Climate and infectious disease: Use of remote sensing for detection of Vibrio cholerae by indirect measurement

It has long been known that cholera outbreaks can be initiated when Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium that causes cholera, is present in drinking water in sufficient numbers to constitute an infective dose, if ingested by humans. Outbreaks associated with drinking or bathing in unpurified river or brackish water may directly or indirectly depend on such conditions as water temperature, nutrient concentration, and plankton production that may be favorable for growth and reproduction of the bacterium. Although these environmental parameters have routinely been measured by using water samples collected aboard research ships, the available data sets are sparse and infrequent. Furthermore, shipboard data acquisition is both expensive and time-consuming. Interpolation to regional scales can also be problematic. Although the bacterium, V. cholerae, cannot be sensed directly, remotely sensed data can be used to infer its presence. In the study reported here, satellite data were used to monitor the timing and spread of cholera. Public domain remote sensing data for the Bay of Bengal were compared directly with cholera case data collected in Bangladesh from 1992–1995. The remote sensing data included sea surface temperature and sea surface height. It was discovered that sea surface temperature shows an annual cycle similar to the cholera case data. Sea surface height may be an indicator of incursion of plankton-laden water inland, e.g., tidal rivers, because it was also found to be correlated with cholera outbreaks. The extensive studies accomplished during the past 25 years, confirming the hypothesis that V. cholerae is autochthonous to the aquatic environment and is a commensal of zooplankton, i.e., copepods, when combined with the findings of the satellite data analyses, provide strong evidence that cholera epidemics are climate-linked.

Correspondence with Judge George Thatcher, 1789-1815

Correspondence from Tyng, who resided in Newburyport and Boston, to Congressman George Thacher of Maine, touching on a variety of political topics such as the judiciary act of 1789, the make-up of the United States Supreme Court, and the judges of the Massachusetts court system.

Letters from George W. Slacum to William Tudor,

One letter of professional courtesy and one letter regarding the capture of the American ship Frances.

Letter from George W. Lewis to William Tudor,

One letter inquiring if Tudor wished to send any letters to Boston with Lewis when he sailed.

Records of the Society for the Promotion of Theological Education at Harvard University, 1788-1853 (inclusive), 1816-1853 (bulk)

Includes minutes and other records, 1816-1829, of the trustees of the Society and other correspondence relating to the founding of the Society; treasurer's reports, 1843-1844, of J.G. Palfrey; lists of beneficiaries, 1824- 1830; and subscription receipts, 1819-1823. Also records regarding subscriptions for a professorship, 1828, an extract from the will of J.D. Williams, and legal matters. For more detailed information about records, see Harvard Archives LOCATION below.

Letter from George Richards Minot to Daniel Kilham, 1777 December 1

Three-page handwritten letter from Harvard undergraduate George Richards Minot to his friend and Harvard graduate Daniel Kilham, dated December 1, 1777. The letter describes the discipline inflicted upon Minot and seven of his classmates by the Harvard government following a “Thanksgiving frolic,” and the retributions carried out by the students against a Tutor who recommended harsh measures for the accused students. The Early Faculty minutes for 1777 (UAIII 5.5, Volume 4, pages 75-76) describes the students’ crime as “making riotous & tumultuous noises in the Hall…committed in Presence of a number foreigners, & and on a day appointed by Authority for public Thanksgiving.”

Boston, Massachusetts and vicinity, showing Revolutionary War fortification sites, 1788 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Boston with its environs, [by] T. Conder, sculpt. The map was originally published in: William Gordon's The history of the rise, progress, and establishment, of the independence of the United States of America, 1788. Scale [ca. 1:53,360]. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows Revolutionary War features such as positions of troops, redoubts, batteries, and forts, etc. It also shows features such as roads, drainage, selected public buildings and residences, and more. Relief is shown by hachures. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.

Particulars of the trial and execution of George Partridge, aged 21: who was executed at Bury-St.-Edmund's, on Monday last, for the wilful murder of George Ansell, aged 9 years, within a few miles of Polstead, the late scene of Maria Martin's murder. Also, the prisoner's confession

Date of imprint from execution date, April 13, 1829 -- Capital Punishment UK site via WWW, viewed December 14, 2007.

The life of George, fourth earl of Aberdeen, K. G., K. T.,

"A short bibliography of the fourth Earl of Aberdeen, by J. M. Bulloch": vol.II, p. 334-339.

Records of the Baron court of Stitchell, 1655-1807;

"Introduction" by George Gunn: p. ix-xxxix.

Das illustrirte Mississippithal : dargestellt in 80 nach der Natur aufgenommenen Ansichten vom Wasserfalle zu St. Anthony an bis zum Golf von Mexico (eine Entfernung von ungefähr 2300 englischen Meilen) /

Cf. Sabin 40807.

Books reviewed,

John Clare.--Miss Mansfield's stories--A book-collector.--Editing Shakespeare.--William James's letters.--Baudelaire.--Keats.--Austin Doubsn's essays--Mr. George Moore's tapestry.--Andrew Marvell.--A dictionary.--Queen Victioria.--Henley.--A critic.--Mr. Gosse's criticisms.--The art of writing.--A metabiological Pentateuch.--Byron.--Mr. de la Mare's romance [Memoirs of a midget]--Croce on Shakespeare.--The poets and childhood.--The classics in translation.--Escapes.--Lord Rosebery's Miscellanies--Minor Carolines--Mediv̲al Englis poetry.--Mark Akenside.--William Collins--Herman Milville.--Stock phrases--The laureates.--Letters.--Glands.--A supplement to Whitman.--The elements of poetry.--The prospects of English.--Delicate details--Christopher Smart.

Life of David Lloyd George.

Volume 4: Speeches.