Método de previsão de capacidade de carga de estacas : aplicação dos conceitos de energia do ensaio SPT

A previsão da capacidade de carga de estacas constitui-se um dos desafios da engenharia de fundações por requerer, na teoria, a estimativa de propriedades do solo, suas alterações pela execução da fundação e o conhecimento do mecanismo de interação solo-estaca. Devido à dificuldade de reproduzir analítica e numericamente o mecanismo de interação solo-estaca, a prática brasileira faz uso correlações empíricas, relacionando diretamente os resultados do ensaio SPT com o desempenho do elemento de fundação. Apesar da grande contribuição dos métodos tradicionalmente utilizados, a sua validade está limitada à prática construtiva regional e às condições específicas dos casos históricos utilizados em seu estabelecimento. Com o objetivo de incorporar à engenharia de fundações brasileira um novo método de previsão de capacidade de carga de estacas, obtido diretamente a partir de ensaios SPT, desenvolveu-se nesta pesquisa uma metodologia baseada na interpretação do ensaio SPT sugerida por Odebrecht (2003). À luz desta nova interpretação, utiliza-se a força dinâmica de reação do solo à cravação do amostrador SPT para estimar a capacidade de carga de estacas, relacionando os mecanismos de mobilização de resistência do amostrador (modelo) com os da estaca (protótipo). No intuito de validar a metodologia proposta, organizou-se neste trabalho, um expressivo banco de dados compostos por 325 provas de carga à compressão e 43 provas de carga à tração, executadas em diferentes regiões do país. Das provas de carga à compressão, 132 casos são de estacas cravadas pré-moldadas de concreto, 28 de estacas metálicas, 95 de estacas hélice contínua e 70 casos de estacas escavadas. Já nas provas de carga à tração, 3 casos são de estacas cravadas pré-moldadas, 31 de estacas hélice contínua e 9 casos de estacas escavadas. Conclui-se a partir de análises comparativas entre cargas previstas e medidas que o método proposto é capaz de prever de forma satisfatória a capacidade de carga de estacas. Uma análise estatística dos dados possibilitou atribuir à estimativa de capacidade de carga, um intervalo de confiança das previsões, baseado na confiabilidade requerida para o projeto.

Regulação e concorrência intramodal no transporte ferroviário de carga sob a perspectiva comparada Brasil-Alemanha

A concorrência intramodal é uma forma de mitigação dos problemas derivados de um monopólio natural. Os setores assim estruturados caracterizam-se por elevados custos fixo e a fundo perdido, com grandes economias de escala e necessidade de elevada escala mínima de eficiência para viabilização da atividade. Essas circunstâncias impedem que a concorrência, em seu sentido mais óbvio, seja ali instaurada. Esse é o caso do setor ferroviário, onde se verifica a inviabilidade econômica de duplicação da infraestrutura. Entretanto, a depender da política regulatória adotada pelo Estado, um ambiente mais competitivo pode ser instaurado. O trabalho propõe uma análise comparada entre o modelo regulatório implementado na Alemanha, a partir das reformas ferroviárias propostas pela União Europeia, buscando extrair da experiência estrangeira aprendizados quanto aos dilemas enfrentados e características desejadas ao modelo institucional brasileiro para as novas concessões ferroviárias nacionais previstas no Plano Nacional de Investimento em Logística (PIL). O objetivo da análise consiste em verificar qual foi o modelo regulatório aplicado pela Alemanha para garantir parâmetros satisfatórios de concorrência intramodal e o modelo proposto pelo Governo Federal, com o objetivo de incentivar a ampliação do uso desse modal na cadeia logística brasileira, assim como aumentar a densidade da malha. Para permitir uma efetiva comparação dos modelos, faz-se necessário proceder preliminarmente a um breve entendimento sobre os arranjos regulatórios existentes que objetivam garantir o acesso à malha ferroviária: o tráfego mútuo, o direito de passagem e as formas de unbundling. A hipótese de investigação consiste em observar que as mudanças na regulação setorial que estão sendo consideradas pelo governo brasileiro se distanciam tanto do modelo que foi utilizado para a desestatização do setor, nos anos 90, quanto da experiência alemã de unbundling.

Eutrofização e capacidade de carga de fósforo de seis reservatórios a bacia do Rio Seridó, região semi-árida do Estado do RN

The eutrofization is a natural process of accumulation of nutrients in aquatic´s body that it has been accelerated for the human´s actives, mainly the related with the activities of camp, industrial and the inadequate disposition of the domestic sewage. The enrichment of the aquatic´s body with nutrients, mainly the nitrogen and the phosphorus, and the consequent proliferation of algae and Cyanobacteria can commit the quality of the water for the public provisioning, for the fish farming and for other ends. The problem becomes more critical when there is a shortage of water naturally as in the semi-arid area of the Brazilian northeast. Before that problem this work had as objective evaluates the trophic state of six reservoirs of the basin of River Seridó of Rio Grande of Norte and also estimate the capacity of load of match of the reservoir and risk probabilities based on the established limits by the resolution Conama 357/05. The results demonstrate that the six reservoirs are eutrofization, with concentration of total phosphorus and cloro a in the water upster to 50 e 12 μg l-1. The results show that space homogeneity exists in the state trophic of the reservoirs, but a significant variation interanual in function of the increase of the concentrations of nutrients and decrease of the transparency of the water with the reduction of the body of water accumulated in the reservoirs.The results of the simulation risk estocastic show that the reservoirs could receive annually from 72 to 216 Kg of P, assuming a risk of 10% of increasing in more than 30 μg l-1 the annual medium concentrations of total match in the water of these reservoirs. This load could be high in until 360 kg of P a year in case the managers assume a risk of 10% of increasing in more than 50 μg l-1 the annual medium concentrations of total phosphorus in the waters of these reservoirs

Uma Lectina D-lactose específica da esponja marinha Cinachyrella apion: purificação, caracterização e interação com Leishmania chagasi

Four different sponge species were screened using Ouchterlony agarose gel and immunodiffusion tests to identify cross-reactivity with the polyclonal antibody IgG anti-deglicosilated CvL, a lectin from Cliona varians. Crude extract from the sponge Cinachyrella apion showed cross-reactivity and also a strong haemmaglutinating activity towards human erythrocytes of all ABO groups. Thus, it was submitted to acetone fractionation, IgG anti-deglicosilated CvL Sepharose affinity chromatography, and Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (FPLC-AKTA) gel filtration on a Superose 6 10 300 column to purify a novel lectin. C. apion lectin (CaL) agglutinated all types of human erythrocytes with preference for papainized type A and O erythrocytes. The haemagglutinating activity is independent of Ca2+, Mg2+ and Mn2+ ions, and it was strongly inhibited by the disaccharide D-lactose, up to a minimum concentration of 6.25 mM. CaL molecular mass determined by FPLC-AKTA gel filtration on a Superose 12 10 300 column and SDS gel electrophoresis was approximately 124 kDa, consisting of eight subunits of 15.5 kDa, assembled by hydrophobic interactions. The lectin was relatively heat- and pH-stable. Leishmania chagasi romastigotes were agglutinated by CaL, indicating that lactose receptors could be presented in this parasite stage. These findings are indicative of the physiological defense roles of CaL and its possible use in the antibiosis of pathogenic protozoa

Estudo de massa cerâmica triaxial visando à otimização do ciclo de queima da indústria de cerâmica estrutural

Over recent years the structural ceramics industry in Brazil has found a very favorable market for growth. However, difficulties related to productivity and product quality are partially inhibiting this possible growth. An alternative for trying to solve these problems and, thus, provide the pottery industry the feasibility of full development, is the substitution of firewood used in the burning process by natural gas. In order to contribute to this process of technological innovation, this paper studies the effect of co-use of ceramic phyllite and kaolin waste on the properties of a clay matrix, verifying the possible benefits that these raw materials can give to the final product, as well as the possibility of such materials to reduce the heat load necessary to obtain products with equal or superior quality. The study was divided into two steps: characterization of materials and study of formulations. Two clays, a phyllite and a residue of kaolin were characterized by the following techniques: laser granulometry, plasticity index by Atterberg limits, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, mineralogical composition by Rietveld, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis. To study the formulations, specifically for evaluation of technological properties of the parts, was performed an experimental model that combined planning involving a mixture of three components (standard mass x phyllite x kaolin waste) and a 23 factorial design with central point associated with thermal processing parameters. The experiment was performed with restricted strip-plot randomization. In total, 13 compositional points were investigated within the following constraints: phyllite ≤ 20% by weight, kaolin waste ≤ 40% by weight, and standard mass ≥ 60% by weight. The thermal parameters were used at the following levels: 750 and 950 °C to the firing temperature, 5 and 15 °C/min at the heating rate, 15 and 45min to the baseline. The results showed that the introduction of phyllite and/or kaolin waste in ceramic body produced a number of benefits in properties of the final product, such as: decreased absorption of water, apparent porosity and linear retraction at burn; besides the increase in apparent specific mass and mechanical properties of parts. The best results were obtained in the compositional points where the sum of the levels of kaolin waste and phyllite was maximal (40% by weight), as well as conditions which were used in firing temperatures of 950 °C. Regarding the prospect of savings in heat energy required to form the desired microstructure, the phyllite and the residue of kaolin, for having small particle sizes and constitutions mineralogical phases with the presence of fluxes, contributed to the optimization of the firing cycle.

Estudo de adsorvente obtido de terras diatomáceas para remoção de metais pesados em águas produzidas: processamento, caracterização e dinâmica em leito fixo

The acceleration of industrial growth in recent decades on all continents aroused the interest of the companies to counter the impacts produced on the environment, spurred primarily by major disasters in the petroleum industry. In this context, the water produced is responsible for the largest volume of effluent from the production and extraction of oil and natural gas. This effluent has in its composition some critical components such as inorganic salts, heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, ), presence of oil and chemicals added in the various production processes. In response to impact, have been triggered by research alternative adsorbent materials for water treatment and water produced, in order to removing oils and acids and heavy metals. Many surveys of diatomaceous earth (diatomite) in Brazil involve studies on the physico-chemical, mineral deposits, extraction, processing and applications. The official estimated Jazi are around 2.5 million tonnes, the main located in the states of Bahia (44%) and Rio Grande do Norte (37,4%). Moreover, these two states appear as large offshore producers, earning a prominent role in research of adsorbents such as diatomite for treatment of water produced. Its main applications are as an agent of filtration, adsorption of oils and greases, industrial load and thermal insulator. The objective of this work was the processing and characterization of diatomite diatomaceous earth obtained from the municipality of Macaíba-RN (known locally as tabatinga) as a low cost regenerative adsorbent for removal of heavy metals in the application of water produced treatment. In this work we adopted a methodology for batch processing, practiced by small businesses located in producing regions of Brazil. The characterization was made by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and specific surface area (BET). Research conducted showed that the improvement process used was effective for small volume production of diatomite concentrated. The diatomite obtained was treated by calcination at temperature of 900 oC for 2 hours, with and without fluxing Na2CO3 (4%), according to optimal results in the literature. Column adsorption experiments were conducted to percolation of the in nature, calcined and calcined fluxing diatomites. Effluent was used as a saline solution containing ions of Cu, Zn, Na, Ca and Mg simulating the composition of produced waters in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The breakthrough curves for simultaneous removal of copper ions and zinc as a result, 84.3% for calcined diatomite and diatomite with 97.3 % for fluxing. The calcined fluxing diatomite was more efficient permeability through the bed and removal of copper and zinc ions. The fresh diatomite had trouble with the permeability through the bed under the conditions tested, compared with the other obtained diatomite. The results are presented as promising for application in the petroleum industry

Estudo da perda de carga e calor no poço injetor no processo De drenagem gravitacional assistida por vapor (SAGD)

The oil companies in the area in general are looking for new technologies that can increase the recovery factor of oil contained in reservoirs. These investments are mainly aimed at reducing the costs of projects which are high. Steam injection is one of these special methods of recovery in which steam is injected into the reservoir in order to reduce the viscosity of the oil and make it more mobile. The process assisted gravity drainage steam (SAGD) using steam injection in its mechanism, as well as two parallel horizontal wells. In this process steam is injected through the horizontal injection well, then a vapor chamber is formed by heating the oil in the reservoir and, by the action of gravitational forces, this oil is drained down to where the production well. This study aims to analyze the influence of pressure drop and heat along the injection well in the SAGD process. Numerical simulations were performed using the thermal simulator STARS of CMG (Computer Modeling Group). The parameters studied were the thermal conductivity of the formation, the flow of steam injection, the inner diameter of the column, the steam quality and temperature. A factorial design was used to verify the influence of the parameters studied in the recovery factor. We also analyzed different injection flow rates for the model with pressure drop and no pressure drop, as well as different maximum flow rates of oil production. Finally, we performed an economic analysis of the two models in order to check the profitability of the projects studied. The results showed that the pressure drop in injection well have a significant influence on the SAGD process.