Transfer reactions in the investigation of light-nuclei nucleosynthesis

Cross sections for the (6)Li(p,gamma)(7)Be, (7)Li(n,gamma)(8)Li (8)Li(n,gamma)(9)Li and (8)Li(p,gamma)(9)Be capture reactions have been investigated in the framework of the potential model. The main ingredients of the potential model are the potentials used to generate the continuum and bound-state wave functions and spectroscopic factors of the corresponding bound systems. The spectroscopic factors for the (7)Li circle times n=(8)Li(gs), (8)Li circle times n=(9)Li(gs) bound systems were obtained from a FR-DWBA analysis of neutron transfer reactions induced by (8)Li radioactive beam on a (9)Be target, while spetroscopic factor for the (8)Li circle times n=(9)Be(gs) bound system were obained from a proton transfer reaction. From the obtained capture reaction cross section, reaction rate for the (8)Li(n,gamma)(9)Li and (8)Li(p,gamma)(9)Be direct neutron and proton capture were determined and compared with other experimental and calculated values.

Cellular and tissue effects induced by photogemA (R) and red LED in photodynamic therapy

In order to consider the photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a clinical treatment for candidosis, it is necessary to know its cytotoxic effect on normal cells and tissues. Therefore, this study evaluated the toxicity of PDT with PhotogemA (R) associated with red light-emitting diode (LED) on L929 and MDPC-23 cell cultures and healthy rat palatal mucosa. In the in vitro experiment, the cells (30000 cells/cm(2)) were seeded in 24-well plates for 48 h, incubated with PhotogemA (R) (50, 100, or 150 mg/l) and either irradiated or not with a red LED source (630 +/- 3 nm; 75 or 100 J/cm(2); 22 mW/cm(2)). Cell metabolism was evaluated by the MTT assay (ANOVA and Dunnet`s post hoc tests; p < 0.05) and cell morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy. In the in vivo evaluation, PhotogemA (R) (500 mg/l) was applied to the palatal mucosa of Wistar rats during 30 min and exposed to red LED (630 nm) during 20 min (306 J/cm(2)). The palatal mucosa was photographed for macroscopic analysis at 0, 1, 3, and 7 days posttreatment and subjected to histological analysis after sacrifice of the rats. For both cell lines, there was a statistically significant decrease of the mitochondrial activity (90-97%) for all PhotogemA (R) concentrations associated with red LED regardless of the energy density. However, in the in vivo evaluation, the PDT-treated groups presented intact mucosa with normal characteristics both macroscopically and histologically. From these results, it may be concluded that the association of PhotogemA (R) and red LED caused severe toxic effects on normal cell cultures, characterized by the reduction of mitochondrial activity and morphological alterations, but did not cause damage to the rat palatal mucosa in vivo.

Evidence of fluoride oxidation for development of the electrochemically-induced crystallization observed in lead oxyfluoroborate glasses

This work reports on a distinct experimental procedure conceived to closely approach the question of development of crystallization in lead oxyfluoroborate glasses in the presence of an electric field. After proposing earlier that this phenomenon should involve occurrence of redox-type electrochemical reactions occurring at the electrodes. it was in fact recently shown that a direct contact of the glasses with both the cathode and anode revealed essential, provided that crystallization did not develop when ions migration to these electrodes became frustrated. The present study demonstrates that. even in Pt,Ag/Glass/YSZ:PbF(2)/Ag,Pt-type electrochemical cells subjected to electric field action, where YSZ:PbF(2) represents composite-like mixtures (formed by Y(2)O(3)-doped ZrO(2) and PbF(2)) placed between the glass and anode. crystallization was observable in given cases. In summary, supported by (micro)structural and electrical characterizations, clear evidence is provided here that, besides Pb(2+) reduction at the cathode, crystallization really involves simultaneous F(-) oxidation at the anode, completing thus the whole redox electrochemical reaction so far postulated. In these cases, F(-) migration to the anode was achievable following PbF(2) percolative-like paths through the YSZ:PbF(2) mixtures. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Early Changes in Gene Expression Induced by Tobacco Smoke: Evidence for the Importance of Estrogen within Lung Tissue

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States, surpassing breast cancer as the primary cause of cancer-related mortality in women. The goal of the present study was to identify early molecular changes in the lung induced by exposure to tobacco smoke and thus identify potential targets for chemoprevention. Female A/J mice were exposed to either tobacco smoke or HEPA-filtered air via a whole-body exposure chamber (6 h/d, 5 d/wk for 3, 8, and 20 weeks). Gene expression profiles of lung tissue from control and smoke-exposed animals were established using a 15K cDNA microarray. Cytochrome P450 1b1, a phase I enzyme involved in both the metabolism of xenobiotics and the 4-hydroxylation of 17 beta-estradiol (E(2)), was modulated to the greatest extent following smoke exposure. A panel of 10 genes were found to be differentially expressed in control and smoke-exposed lung tissues at 3, 8, and 20 weeks (P < 0.001). The interaction network of these differentially expressed genes revealed new pathways modulated by short-term smoke exposure, including estrogen metabolism. In addition, E(2) was detected within murine lung tissue by gas chromatography-coupled mass spectrometry and immunohistochemistry. Identification of the early molecular events that contribute to lung tumor formation is anticipated to lead to the development of promising targeted chemopreventive therapies. In conclusion, the presence of E2 within lung tissue when combined with the modulation of cytochrome P450 1b1 and other estrogen metabolism genes by tobacco smoke provides novel insight into a possible role for estrogens in lung cancer. Cancer Prev Res; 3(6); 707-17. (C) 2010 AACR.

Mechanism of Trypanosoma cruzi death induced by Cratylia mollis seed lectin

Incubation of T. cruzi epimastigotes with the lectin Cramoll 1,4 in Ca(2+) containing medium led to agglutination and inhibition of cell proliferation. The lectin (50 A mu g/ml) induced plasma membrane permeabilization followed by Ca(2+) influx and mitochondrial Ca(2+) accumulation, a result that resembles the classical effect of digitonin. Cramoll 1,4 stimulated (five-fold) mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, significantly decreased the electrical mitochondrial membrane potential (Delta I(m)) and impaired ADP phosphorylation. The rate of uncoupled respiration in epimastigotes was not affected by Cramoll 1,4 plus Ca(2+) treatment, but oligomycin-induced resting respiration was 65% higher in treated cells than in controls. Experiments using T. cruzi mitochondrial fractions showed that, in contrast to digitonin, the lectin significantly decreased Delta I(m) by a mechanism sensitive to EGTA. In agreement with the results showing plasma membrane permeabilization and impairment of oxidative phosphorylation by the lectin, fluorescence microscopy experiments using propidium iodide revealed that Cramoll 1,4 induced epimastigotes death by necrosis.

Effect of some antioxidants on oxidative DNA damage induced by autoxidation of microquantities of sulfite in the presence of Ni(II)/Gly-Gly-L-His

Ni(II)GGH (GGH, glycylglycyl-L-histidine) reacts rapidly with S(IV), in air-saturated solution, to produce Ni(III)GGH. A mechanism is proposed where Ni(III) oxidizes SO(3)(2-) to SO(3)(center dot-), which reacts with dissolved oxygen to produce SO(5)(center dot-), initiating radical chain reactions. DNA strand breaks and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-20-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo) formation were observed in air-saturated solutions containing micromolar concentrations of nickel(II) and S(IV). The efficacies of melatonin, (-)-epigallocatechin-gallate (from green tea), resveratrol, tannic, and ascorbic acids in terms of their inhibitory activities of DNA strand breaks and 8-oxodGuo formation were evaluated.

Light-Induced Oxidation of Unsaturated Lipids as Sensitized by Flavins

Triplet-excited riboflavin ((3)RF*) was found by laser flash photolysis to be quenched by polyunsaturated fatty acid methyl esters in tert-butanol/water (7:3, v/v) in a second-order reaction with k similar to 3.0 x 10(5) L mol(-1) s(-1) at 25 degrees C for methyl linoleate and 3.1 x 10(6) L mol(-1) s(-1), with Delta H double dagger = 22.6 kJ mol(-1) and Delta S double dagger = -62.3 J K(-1) mol(-1), for methyl linolenate in acetonitrile/water (8:2, v/v). For methyl oleate, k was <10(4) L mol(-1) s(-1). For comparison, beta-casein was found to have a rate constant k similar to 4.9 x 10(8) L mol(-1) s(-1). Singlet-excited flavin was not quenched by the esters as evidenced by insensitivity of steady-state fluorescence to their presence. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that electron transfer from unsaturated fatty acid esters to triplet-excited flavins is endergonic, while a formal hydrogen atom transfer is exergonic (Delta G(HAT)degrees = -114.3, -151.2, and -151.2 kJ mol(-1) for oleate, linoleate, and linolenate, respectively, in acetonitrile). The reaction is driven by acidity of the lipid cation radical for which a pK(a) similar to -0.12 was estimated by DFT calculations. Absence of electrochemical activity in acetonitrile during cyclic voltammetry up to 2.0 V versus NHE confirmed that Delta G(ET)degrees > 0 for electron transfer. Interaction of methyl esters with (3)RF* is considered as initiation of the radical chain, which is subsequently propagated by combination reactions with residual oxygen. In this respect, carbon-centered and alkoxyl radicals were detected using the spin trapping technique in combination with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Moreover, quenching of 3RF* yields, directly or indirectly, radical species which are capable of initiating oxidation in unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters. Still, deactivation of triplet-excited flavins by lipid derivatives was slower than by proteins (factor up to 10(4)), which react preferentially by electron transfer. Depending on the reaction environment in biological systems (including food), protein radicals are expected to interfere in the mechanism of light-induced lipid oxidation.

Measuring CO2 emissions induced by online and brick-and-mortar retailing

We develop a method for empirically measuring the difference in carbon footprint between traditional and online retailing (“e-tailing”) from entry point to a geographical area to consumer residence. The method only requires data on the locations of brick-and-mortar stores, online delivery points, and residences of the region’s population, and on the goods transportation networks in the studied region. Such data are readily available in most countries, so the method is not country or region specific. The method has been evaluated using data from the Dalecarlia region in Sweden, and is shown to be robust to all assumptions made. In our empirical example, the results indicate that the average distance from consumer residence to a brick-and-mortar retailer is 48.54 km in the studied region, while the average distance to an online delivery point is 6.7 km. The results also indicate that e-tailing increases the average distance traveled from the regional entry point to the delivery point from 47.15 km for a brick-and-mortar store to 122.75 km for the online delivery points. However, as professional carriers transport the products in bulk to stores or online delivery points, which is more efficient than consumers’ transporting the products to their residences, the results indicate that consumers switching from traditional to e-tailing on average reduce their CO2 footprints by 84% when buying standard consumer electronics products. 

Measuring CO2 emissions induced by online and brick-and-mortar retailing

We develop a method for empirically measuring the difference in carbon footprint between traditional and online retailing (“e-tailing”) from entry point to a geographical area to consumer residence. The method only requires data on the locations of brick-and-mortar stores, online delivery points, and residences of the region’s population, and on the goods transportation networks in the studied region. Such data are readily available in most countries, so the method is not country or region specific. The method has been evaluated using data from the Dalecarlia region in Sweden, and is shown to be robust to all assumptions made. In our empirical example, the results indicate that the average distance from consumer residence to a brick-and-mortar retailer is 48.54 km in the studied region, while the average distance to an online delivery point is 6.7 km. The results also indicate that e-tailing increases the average distance traveled from the regional entry point to the delivery point from 47.15 km for a brick-and-mortar store to 122.75 km for the online delivery points. However, as professional carriers transport the products in bulk to stores or online delivery points, which is more efficient than consumers’ transporting the products to their residences, the results indicate that consumers switching from traditional to e-tailing on average reduce their CO2 footprints by 84% when buying standard consumer electronics products. 

Levantamento de cigarrinhas e aranhas em pomares de laranja Valência nos Vales do Caí e Taquari, RS, Brasil

Atualmente no Brasil, já foram identificadas 75 espécies de cigarrinhas ocorrentes em pomares cítricos. Destas, doze espécies são comprovadamente capazes de transmitir Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al. 1987, bactéria causadora da Clorose Variegada dos Citros (CVC). Esta doença foi detectada pela primeira vez no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul em 1993 (Tubelis et al., 1993) e parece estar circunscrita à pomares das regiões com temperaturas mais elevadas no Estado, não sendo porém, descartada a presença da CVC na Região dos Vales do Caí e Taquari (Rosseto, 2001). Além das cigarrinhas consideradas transmissoras e potencialmente vetoras, podem haver outras espécies que ainda não foram identificadas. Por este motivo foram desenvolvidas pesquisas que visaram a identificação das espécies de cigarrinhas, sua abundância, diversidade, sazonalidade, monitoramento e seus inimigos naturais em pomares de laranja “Valência” nos Vales do Caí e Taquari, RS. No primeiro artigo foi estudada a flutuação populacional de nove espécies de cicadelíneos, sendo constatada a presença de dois padrões de sazonalidade, com a maioria das espécies ocorrendo ao longo de todo o ano e uma espécie que ocorreu em um período restrito. No segundo, foram registradas 80 espécies de cigarrinhas em pomares com diferentes tipos de manejo. As duas comunidades não apresentaram diferenças significativas quanto à diversidade; porém sua distribuição de abundância das espécies e similaridade das espécies foram diferentes, concluindo que sejam provavelmente influenciadas por fatores climáticos, porém estes são secundários se comparados às mudanças resultantes dos manejos. O terceiro artigo traz um levantamento das cigarrinhas com armadilha adesiva amarela sugerindo que seu monitoramento seja feito na primavera, verão e outono; para a identificação de espécies vetoras de fitoplasmas é necessário o uso concomitante de outro método. O quarto artigo traz a araneofauna presente nos pomares tendo sido registradas um total de 99 espécies, tanto na planta cítrica (72) quanto na vegetação espontânea (40) e algumas espécies comuns às duas composições florísticas (11).

Avaliação do potencial genotóxico de amostras ambientais da região hidrográfica da bacia do Lago Guaíba

O uso de bioensaios genéticos é uma importante ferramenta na avaliação da contaminação ambiental. Esta poluição, que em grande parte tem origem nas atividades humanas, é liberada no ambiente tendo como destino final, preferencialmente, os corpos d’água. No Rio Grande do Sul, a maior parcela da população e da produção interna do estado estão localizados na Região Hidrográfica do Lago Guaíba, sendo este, por conseqüência, um grande receptor de contaminantes urbanos, industriais e rurais. Neste contexto, o bivalve exótico Limnoperna fortunei (mexilhão dourado) foi escolhido, com base em dados de sua população e distribuição, como possível organismo biomonitor nesta região. Neste estudo, foram padronizadas as metodologias do ensaio cometa e teste de micronúcleos para hemócitos de L. fortunei. A sensibilidade dos mexilhões in vitro, foi avaliada pela exposição das células à radiação ultravioleta e in vivo pela exposição dos organismos aos agentes químicos com potencial genotóxico sulfato de cobre e pentaclorofenol. A radiação ultravioleta induziu uma relação dose resposta, com dano máximo, detectado pelo ensaio cometa, na dose de 4.2 J/m2. Para as avaliações in vivo, os organismos foram expostos aos agentes químicos por duas horas para o ensaio cometa e 24 e 48 horas para o teste de micronúcleos. Ambos compostos induziram danos gerando uma curva dose-resposta. O sulfato de cobre induziu a maior genotoxicidade na dose de 20 μg/ml, apresentando toxicidade em 48 horas de exposição. Para pentaclorofenol, o máximo de dano foi observado na exposição de 150 μg/L em ambos os ensaios. Animais expostos a pentaclorofenol apresentaram 100% de reparação do DNA 2 horas após a exposição. Em exposição dos mexilhões por sete dias a amostras ambientais contaminadas por compostos genotóxicos, também foi possível a detecção de danos por ambos os ensaios. Após a padronização das metodologias e verificação da sensibilidade, o mexilhão dourado foi utilizado para avaliar o potencial genotóxico de amostras de água superficial e sedimento da Bacia do Guaíba. As amostras de água e sedimento foram coletadas em oito pontos da Região Hidrográfica do Lago Guaíba, cinco na região de foz dos principais rios formadores do lago Guaíba (Gravataí, Sinos, Caí, Jacuí e Taquarí), um na foz do arroio Dilúvio, que corta a cidade de Porto Alegre, e em dois pontos dentro do lago Guaíba (Guaíba PC e Guaíba BR), próximo a locais de liberação de esgoto urbano (Guaíba BR e Guaíba PC). Foram avaliadas as estações do ano inverno e primavera e verão. Os moluscos foram coletados no Parque Estadual de Itapuã e aclimatados por no mínimo 7 dias em laboratório. Os organismos foram expostos por 7 dias as diferentes amostras ambientais, sendo trocado ¼ do volume de água e sedimento a cada 24h. Foi evidenciada indução de dano ao DNA pelas amostras do rio Jacuí, possivelmente relacionado com atividades de extração de carvão nesta região. As amostras do rio Taquari também induziram genotoxicidade, provavelmente como conseqüência da intensa liberação de efluentes da indústria alimentícia na região. Foi possível observar uma fraca relação entre a presença de elementos inorgânicos, detectada pelo método de PIXE (Próton Induced X Ray Emission), no corpo mole dos moluscos e a indução de danos ao DNA. No entanto, mais de 60% dos resultados positivos encontrados em ambos os ensaios, foram relacionados a locais com ampla liberação de esgoto (rio Gravataí, do arroio Dilúvio e os dois locais de coleta no lago Guaíba). Entendendo que a contaminação de origem urbana parece ser o maior problema dentro desta Região Hidrográfica, dois dos locais de coleta que sofrem com esta influência, Guaíba BR e Guaíba PC, foram mais detalhadamente avaliados em duas estações do ano, inverno e verão. Amostras de água superficial e de lixiviado de sedimento foram testadas por método direto quanto à indução de mutagênese pelo ensaio Salmonella/microsoma. Exemplares de L. fortunei, também foram avaliados em dois tipos de exposição: in situ, onde exemplares coletados diretamente nos locais avaliados foram avaliados sem tratamento no laboratório e exposição em laboratório, onde os animais foram coletados em Itapuã e expostos as amostras em laboratório. Apenas uma amostra de água superficial, Guaíba BR no inverno, apresentou mutagenicidade na linhagem TA98 em presença de ativação metabólica. Esta mesma amostra induziu danos ao DNA, detectados pelo ensaio cometa, em hemócitos de moluscos expostos em laboratório e coletados in situ e também aumentou a freqüência de micronúcleos em animais expostos in situ. As amostras do ponto Guaíba PC induziram aumento significativo de micronúcleos em moluscos expostos tanto em laboratório quanto in situ. A influência de elementos inorgânicos, detectados pelo método de PIXE nas amostras de água e no corpo mole dos moluscos, parece ser menos importante do que a contaminação por compostos orgânicos. Estes resultados salientam a forte influência de contaminantes orgânicos nesta região, destacando o biomonitoramento com o mexilhão dourado como uma importante ferramenta no diagnóstico deste tipo de contaminação.

Kinetics of cellular component in inflammatory response induced by different stimuli in the swim bladder of pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg 1887 (Characidae)

The present study assessed the kinetics of cell accumulation at the site of inflammation induced by thioglycolate, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and heat-inactivated Aeromonas hydrophila, in the pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus (Characidae), swim bladder. A quantitative, as well as qualitative, assessment was done of all the cells present in the exudate at 6, 24, and 48 h (n = 8) after inoculation of inflammatory agents. The results show that the thioglycolate was the irritant to induce higher total inflammatory cell accumulation when compared to the control group, 6 h after insult (P < 0.05). Inoculation of heat-inactivated Aeromonas hydrophila induced progressive accumulation of total inflammatory cells, with cell number peaking after 24 h and being significantly higher than observed in the other groups (P < 0.05). Injection of LPS also induced greater cell accumulation when compared to the control group (P < 0.05), although in lower numbers than those induced by the other two irritants. All irritants injected induced significantly greater accumulation of lymphocytes and thrombocytes when compared to the control group (P < 0.05).

Influence of husbandry systems on physiological stress reactions of captive brown brocket (Mazama gouazoubira) and marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus)-noninvasive analysis of fecal cortisol metabolites

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Physical environment modulates the behavioral responses induced by chemical stimulation of dorsal periaqueductal gray in mice

In order to investigate the relationship between behaviors elicited by chemical stimulation of the dorsal periaqueductal gray (dorsal PAG) and spontaneous defensive behaviors to a predator, the excitatory amino acid D,L-homocysteic acid (5 nmol in 0.1 mu l), was infused into the dorsal PAG and behavioral responses of mice were evaluated in two different situations, a rectangular novel chamber or the Mouse Defense Test Battery (MDTB) apparatus. During a 1-min period following drug infusion, more jumps were made in the chamber than in the MDTB runway but running time and distance traveled were significantly higher in the runway. Animals were subsequently tested using the standard MDTB procedure (anti-predator avoidance, chase and defensive threat/attack). No drug effects on these measures were significant. In a further test in the MDTB apparatus, the pathway of the mouse during peak locomotion response was blocked 3 times by the predator stimulus (anesthetized rat) to determine if the mouse would avoid contact. Ninety percent of D,L-homocysteic treated animals made direct contact with the stimulus (rat), indicating that D,L-homocysteic-induced running is not guided by relevant (here, threat) stimuli. These results indicate that running as opposed to jumping is the primary response in mice injected with D,L-homocysteic into the dorsal PAG when the environment enables flight. However, the lack of responsivity to the predator during peak locomotion suggests that D,L-homocysteic-stimulation into the dorsal PAG does not induce normal antipredator flight. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Involvement of dopamine receptors in diethylpropion-induced conditioning place preference

Diethylpropion (DEP) is an amphetamine-like agent used as an anorectic drug. Abuse of DEP has been reported and some restrictions of its use have been recently imposed. The conditioning place preference (CPP) paradigm was used to evaluate the reinforcing properties of DEP in adult male Wistar rats. After initial preferences were determined, animals weighing 250-300 g (N = 7 per group) were conditioned with DEP (10, 15 or 20 mg/kg). Only the dose of 15 mg/kg produced a significant place preference (358 ± 39 vs 565 ± 48 s). Pretreatment with the D1 antagonist SCH 23390 (0.05 mg/kg, sc) 10 min before DEP (15 mg/kg, ip) blocked DEP-induced CPP (418 ± 37 vs 389 ± 31 s) while haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg, ip), a D2 antagonist, 15 min before DEP was ineffective in modifying place conditioning produced by DEP (385 ± 36 vs 536 ± 41 s). These results suggest that dopamine D1 receptors mediate the reinforcing effect of DEP