Análise do impacto do sombreamento vegetal no conforto termo-luminoso em edificações no clima quente e úmido

Este trabalho visa analisar o potencial do sombreamento vegetal no edifício para promover conforto térmico, luminoso e eficiência energética, a partir de simulações computacionais nos softwares DesignBuilder e Daysim. Foram simuladas diferentes combinações de fator de céu visível (FCV), transparência da copa vegetal e percentual de abertura da fachada (PAF) para edificação residencial térrea em Nata/RN, a fim de quantificar os impactos e propor recomendações projetuais. Os modelos foram analisados por meio do método de conforto adaptativo indicado pela ASHRAE Standard 55 (ASHRAE, 2010), classificação do nível de eficiência energética do Regulamento Técnico da Qualidade para o Nível de Eficiência Energética de Edificações Residenciais (RTQ-R), resultados de Daylight autonomy (DA) e uniformidade da luz natural para as exigências lumínicas de 100-300-500 lux. Os resultados demonstram grande potencial para integração da vegetação na edificação, principalmente para os fatores de céu médio e grande, e falta de coerência do RTQ-R para classificar as edificações da Zona bioclimática 08 pelo método de simulação.

Avaliação do desempenho da paligorsquita modificada e do carvão da pirólise do lodo de esgoto no processo de degradação fotocatalítica do fenol

The uncontrolled disposal of wastewaters containing phenolic compounds by the industry has caused irreversible damage to the environment. Because of this, it is now mandatory to develop new methods to treat these effluents before they are disposed of. One of the most promising and low cost approaches is the degradation of phenolic compounds via photocatalysis. This work, in particular, has as the main goal, the customization of a bench scale photoreactor and the preparation of catalysts via utilization of char originated from the fast pyrolysis of sewage sludge. The experiments were carried out at constant temperature (50°C) under oxygen (410, 515, 650 and 750 ml min-1). The reaction took place in the liquid phase (3.4 liters), where the catalyst concentration was 1g L-1 and the initial concentration of phenol was 500 mg L-1 and the reaction time was set to 3 hours. A 400 W lamp was adapted to the reactor. The flow of oxygen was optimized to 650 ml min-1. The pH of the liquid and the nature of the catalyst (acidified and calcined palygorskite, palygorskite impregnated with 3.8% Fe and the pyrolysis char) were investigated. The catalytic materials were characterized by XRD, XRF, and BET. In the process of photocatalytic degradation of phenol, the results showed that the pH has a significant influence on the phenol conversion, with best results for pH equal to 5.5. The phenol conversion ranged from 51.78% for the char sewage sludge to 58.02% (for palygorskite acidified calcined). Liquid samples analyzed by liquid chromatography and the following compounds were identified: hydroquinone, catechol and maleic acid. A mechanism of the reaction was proposed, whereas the phenol is transformed into the homogeneous phase and the others react on the catalyst surface. For the latter, the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model was applied, whose mass balances led to a system of differential equations and these were solved using numerical methods in order to get estimates for the kinetic and adsorption parameters. The model was adjusted satisfactorily to the experimental results. From the proposed mechanism and the operating conditions used in this study, the most favored step, regardless of the catalyst, was the acid group (originated from quinone compounds), being transformed into CO2 and water, whose rate constant k4 presented value of 0.578 mol L-1 min-1 for acidified calcined palygorskite, 0.472 mol L-1 min-1 for Fe2O3/palygorskite and 1.276 mol L-1 min-1 for the sludge to char, the latter being the best catalyst for mineralization of acid to CO2 and water. The quinones were adsorbed to the acidic sites of the calcined palygorskite and Fe2O3/palygorskite whose adsorption constants were similar (~ 4.45 L mol-1) and higher than that of the sewage sludge char (3.77 L mol-1).

Avaliação do desempenho da paligorsquita modificada e do carvão da pirólise do lodo de esgoto no processo de degradação fotocatalítica do fenol

The uncontrolled disposal of wastewaters containing phenolic compounds by the industry has caused irreversible damage to the environment. Because of this, it is now mandatory to develop new methods to treat these effluents before they are disposed of. One of the most promising and low cost approaches is the degradation of phenolic compounds via photocatalysis. This work, in particular, has as the main goal, the customization of a bench scale photoreactor and the preparation of catalysts via utilization of char originated from the fast pyrolysis of sewage sludge. The experiments were carried out at constant temperature (50°C) under oxygen (410, 515, 650 and 750 ml min-1). The reaction took place in the liquid phase (3.4 liters), where the catalyst concentration was 1g L-1 and the initial concentration of phenol was 500 mg L-1 and the reaction time was set to 3 hours. A 400 W lamp was adapted to the reactor. The flow of oxygen was optimized to 650 ml min-1. The pH of the liquid and the nature of the catalyst (acidified and calcined palygorskite, palygorskite impregnated with 3.8% Fe and the pyrolysis char) were investigated. The catalytic materials were characterized by XRD, XRF, and BET. In the process of photocatalytic degradation of phenol, the results showed that the pH has a significant influence on the phenol conversion, with best results for pH equal to 5.5. The phenol conversion ranged from 51.78% for the char sewage sludge to 58.02% (for palygorskite acidified calcined). Liquid samples analyzed by liquid chromatography and the following compounds were identified: hydroquinone, catechol and maleic acid. A mechanism of the reaction was proposed, whereas the phenol is transformed into the homogeneous phase and the others react on the catalyst surface. For the latter, the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model was applied, whose mass balances led to a system of differential equations and these were solved using numerical methods in order to get estimates for the kinetic and adsorption parameters. The model was adjusted satisfactorily to the experimental results. From the proposed mechanism and the operating conditions used in this study, the most favored step, regardless of the catalyst, was the acid group (originated from quinone compounds), being transformed into CO2 and water, whose rate constant k4 presented value of 0.578 mol L-1 min-1 for acidified calcined palygorskite, 0.472 mol L-1 min-1 for Fe2O3/palygorskite and 1.276 mol L-1 min-1 for the sludge to char, the latter being the best catalyst for mineralization of acid to CO2 and water. The quinones were adsorbed to the acidic sites of the calcined palygorskite and Fe2O3/palygorskite whose adsorption constants were similar (~ 4.45 L mol-1) and higher than that of the sewage sludge char (3.77 L mol-1).

Obtenção e caracterização de um compósito de matriz polimérica com carga de resíduos vegetal proveniente do sabugo de milho

The feasibility of using the corn cob to obtain a polymer matrix composite was studied. To obtain the bran, corncob passed the drying process in a solar dryer, and was subsequently triturated in forage and to obtain the different particle sizes, by sieving. Three different grain sizes were used: fine particles (FP) size between 0,10 and 2mm; sized particles (PM) with sizes between 2,10 and 3,35 mm; large particles (PG) sizes between 3,45 and 4,10 mm. Using 20% of residue relative to the resin, the test samples were constructed for characterization of the composite, taking into account thermal and mechanical parameters. The main advantage of the proposed composite is that it has a low density, below the relative resin, about 1.06 kg / m³ for the PG. The composite showed a mechanical behavior less than of the resin to the grain sizes and for all formulations studied. Showed better results for the bending, reaching 25.3 MPa for the PG. The composite also showed be feasible for thermal applications, with thermal conductivity less than 0.21 W / m, ranking as insulation. In terms of homogeneity of the mixture, the most viable grain size is the PF, which also showed improved aesthetics and better processability. This composite can be used to make structures that do not require significant mechanical strength, such as tables, chairs, planks, and solar and wind prototypes, such as ovens and cookers and turbines blades.

Obtenção e caracterização de um compósito de matriz polimérica com carga de resíduos vegetal proveniente do sabugo de milho

The feasibility of using the corn cob to obtain a polymer matrix composite was studied. To obtain the bran, corncob passed the drying process in a solar dryer, and was subsequently triturated in forage and to obtain the different particle sizes, by sieving. Three different grain sizes were used: fine particles (FP) size between 0,10 and 2mm; sized particles (PM) with sizes between 2,10 and 3,35 mm; large particles (PG) sizes between 3,45 and 4,10 mm. Using 20% of residue relative to the resin, the test samples were constructed for characterization of the composite, taking into account thermal and mechanical parameters. The main advantage of the proposed composite is that it has a low density, below the relative resin, about 1.06 kg / m³ for the PG. The composite showed a mechanical behavior less than of the resin to the grain sizes and for all formulations studied. Showed better results for the bending, reaching 25.3 MPa for the PG. The composite also showed be feasible for thermal applications, with thermal conductivity less than 0.21 W / m, ranking as insulation. In terms of homogeneity of the mixture, the most viable grain size is the PF, which also showed improved aesthetics and better processability. This composite can be used to make structures that do not require significant mechanical strength, such as tables, chairs, planks, and solar and wind prototypes, such as ovens and cookers and turbines blades.

Obtenção e caracterização de um compósito de matriz polimérica com carga de bucha vegetal luffa cylindrica

Composite materials arise from the need for lighter materials and with bigger mechanical and thermal resistance. The difficulties of discard, recycling or reuse are currently environmental concerns and, therefore, they are study object of much researches. In this perspective the feasibility of using loofahs (Luffa Cylindrica) for obtainment of a polymeric matrix composite was studied. Six formulations, with 4, 5 and 6 treated layers and untreated, were tested. The loofahs were treated in boiling water to remove lignins, waxes and impurities present in the fibers. After that, they were dried in a direct exposure solar dryer. For the characterization of the composite, thermal (thermal conductivity, thermal capacity, thermal diffusivity and thermal resistivity), mechanical (tensile and bending resistance) and physicochemical (SEM, XRD, density, absorption and degradation) properties were determined. The proposed composite has as advantage the low fiber density, which is around 0.66 g/cm³ (almost half of the polyester resin matrix), resulting in an average composite density of around 1.17g/cm³, 6.0 % lower in relation to the matrix. The treatment carried out in the loofahs increased the mechanical strength of the composite and decreased the humidity absorption. The composite showed lower mechanical behavior than the matrix for all the formulations. The composite also demonstrated itself to be feasible for thermal applications, with a value of thermal conductivity of less than 0.159 W/m.K, ranking it as a good thermal insulator. For all formulations/settings a low adherence between fibers and matrix occurred, with the presence of cracks, showing the fragility due to low impregnation of the fiber by the matrix. This composite can be used to manufacture structures that do not require significant mechanical strength, such as solar prototypes, as ovens and stoves.

Obtenção e caracterização de um compósito de matriz polimérica com carga de bucha vegetal luffa cylindrica

Composite materials arise from the need for lighter materials and with bigger mechanical and thermal resistance. The difficulties of discard, recycling or reuse are currently environmental concerns and, therefore, they are study object of much researches. In this perspective the feasibility of using loofahs (Luffa Cylindrica) for obtainment of a polymeric matrix composite was studied. Six formulations, with 4, 5 and 6 treated layers and untreated, were tested. The loofahs were treated in boiling water to remove lignins, waxes and impurities present in the fibers. After that, they were dried in a direct exposure solar dryer. For the characterization of the composite, thermal (thermal conductivity, thermal capacity, thermal diffusivity and thermal resistivity), mechanical (tensile and bending resistance) and physicochemical (SEM, XRD, density, absorption and degradation) properties were determined. The proposed composite has as advantage the low fiber density, which is around 0.66 g/cm³ (almost half of the polyester resin matrix), resulting in an average composite density of around 1.17g/cm³, 6.0 % lower in relation to the matrix. The treatment carried out in the loofahs increased the mechanical strength of the composite and decreased the humidity absorption. The composite showed lower mechanical behavior than the matrix for all the formulations. The composite also demonstrated itself to be feasible for thermal applications, with a value of thermal conductivity of less than 0.159 W/m.K, ranking it as a good thermal insulator. For all formulations/settings a low adherence between fibers and matrix occurred, with the presence of cracks, showing the fragility due to low impregnation of the fiber by the matrix. This composite can be used to manufacture structures that do not require significant mechanical strength, such as solar prototypes, as ovens and stoves.

Comparação de produtos de colagem de origem animal, vegetal e extratos de leveduras em vinhos tintos

No mercado têm surgido alternativas aos produtos de colagem de origem animal, nomeadamente as proteínas de origem vegetal e extratos de levedura. O objectivo deste trabalho foi a comparação de um elevado número de produtos de colagem de origem animal (gelatinas) e produtos alternativos de origem vegetal e levuriano. Inicialmente os produtos de colagem foram aplicados ao vinho em diferentes doses. Com base na avaliação sensorial, foram selecionados os produtos e as doses que revelaram melhor desempenho. Os produtos de colagem selecionados foram aplicados ao vinho e avaliado o seu efeito nas características sensoriais e físico-químicas. O parâmetro que apresentou diferenças mais significativas foi a turbidez. A análise estatística apenas revelou diferenças significativas para os atributos qualidade do sabor e nota final; apesar de não evidenciar diferenças significativas, as variações observadas para o atributo extração/secura foram muito importantes do ponto de vista prático. As gelatinas que mostraram melhor desempenho foram as POA 10 e POA 12 e as proteínas vegetais POV 6 (proteína de ervilha) e POV 10 (proteína de batata). Este estudo permitiu a recolha de informação para ser utilizada na seleção do produto de colagem mais apropriado para o perfil de vinho da adega e a alternativa mais apropriada às gelatinas.

Dinámica superficial del agua en planicies semiáridas : el papel de las precipitaciones y de la cobertura vegetal

El balance de agua de ecosistemas situados sobre planicies áridas y semiáridas se encuentra determinado por la precipitación (principal entrada de agua) y la evapotranspiración (principal salida de agua). La fracción de la precipitación que ingresa en el suelo y su redistribución espacial son los principales controles del funcionamiento de dichos ecosistemas, como por ejemplo de su productividad primaria neta. En esta tesis se exploró la dinámica superficial del agua en planicies semiáridas dedicadas a la ganadería extensiva, evaluando el papel de las precipitaciones y de la cobertura vegetal a distintas escalas espaciales. En el centro de Argentina, la distribución relativa de tamaño de eventos de precipitación resultó constante en el espacio (sitios dispuestos a lo largo de un gradiente de precipitación de ~1000 mm/año) y en el tiempo (50 años); encontrándose que el 10 por ciento de los eventos de precipitación de mayor tamaño explicó casi la mitad de la precipitación anual. El reemplazo de bosques secos nativos por pasturas en el Chaco Árido, por un lado, aumentó la evaporación potencial del suelo y el escurrimiento superficial a escala de parcela (~1 ha); por otro lado, redujo a la mitad la conductividad hidráulica saturada y generó una reducción de la variabilidad espacial del agua del suelo a escala de parche (0,25 m2). La intensidad de los eventos de precipitación resultó el factor determinante para explicar los procesos de redistribución de agua del suelo de los bosques secos nativos; parches menos vegetados capturaron más agua en eventos de precipitación poco intensos (mayor a 10 mm/h), mientras que parches más vegetados capturaron más agua en eventos más intensos ((menor a 20 mm/h). La cosecha de agua de lluvia en represas o tajamares representó menos del 1 por ciento de la precipitación anual, desempeñando un papel menor en el balance de agua regional (~20000 km2); sin embargo, a escala de parcela o lote (1-100 ha) puede afectar profundamente la partición de flujos de agua, por ejemplo generando recarga inducida como resultado de las pérdidas por infiltración de las represas. Los resultados obtenidos en esta tesis aportan nuevas perspectivas para entender la dinámica superficial del agua en sistemas ganaderos semiáridos, y por lo tanto, para mejorar la producción primaria y secundaria de los mismos.

Procedimiento de obtención de abono líquido orgánico rico en sustancias húmicas a partir de compost de origen vegetal

Obtención de un producto líquido rico en sustancias húmicas mediante un procedimiento sencillo, rápido y extrapolable a nivel industrial y cuya aplicación a nivel agrícola sea satisfactoria. La obtención de dicho abono se ha llevado a cabo gracias a la optimización del proceso de extracción de las sustancias húmicas presentes en muestras de compost de origen vegetal. Las condiciones óptimas en las que se llevó a cabo dicho proceso implicaron altos valores de pH (> 10) y temperaturas superiores a 100°C. La aplicación del producto obtenido bajo tales condiciones, a nivel agrícola, ha mostrado aspectos de enorme interés tanto desde el punto de vista del desarrollo vegetal como en relación a las características del suelo o de la microbiota asociada a dicho sustrato.

Un modelo de solución tecnológica a la sanidad vegetal

En este trabajo muestra cómo aplicar soluciones tecnológicas concretas a las principales tareas relativas a la sanidad vegetal. Proponemos un modelo de las tareas en términos de flujos de trabajo. Cada una de estas tareas se mapea con una aplicación software concreta y en el caso de la selección de un tratamiento fitosanitario en una situación específica se describe un método estructurado para la toma de decisiones que puede ser aplicable el proceso analítico jerárquico (Analytic Hierarchy Process, AHP).

O entre do carvão ao corpo - em - arte de ator-brincante

I propose with this paper a reflection on the experiences contained in the creation of the body- in-art (FERRACINI, 2006a, b) that originated the show Rosmaninhos... This process was developed within the coletivo UZUME teatro from João Pessoa PB, through recreations and resignifications of the corporeity and physicality contained in the steps, loas, aboios, songs and choreography observed in the manners that Mestre Zequinha plays in his group of Cavalo Marinho (Sea Horse), resident in the city of Bayeux - PB, and starting from the appropriation of the text Hamlet of William Shakespeare. The body-in-art is understood in this work as a vectorial body that dilates its daily functionality, recognizing a potential learning area capable to generate creative escape lines that destabilize the "subject centered in an individuality and identity" (FOUCAULT apud FERRACINI, 2006b, p.14), being open to the differentiation of itself, indicating the possible existence of an itself-other and of the exchange-in-art space. This process of construction of the body-in-art based on Master Zequinha s ways of playing the Cavalo Marinho was methodically guided by the appropriation of the coletivo UZUME teatro of the stages of Observation, Codification and Theatricalization contained in the technique of corporal mimeses proposed by the LUME Teatro (Campinas - SP). That use resulted in two phases: Active Observation and Composition of the body-in-art. Through the repetition of these aesthetic matrixes of the Cavalo Marinho, the actors discovered actions that when, codified and organized, can configure their body-in-art, which created a vectorial exchange-in-art space to what was found in the Cavalo Marinho party. This search proposed the means of potentiating the actors' work when it comes to a preparation that allowed to dilate the scenic presence and stimulated the production of actions, which culminated in the mounting of the show Rosmaninhos...

Canções de fogo: a apreensão de saberes através da performance da escuta no contexto da União do Vegetal

O ritual onde se utiliza a cocção conhecida por ayahuasca vem sendo ressignificado em contextos urbanos há mais de oito décadas, sobretudo após sua expansão iniciada pelos movimentos organizados. Essa experiência derivante dos povos da floresta amazônica, vem ultrapassando tanto fronteiras geográficas como culturais, sendo constantemente reinventada por diferentes agentes. Contemporaneamente, o fenômeno abarca indivíduos provenientes de várias partes do mundo incorporando legados doutrinários de mestres originários da América Latina. A linha doutrinária conhecida por União do Vegetal - UDV, na qual este trabalho se centra, vem ganhando espaço entre os circuitos europeus neo esotéricos. Atualmente o ritual é vivenciado por mais de 18 mil pessoas espalhadas pelo globo e tem como característica, após a ingestão da cocção, a utilização da música como uma das ferramentas mediadoras para a apreensão dos princípios doutrinários. Usualmente os mestres da UDV têm como característica a utilização de fonogramas de variadas categorias musicais que adquirem uma dimensão simbólica e funcional no momento do ritual. A comunidade estabelecida em Portugal - foco desta tese – e as comunidades digitais Musincante e Músicas do Alto, permitiram-me perceber, através do trabalho de campo e de observação participante, elementos constitutivos que abrangem toda a comunidade da UDV. O enfoque parte da perspectiva de observar essa doutrina como um lugar de conhecimento sistematizado e formal. No sentido de compreender os processos de construção desse saber, foi verificado o protagonismo do ato da escuta como elemento central para a apreensão da doutrina. Neste sentido, esta tese adota o conceito de performance da escuta como meio de explorar as formas como o indivíduo e o coletivo absorvem um saber doutrinário a partir da música e de como esta assume o papel de mediadora dos saberes transmitidos no contexto da UDV e de manutenção deste conhecimento num contexto extra ritual.