Las edades del puente de fábrica. Terminología y metáfora.

En esta tesis se ha propuesto como objetivo principal confirmar la hipótesis de partida, desde el punto de vista metafórico, EL PUENTE DE FÁBRICA ES UN HOMBRE, mediante el estudio cognitivo y terminológico, para cubrir un vacío en el análisis lingüístico de los puentes de fábrica. Objetivo que se cree cumplido. Se han comprobado, los aspectos de los campos lingüístico-técnicos implicados desde un punto de vista general, hasta demostrar su fusión de manera específica, y, así, confirmar la hipótesis.

La construcción de un puente en el siglo XVIII : puente de Neuilly Jean-Rodolphe Perronet = der bau einer brücke im 18. Jahrhundert : die brücke von Neuilly, Jean-Rodolphe Perronet

A comienzos de diciembre de 1996, Javier León, uno de los autores, impartió una conferencia en esta Escuela ante una inesperadamente grande e interesada audiencia de profesores y alumnos de todos los cursos. El tema central de aquella intervención era La construcción de un puente en el siglo XVIII, basado en el trabajo de J.R. Perronet, fundador de la Ecole des Ponts et Chaussées de Paris, precedente inmediato de nuestra Escuela de Caminos y Canales que fundara Agustín de Bediencourt en 1802. Los asistentes manifestaron un gran interés, que comparto, por las cuestiones históricas relacionadas con nuestra profesión, que comprende no sólo puentes, sino puertos, faros, canales y edificios como catedrales o torres. Su estudio debe contemplarse desde ángulos complementarios, es decir, técnicos, académicos y humanísticos, en la medida en que la obligación de mantener las joyas estructurales del pasado enseña mucho acerca del comportamiento de las de hoy. No podrían concebirse las grandes estructuras de estadios y palacios de congresos si no hubieran existido los teatros romanos o las catedrales medievales, ni se entenderían las estructuras metálicas de los siglos XIX y XX sin los precedentes de las estructuras de madera de la antigüedad. Su análisis en profundidad requiere la puesta al día de las técnicas de nuestros antepasados, que debemos conocer, como recuerda este libro que me honro en prologar. Esto comporta compilar, enseñar y practicar. Qué duda cabe que facilita enormemente las cosas (incluso las condiciona) el hecho de poseer una formación humanística que permita entender el momento histórico en que se ejecutaron tales estructuras. Ni siquiera estas cuestiones se circunscriben al ámbito local (regional o español), trascienden a nuestra vieja Europa en un sentimiento compartido de interés y de necesidad. En particular, es reseñable el enorme impulso que han dado algunas escuelas alemanas (Karlsruhe, Stuttgart, Munich, Aquisgrán, Dresde). Desde una sólida formación estructural y humanista, han conseguido estos equipos multidisciplinares poner a punto un conjunto de técnicas analíticas y constructivas que se han traducido en destacables ejemplos conocidos, como, por ejemplo, la reconstrucción y mantenimiento de edificios y estructuras tras la II Guerra Mundial. El conocimiento de los muchos textos disponibles, escritos mayoritariamente en alemán, no puede ser ignorado por los técnicos y, especialmente, por los alumnos de nuestras escuelas, cada vez más ávidos de intercambio con el exterior y, por fin, con mejor nivel de idiomas que la generación que les precede. (Merece una mención muy especial el creciente número de alumnos que, año tras año, eligen la asignatura de Alemán como idioma complementario. También crece el número de alumnos alemanes que, en virtud del programa Erasmus de intercambio, cursan sus últimos años de estudios en nuestra Escuela, con cuyo alto nivel de formación quedan satisfechos.) Por todas esas razones, contemplé con simpatía y creciente entusiasmo la iniciativa de los autores, quienes, sobre un texto en sí mismo interesante, han conseguido articular una sugerente propuesta de estudio ?tanto para el alumno como para el profesional en ejercicio? con un contenido humanista en el que idioma y lenguaje son, además, un hermoso componente práctico. Quisiera finalmente señalar que este libro es el primero de una colección que los autores están invitados a ir desarrollando, y ojala este ejemplo cunda y se siga ?entre profesores y alumnos? en otros campos. Nuestra Escuela, que posee unos fondos bibliográficos de enorme valor, verá encantada cómo éstos se difunden y cómo se configura una disciplina que la praxis, la profesión, exige ya en toda Europa.

1.6 School of Law, Lincoln University

Another dilemma also had to be dealt with; Lloyd Gaines was determined to attend law school, not just anywhere but at the University of Missouri. Shortly after the Supreme Court decision, Lloyd Gaines left his civil service job in Michigan and returned home to St. Louis, arriving on New Year’s Eve, 1938. In the meantime, to pay his bills, he took a job as a filling station attendant. On January 9, 1939, Gaines spoke to the St. Louis chapter of the NAACP. He told them he stood “ready, willing, and able to enroll at MU.” Gaines later quit his gas station job. He explained to his family that the station owner substituted inferior gas and that he could not, in good conscience, continue to work there. In the meantime, the state Supreme Court sent the Gaines case back to Boone County to determine whether the new law school at Lincoln would comply with the US Supreme Court’s requirement of “substantial equality.”

Polymorphisms in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene are associated with susceptibility to acute leukemia in adults

Reduction of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate (methyleneTHF), a donor for methylating dUMP to dTMP in DNA synthesis, to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (methylTHF), the primary methyl donor for methionine synthesis, is catalyzed by 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). A common 677 C → T polymorphism in the MTHFR gene results in thermolability and reduced MTHFR activity that decreases the pool of methylTHF and increases the pool of methyleneTHF. Recently, another polymorphism in MTHFR (1298 A → C) has been identified that also results in diminished enzyme activity. We tested whether carriers of these variant alleles are protected from adult acute leukemia. We analyzed DNA from a case–control study in the United Kingdom of 308 adult acute leukemia patients and 491 age- and sex-matched controls. MTHFR variant alleles were determined by a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. The MTHFR 677TT genotype was lower among 71 acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) cases compared with 114 controls, conferring a 4.3-fold decrease in risk of ALL [odds ratio (OR = 0.23; 95% CI = 0.06–0.81]. We observed a 3-fold reduction in risk of ALL in individuals with the MTHFR 1298AC polymorphism (OR = 0.33; 95% CI = 0.15–0.73) and a 14-fold decreased risk of ALL in those with the MTHFR 1298CC variant allele (OR = 0.07; 95% CI = 0.00–1.77). In acute myeloid leukemia, no significant difference in MTHFR 677 and 1298 genotype frequencies was observed between 237 cases and 377 controls. Individuals with the MTHFR 677TT, 1298AC, and 1298CC genotypes have a decreased risk of adult ALL, but not acute myeloid leukemia, which suggests that folate inadequacy may play a key role in the development of ALL.

Oncogene-dependent apoptosis is mediated by caspase-9

Understanding how oncogenic transformation sensitizes cells to apoptosis may provide a strategy to kill tumor cells selectively. We previously developed a cell-free system that recapitulates oncogene dependent apoptosis as reflected by activation of caspases, the core of the apoptotic machinery. Here, we show that this activation requires a previously identified apoptosis-promoting complex consisting of caspase-9, APAF-1, and cytochrome c. As predicted by the in vitro system, preventing caspase-9 activation blocked drug-induced apoptosis in cells sensitized by E1A, an adenoviral oncogene. Oncogenes, such as E1A, appear to facilitate caspase-9 activation by several mechanisms, including the control of cytochrome c release from the mitochondria.

Expression of scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-BI) promotes microvillar channel formation and selective cholesteryl ester transport in a heterologous reconstituted system

In the “selective” cholesteryl ester (CE) uptake process, surface-associated lipoproteins [high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein] are trapped in the space formed between closely apposed surface microvilli (microvillar channels) in hormone-stimulated steroidogenic cells. This is the same location where an HDL receptor (SR-BI) is found. In the current study, we sought to understand the relationship between SR-BI and selective CE uptake in a heterologous insect cell system. Sf9 (Spodoptera frugiperda) cells overexpressing recombinant SR-BI were examined for (i) SR-BI protein by Western blot analysis and light or electron immunomicroscopy, and (ii) selective lipoprotein CE uptake by the use of radiolabeled or fluorescent (BODIPY-CE)-labeled HDL. Noninfected or infected control Sf9 cells do not express SR-BI, show microvillar channels, or internalize CEs. An unexpected finding was the induction of a complex channel system in Sf9 cells expressing SR-BI. SR-BI-expressing cells showed many cell surface double-membraned channels, immunogold SR-BI, apolipoprotein (HDL) labeling of the channels, and high levels of selective HDL-CE uptake. Thus, double-membraned channels can be induced by expression of recombinant SR-BI in a heterologous system, and these specialized structures facilitate both the binding of HDL and selective HDL-CE uptake.

CtBP-dependent activities of the short-range Giant repressor in the Drosophila embryo

There are at least three short-range gap repressors in the precellular Drosophila embryo: Krüppel, Knirps, and Giant. Krüppel and Knirps contain related repression motifs, PxDLSxH and PxDLSxK, respectively, which mediate interactions with the dCtBP corepressor protein. Here, we present evidence that Giant might also interact with dCtBP. The misexpression of Giant in ventral regions of transgenic embryos results in the selective repression of eve stripe 5. A stripe5-lacZ transgene exhibits an abnormal staining pattern in dCtBP mutants that is consistent with attenuated repression by Giant. The analysis of Gal4-Giant fusion proteins identified a minimal repression domain that contains a sequence motif, VLDLS, which is conserved in at least two other sequence-specific repressors. Removal of this sequence from the native Giant protein does not impair its repression activity in transgenic embryos. We propose that Giant-dCtBP interactions might be indirect and mediated by an unknown bZIP subunit that forms a heteromeric complex with Giant. We also suggest that the VLDLS motif recruits an as yet unidentified corepressor protein.

Memory from the dynamics of intrinsic membrane currents

Almost all theoretical and experimental studies of the mechanisms underlying learning and memory focus on synaptic efficacy and make the implicit assumption that changes in synaptic efficacy are both necessary and sufficient to account for learning and memory. However, network dynamics depends on the complex interaction between intrinsic membrane properties and synaptic strengths and time courses. Furthermore, neuronal activity itself modifies not only synaptic efficacy but also the intrinsic membrane properties of neurons. This paper presents examples demonstrating that neurons with complex temporal dynamics can provide short-term “memory” mechanisms that rely solely on intrinsic neuronal properties. Additionally, we discuss the potential role that activity may play in long-term modification of intrinsic neuronal properties. While not replacing synaptic plasticity as a powerful learning mechanism, these examples suggest that memory in networks results from an ongoing interplay between changes in synaptic efficacy and intrinsic membrane properties.

3-Methylcrotonyl-Coenzyme A Carboxylase Is a Component of the Mitochondrial Leucine Catabolic Pathway in Plants1

3-Methylcrotonyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (MCCase) is a mitochondrial biotin-containing enzyme whose metabolic function is not well understood in plants. In soybean (Glycine max) seedlings the organ-specific and developmentally induced changes in MCCase expression are regulated by mechanisms that control the accumulation of MCCase mRNA and the activity of the enzyme. During soybean cotyledon development, when seed-storage proteins are degraded, leucine (Leu) accumulation peaks transiently at 8 d after planting. The coincidence between peak MCCase expression and the decline in Leu content provides correlative evidence that MCCase is involved in the mitochondrial catabolism of Leu. Direct evidence for this conclusion was obtained from radiotracer metabolic studies using extracts from isolated mitochondria. These experiments traced the metabolic fate of [U-14C]Leu and NaH14CO3, the latter of which was incorporated into methylglutaconyl-coenzyme A (CoA) via MCCase. These studies directly demonstrate that plant mitochondria can catabolize Leu via the following scheme: Leu → α-ketoisocaproate → isovaleryl-CoA → 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA → 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA → 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA → acetoacetate + acetyl-CoA. These findings demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, that the enzymes responsible for Leu catabolism are present in plant mitochondria. We conclude that a primary metabolic role of MCCase in plants is the catabolism of Leu.

Correlation between Binding Affinity and Necrosis-Inducing Activity of Mutant AVR9 Peptide Elicitors1

The race-specific peptide elicitor AVR9 of the fungus Cladosporium fulvum induces a hypersensitive response only in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants carrying the complementary resistance gene Cf-9 (MoneyMaker-Cf9). A binding site for AVR9 is present on the plasma membranes of both resistant and susceptible tomato genotypes. We used mutant AVR9 peptides to determine the relationship between elicitor activity of these peptides and their affinity to the binding site in the membranes of tomato. Mutant AVR9 peptides were purified from tobacco (Nicotiana clevelandii) inoculated with recombinant potato virus X expressing the corresponding avirulence gene Avr9. In addition, several AVR9 peptides were synthesized chemically. Physicochemical techniques revealed that the peptides were correctly folded. Most mutant AVR9 peptides purified from potato virus X::Avr9-infected tobacco contain a single N-acetylglucosamine. These glycosylated AVR9 peptides showed a lower affinity to the binding site than the nonglycosylated AVR9 peptides, whereas their necrosis-inducing activity was hardly changed. For both the nonglycosylated and the glycosylated mutant AVR9 peptides, a positive correlation between their affinity to the membrane-localized binding site and their necrosis-inducing activity in MoneyMaker-Cf9 tomato was found. The perception of AVR9 in resistant and susceptible plants is discussed.