Viviendas productivas

El presente trabajo recoge los resultados de una investigación sobre la «vivienda productiva», es decir, de la casa como lugar de trabajo. Dicha investigación se ha ocupado de explorar cómo influyen las cotidianeidades doméstico-laborales actuales —junto con sus arquitecturas y los urbanismos que estas generan— en la sociedad, en especial en temas sociales centrales como la construcción de las subjetividades, y de una vida en comunidad. Asimismo, explora cómo podrían influir en un futuro. La hipótesis sobre la que se trabaja, y que finalmente se intenta demostrar, consiste en que, en la territorialidad múltiple de lo laboral, la vivienda, como plataforma doméstica multiusos, productiva y reproductiva de la que muchas personas disponen, desempeña un papel nodal, y es posible que en el futuro su papel sea aún más importante y más visible. La vivienda productiva funciona como una infraestructura urbana desde la cual se construyen diferentes tipos de bienes materiales e inmateriales, pero sobre todo formas de relación, sociales y productivas con otros, además de imaginarios y afectos. La vivienda como infraestructura productiva y reproductiva es tanto «fábrica fundamental de lo social», como nos enseña Silvia Federici, como «fábrica de lo urbano». El trabajo en casa, como parte de diferentes dinámicas «dispersas» del trabajo que se dan en la actualidad, presenta tanto problemáticas y desafíos importantes, como capitales y posibilidades sociales. Por un lado, puede facilitar una absorción de tipo «24/7» vinculada a las lógicas de producción dispersa y consumo dominantes además de la que se da por las dinámicas patriarcales tradicionales, y en múltiples casos situaciones de evidente asimetría y de explotación laboral. También puede propiciar situaciones socialmente extendidas o impuestas de soledad y aislamiento. Sin embargo, está asimismo vinculado al surgimiento de espacios de experimentación tanto en soledad como en compañía, de cooperación y de intercambio, además de a la evidente posibilidad de construir rutinas propias y, por tanto, una subjetividad laboral propia. Por otro lado, frente a la idea general y homogénea del trabajador casero como un sujeto mayoritariamente aislado de su entorno, las jornadas de trabajo de los trabajadores caseros estudiados presentan una gran diversidad. Estas pueden conllevar aislamiento y exclusión, así como acompañar diferentes formas de construcción de una ciudadanía activa, tanto en solitario, como mediante formas de participación activa en la construcción de una vida en comunidad. En esta investigación se analizan, pues, desafíos y oportunidades de estas espacialidades del trabajo y, a través de este análisis, se indaga en el papel de los marcos físicos, organizativos y simbólicos actuales para la vivienda y para la ciudad pensada desde los trabajadores caseros. Al mismo tiempo se exploran nuevos tipos de vivienda y urbanismos que puedan quizás acompañar procesos sociales de inclusión, así como de emancipación, cooperación e intercambio y, en general, nuevas formas de vecindad y bienestar compartido en los ámbitos doméstico-productivos. Metodológicamente, las singularidades presentes en las realidades estudiadas invitan además a explorar protocolos de análisis, métodos de diseño, de gestión y gobierno que, desde lo micro, puedan dialogar con lo cotidiano y sus singularidades. Diego Barajas, autor de la tesis, es arquitecto dedicado a la práctica, a la investigación y la docencia. Su trabajo se focaliza en explorar el carácter mediador de la arquitectura frente a lo cotidiano y sus microrrealidades. Es profesor de proyectos de urbanismo en la IE School of Architecture y es miembro de Husos, una plataforma de investigación y diseño orientada a la innovación en arquitectura y urbanismo, con sede en Madrid. Es el autor del libro Dispersion, A Study of Global Mobility and the Dynamics of a Fictional Urbanism (Episode Publishers, Róterdam, 2003). Sus trabajos teóricos y de investigación han aparecido en libros y revistas internacionales tales como The Domestic and The Foreign in Architecture (010 Publishers, 2008), Public Spheres, a Europan Discussion (Europan9, 2007), Photoespaña 05 (La Fábrica, Madrid, 2005), Domus, Volume, Abitare, Architese, Plot, y Summa+. Su trabajo se ha expuesto en la Bienal de Venecia (selección principal), la Bienal de Róterdam, la Fundación Tapies, Photoespaña, entre otros y es parte de la colección permanente del FRAC Centre en Orleans y del Historisch Museum de Róterdam entre otros. Antes de estudiar en Róterdam, se gradúa con Honores en la Universidad de los Andes en 1999 y su tesis de grado de arquitectura recibe la máxima distinción como proyecto de Grado Meritorio. ABSTRACT The present study records an investigation into the «productive house», or the home as a workplace. This investigation looks at how working from home, its architectures, and the urban dynamics generated around it influence daily life and the construction of society. It also explores what influences home-based work might have in the future, particularly in central themes such as the biopolitical construction of subjectivities and community life. The central hypothesis revolves around the idea that the home, as a multi-use infrastructure that most of us have access to, plays a fundamental role in the contemporary work sphere, due to —or even in spite of— the omnipresence of work in practically every moment and area of our daily lives, and might play a main role in the future. The home functions as a kind of hub from which we create different kinds of material and immaterial goods, but above all relationships with others, both social and productive, as well as imaginaries and affections. The home, as a machine for production and reproduction, is as much a main «factory of the social» as Silvia Federici describes it, as a «factory of the urban». Working from home, as one of several «dispersed» work dynamics that are part of the contemporary world of work, presents as many important problematics and challenges as it does possibilities and social capital. On the one hand, it can contribute to kind of «24/7» absorption linked both to the logistics of the current dispersed production and consumption, and to that of traditional patriarchal dynamics, and in some cases even clearly asymmetrical situations that exploit the workforce. It can also lead to the socially widespread phenomena of isolation and loneliness, at times imposed upon home-based workers. However, by the same token, it is also linked to the growth of experimental spaces of cooperation and exchange, both solitary and in company, as well as the clear possibility of constructing individualised routines and, therefore, a personal laboural subjectivity. On the other hand, contrary to the generalised, homogenous idea of a home-based worker who is mostly isolated from his or her environment, the working days of those we studied went hand in hand with different ways of building subjectivities. This could be as much in exclusion and isolation as through building an active citizenship, at times in solitary and at times actively participating in the construction of communal life. In this investigation, therefore, the challenges and opportunities of the home as workplace have been analysed, and through this analysis we have inquired into the role of current physical, organisational and symbolic frameworks for the home and for the city from the perspective of home workers. At the same time we have explored new types of homes and of town planning that could perhaps accompany social processes of diversity and inclusion as well as emancipation, cooperation and exchange and, in general, new forms of shared welfare in productive domestic environments. Methodologically, the singularities present in the cases studied also invite us to explore protocols of analysis, methods of design, management and government that, from the micro level, could dialogue with the peculiarities of day-to-day life. The author of this thesis, Diego Barajas, is an architect dedicated to practice, investigation and teaching. His work is focussed on exploring the mediating nature of architecture and the built environment in terms of daily life and its microrealities. He is professor of urban projects at the IE School of Architecture and member of Husos, a platform for investigation and town planning based in Madrid. He is the author of the book Dispersion, A Study of Global Mobility and the Dynamics of a Fictional Urbanism (Episode Publishers, Rotterdam, 2003) and his theoretical works and investigations have appeared in books such as The Domestic and The Foreign in Architecture (010 Publishers, 2008), Public Spheres, a Europan Discussion (Europan9, 2007), Photoespaña 05 (La Fábrica, Madrid, 2005), and in international magazines such as Domus, Volume, Abitare, Architese, Plot and Summa+. His work has been exhibited in places such as the Venice Biennial (main selection), the Rotterdam Biennial, the Tapies Foundation and Photoespaña, among others, and forms part of the permanent collection of the FRAC Centre in Orleans and the Historisch Museum of Rotterdam. Before studying in Rotterdam, he graduated with Honours from the University of the Andes in 1999, and his architecture degree thesis received the maximum distinction of Meritorious Graduation Project.

Estância Hidromineral de Águas de São Pedro (SP) e a construção de um espaço voltado ao termalismo

Este trabalho discorre sobre como o município de Águas de São Pedro, situado no centro do Estado de São Paulo, constituído na década de 1930 como um espaço voltado à atividade turística, destaca-se pelo potencial termal. Até hoje a estância hidromineral tem no turismo a principal atividade econômica; entretanto, nossa pesquisa busca compreender se o atrativo primordial do Município está atrelado às águas medicinais, ou se outras características singulares da pequena cidade, como tranquilidade, beleza paisagística e segurança, o tornam um lugar propício ao passeio. Buscamos entender por que, dentre tantas opções de cidades interioranas disponíveis em São Paulo, Águas de São Pedro é escolhida como local de residência fixa, lugar de estabelecimento de casas de veraneio, sendo palco de um grande crescimento imobiliário; assim, desvendamos quais fatores da estância são responsáveis por atrair os turistas e veranistas/turistas de segunda residência. Os dados da pesquisa foram obtidos por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, observação direta, conversas informais, aplicação de questionários e entrevistas com vários atores socioeconômicos, tais como moradores, turistas, veranistas, rede hoteleira, comércios, imobiliárias e gestores municipais. Os resultados apontam que o município já passou por vários ciclos turísticos e, apesar de a estância hidromineral de Águas de São Pedro ser uma referência regional e até nacional de águas termais, e do poder público estar investindo para apresentar à sociedade um lugar cheio de qualidade de vida, símbolo de bem-estar, grande parcela dos turistas procura a cidade pelo passeio, gastronomia e compras, caracterizando um turismo excursionista, sem pernoite. Este é o motivo pelo qual a cidade vem passando por grande reestruturação paisagística, orquestrada pelo poder público e porque recebe incrementos do poder privado no que se refere à variedade de produtos e serviços ofertados. Percebemos que a maior parcela de moradores e turistas não têm o hábito de utilizar as águas medicinais, mesmo sabendo que a água sulfurosa, também chamada de \"Fonte da Juventude\", utilizada para ingestão e banhos terapêuticos, é a segunda melhor do mundo, superada apenas pela fonte de Pergoli, em Tabiano, na Itália (CAMARGO, 1990), porém o reconhecimento da Cidade como cidade das águas, cidade termal, cidade saúde, é resiliente.

Ciudad de Vacaciones 1933. El concurso internacional para Playa de San Juan (Alicante)

En 1933, por iniciativa municipal y con el apoyo del Gobierno, con la intención de captar un turismo extranjero y nacional de élite generando una nueva ‘industria’, se convoca el concurso de anteproyectos para la construcción de una ciudad satélite (a modo de ciudad jardín) para destinarla a ciudad de vacaciones en la Playa de San Juan (cvPSJ), Alicante, al que se presentan tres propuestas. Aquí se estudia el anteproyecto ganador (de P. Muguruza), que resulta pionero por las técnicas urbanísticas empleadas (información y zonificación), por la aplicación de la fotografía para la inserción de arquitecturas y equipamientos y por la sensibilidad desplegada en la protección del patrimonio cultural (medioambiental e histórico). Los referentes para este macro complejo turístico (de casi 10 km2), coetáneo a la Ciutat del Repós i Vacances (CRV) de Castelldefels, no proceden tanto de Europa como de EUA. Se realiza un análisis pormenorizado de la ordenación urbanística en atención a cómo el territorio existente la condiciona y se entrelaza con estrategias de promoción turística, donde se combinan la tríada: hotel, deporte y naturaleza (alojamiento, ocio y salud). Pero toda la ciudad está enfocada a un turismo burgués, para el que se prevé una arquitectura comercial que pronto envejecería en su repertorio. Veinticinco años después, en 1958, cuando las condiciones económicas y sociales fueron favorables al desarrollo de la zona, el mundo sería ya otro y el proyecto quedó obsoleto.

New York, N.Y. and vicinity, 1899 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: New York City and vicinity, H.M. Wilson, geographer in charge ; triangulation by U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey ; topography by S.H. Bodfish ... [et al. and] U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, N.Y. City Government and the Geological Survey of New Jersey. It was published by U.S.G.S. in 1899. Scale 1:62,500. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 18N NAD83 projection. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads, drainage, cities and towns, villages, forts, cemeteries, aqueducts, boundaries, and more. Relief is shown with standard contour intervals of 20 feet. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Boston and vicinity, Massachusetts, 1853 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Map of the city and vicinity of Boston, Massachusetts, by J.C. Sidney, c.e. It was published by J.B. Shields in 1853. Scale [1:39,600]. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads, drainage, selected public buildings, residences with selected names of property owners, business and industry locations (e.g. stores, mills, factories, etc.), cemeteries, town boundaries and more. Relief is shown by hachures. It includes views: Faneuil Hall -- State House in Boston. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.

The Valuation of Agricultural Land and the Influence of Government Payments. Factor Markets Working Paper No. 10, December 2011

This study gives an overview of the theoretical foundations, empirical procedures and derived results of the literature identifying determinants of land prices. Special attention is given to the effects of different government support policies on land prices. Since almost all empirical studies on the determination of land prices refer either to the net present value method or the hedonic pricing approach as a theoretical basis, a short review of these models is provided. While the two approaches have different theoretical bases, their empirical implementation converges. Empirical studies use a broad range of variables to explain land values and we systematise those into six categories. In order to investigate the influence of different measures of government support on land prices, a meta-regression analysis is carried out. Our results reveal a significantly higher rate of capitalisation for decoupled direct payments and a significantly lower rate of capitalisation for agri-environmental payments, as compared to the rest of government support. Furthermore, the results show that taking theoretically consistent land rents (returns to land) and including non-agricultural variables like urban pressure in the regression implies lower elasticities of capitalisation. In addition, we find a significant influence of the land type, the data type and estimation techniques on the capitalisation rate.

Cases determined in the St. Louis and the Kansas City Courts of Appeals of the state of Missouri.

Mode of access: Internet.

Municipal code of the city of Cleveland in force July 1st, 1921. Including all ordinances of a general nature, the charter of the city of Cleveland, and all amendments thereto.

"The work of preparing this volume was done by Rees H. Davis, of the Cleveland Bar, working under the direction of William B. Woods, director of law of the city, and with the assistance of L. E. Carter, director of the Bureau of municipal research, and J. C. Mansfield, assistant director of law."--Pref., p. [3]

Interstate Commerce Commission reports : reports and decisions of the Interstate Commerce Commission of the United States /

Some vols., beginning with v. 250, include vols. entitled Water carrier and freight forwarder reports.

Proceedings of the ... National Conference on City Planning.

Title varies slightly.

Interstate Commerce Commission reports : reports and decisions of the Interstate Commerce Commission of the United States /

Some vols. beginning with v. 65, include Finance reports; with v. 250, Water carrier and freight forwarder reports.

Town planning, with special reference to the Birmingham schemes,

Pub. also in 1914.

The administration of the town planning duties of local authorities. A supplement to "The case for town planning".

Mode of access: Internet.

Town planning for small communities,

"Selected bibliographies" at end of most of the chapters.

Yearbook of the City Managers' Association : proceedings of the Society, ... annual meeting, achievement reports.

Includes proceedings of the annual meeting and achievement reports for the year.