Three people on the lawn near Memorial Hall, Chapman College, Orange, California

Three people are sitting on the lawn near Memorial Hall, Chapman College, Orange, California.

South side of Memorial Hall, Chapman College, Orange, California

South corner of front of Memorial Hall, Chapman College, Orange, California.

Night view of Memorial Hall, Chapman College, Orange, California

Night view of Memorial Hall, Chapman College, Orange, California.

Memorial Hall, Chapman College, Orange, California

Memorial Hall, Chapman College, Orange, California. Looking southeast.

Memorial Hall, Chapman College, Orange, California

Two people seated on the lawn in front of Memorial Hall, Chapman College, Orange, California. Stamped on the back: Bill Agee Photography, 700 Carnation, P. O. Box 612, Cornia Del Mar, CA 92625, (714) 675-9096.

Helicopter landing in front of Memorial Hall, Chapman College, Orange, California

Helicopter landing on the sunken lawn in front of Memorial Hall, Chapman College, Orange, California.

Memorial Hall, Chapman College, Orange, California

Memorial Hall, Chapman College, Orange, California, March, 1979.

Memorial Hall, Chapman College, Orange, California

Memorial Hall, Chapman College, Orange, California, looking southeast.

Memorial Hall, Chapman College, Orange, California

Night view of Memorial Hall, Chapman College, Orange, California.

Memorial Hall, Chapman College, Orange, California

Entrance of Memorial Hall, Chapman College, Orange, California.

Chapman University signage and Memorial Hall, Chapman University, Orange, California

Looking east from North Glassell Street to Chapman University signage and Memorial Hall, Chapman University, Orange, California, ca. 1991.

Memorial Hall, Chapman University, Orange, California

Memorial Hall, Chapman University, Orange, California, looking southeast.

The impact of wine closure and packaging type, and light and temperature exposure on the concentration of 3-alkyl-2 -methoxypyrazines and other key constituents of wine

3-alkyl-2-methoxypyrazines (MPs) are grape- and insect-derived odor-active compounds responsible for vegetative percepts that are detrimental to wine quality when elevated. This study tested both the effect of closure/packaging types and light/temperature storage conditions on MPs (isopropyl-, secbutyl-, and isobutyl-MP) in wine. An MP-emiched wine rapidly (after 140 hours) and significantly decreased in MP concentration after natural and synthetic cork contact (immersion of closures in wine). This decrease was greatest with synthetic closures (70% - 89% reduction) and secbutyl-MP. Subsequently storage trials tested the effects of commercial closure/packaging options (natural cork, agglomerate cork, synthetic corks, screwcaps and TetraPak® cartons) on MPs in MP-emiched Riesling and Cabernet Franc over 18 months. Regardless of packaging, isobutyl-MP was the most altered from bottling. Notably, all MP levels tended to decrease to the greatest extent in TetraPak® cartons (~34% for all MPs) and there was evidence of contribution ofisoproyl- and secbutyl-MP from cork-based closures (i.e. ~30% increase in secbutyl-MP after 6 months) or from an unidentified wine constituent. To test the effects of various light/temperature conditions (light exposed at ambient temperature in three different bottle hues, light excluded at ambient temperature and light excluded at a "cellar" temperature (14°C)), MP-emiched Riesling and Cabernet Franc were also analyzed for MP concentrations over 12 months. MPs did not vary consistently with light or temperature. Other odorants and physico-chemical properties were tested in all wines during storage trials and closely agree with previous literature. These results provide novel insights into MPs during ageing, interactions with packaging and storage conditions, and assist in the selection of storage conditions/packaging for optimal wine quality.

Rainbow over Memorial Hall, Chapman College, Orange, California

Rainbow over Memorial Hall, Chapman College, Orange, California, 1986.

The Wizard of Oz, Memorial Hall auditorium, Chapman College, Orange, California

View from balcony in Memorial Hall auditorium during a production of The Wizard of Oz, Chapman College, Orange, California. Primarily an audience of children; performers are skipping down an aisle toward back entrance.