficiente y reducir los costos de transacción. La finalidad de este estudio es obtener las herramientas necesarias y promover la acción colectiva y la coordinación de otras organizaciones de productores del subsistema de fibra de alpaca de la Región de Puno.