Monte Carlo simulation of circular grain growth

Monte Carlo simulations have been carried out to study the effect of temperature on the growth kinetics of a circular grain. This work demonstrates the importance of roughening fluctuations on the growth dynamics. Since the effect of thermal fluctuations is stronger in d =2 than in d =3, as predicted by d =3 theories of domain kinetics, the circular domain shrinks linearly with time as A (t)=A(0)-αt, where A (0) and A(t) are the initial and instantaneous areas, respectively. However, in contrast to d =3, the slope α is strongly temperature dependent for T≥0.6TC. An analytical theory which considers the thermal fluctuations agrees with the T dependence of the Monte Carlo data in this regime, and this model show that these fluctuations are responsible for the strong temperature dependence of the growth rate for d =2. Our results are particularly relevant to the problem of domain growth in surface science

A proposal for the metrological characterization of circular features with digital optical machines

This paper aims to analyze the different adjustment methods commonly used to characterize indirect metrology circular features: least square circle, minimum zone circle, maximum inscribed circle and minimum circumscribed circle. The analysis was performed from images obtained by digital optical machines. The calculation algorithms, self-developed, have been implemented in Matlab® and take into consideration as study variables: the amplitude of angular sector of the circular feature, its nominal radio and the magnification used by the optical machine. Under different conditions, it was determined the radius and circularity error of different circular standards. The comparison of the results, obtained by the different methods of adjustments used, with certified values for the standards, has allowed us to determine the accuracy of each method and its scope.

Propagation mechanism modelling in the near region of circular tunnels

Artículo sobre comunicaciones ferroviarias. Abstract: Along with the increase in operating frequencies in advanced radio communication systems utilised inside tunnels, the location of the break point is further and further away from the transmitter. This means that the near region lengthens considerably and even occupies the whole propagation cell or the entire length of some short tunnels. To begin with, this study analyses the propagation loss resulting from the free-space mechanism and the multi-mode waveguide mechanism in the near region of circular tunnels, respectively. Then, by conjunctive employing the propagation theory and the three-dimensional solid geometry, a general analytical model of the dividing point between two propagation mechanisms is presented for the first time. Moreover, the model is validated by a wide range of measurement campaigns in different tunnels at different frequencies. Finally, discussions on the simplified formulae of the dividing point in some application situations are made. The results in this study can be helpful to grasp the essence of the propagation mechanism inside tunnels.

Boundary element approach to the dynamic stiffness functions of circular foundations

A boundary element approach for time harmonic axisymmetric problems using the complete space point load fundamental solution is presented. The fundamental solution is integrated numerically along the azimuthal co-ordinate of each axisymmetric element. To increase the accuracy of the numerical integration a simple co-ordinate transformation is proposed. The approach is applied to the computation of the dynamic stiffness functions of rigid circular foundations on layered viscoelastic soils. Three different sites are considered: a uniform half-space, a soil layer on a half-space, and a soil consisting of four horizontal layers and a compliant half-space. The numerical results obtained by the proposed approach for surface circular foundations are very close to corresponding published results obtained by different procedures.

Dual circular polarized steering antenna for satellite communications in X band

In this work, a dual circular polarized steering antenna for satellite communications in X band is presented. The antenna consists of printed elements grouped in an array. This terminal works in a frequency band from 7.25 GHz up to 8.4 GHz (15% of bandwidth), where both bands, reception (RX) and transmission (TX) are included simultaneously and Left Handed Circular Polarization (LHCP) and Right Handed Circular Polarization (RHCP) are interchangeable. The antenna is compact, narrow bandwidth and reaches a gain of 16 dBi. It has the capability to steer in elevation to 45±, 75±, 105± and 135± electronically with a Butler matrix and 360± in azimuth with a motorized junction.

Tether radiation in Juno-type and circular-equatorial Jovian orbits

Wave radiation by a conductor carrying a steady current in both a polar, highly eccentric, low perijove orbit, as in NASA's planned Juno mission, and an equatorial low Jovian orbit (LJO) mission below the intense radiation belts, is considered. Both missions will need electric power generation for scientific instruments and communication systems. Tethers generate power more efficiently than solar panels or radioisotope power systems (RPS). The radiation impedance is required to determine the current in the overall tether circuit. In a cold plasma model, radiation occurs mainly in the Alfven and fast magnetosonic modes, exhibiting a large refraction index. The radiation impedance of insulated tethers is determined for both modes and either mission. Unlike the Earth ionospheric case, the low-density, highly magnetized Jovian plasma makes the electron gyrofrequency much larger than the plasma frequency; this substantially modifies the power spectrum for either mode by increasing the Alfven velocity. Finally, an estimation of the radiation impedance of bare tethers is considered. In LJO, a spacecraft orbiting in a slow downward spiral under the radiation belts would allow determining magnetic field structure and atmospheric composition for understanding the formation, evolution, and structure of Jupiter. Additionally, if the cathodic contactor is switched off, a tether floats electrically, allowing e-beam emission that generate auroras. On/off switching produces bias/current pulses and signal emission, which might be used for Jovian plasma diagnostics.

Instability and topology bifurcations on a hemisphere-cylinder at high angle of attack

La configuración de un cilindro acoplado a una semi-esfera, conocida como ’hemispherecylinder’, se considera como un modelo simplificado para numerosas aplicaciones industriales tales como fuselaje de aviones o submarinos. Por tanto, el estudio y entendimiento de los fenómenos fluidos que ocurren alrededor de dicha geometría presenta gran interés. En esta tesis se muestra la investigación del origen y evolución de los, ya conocidos, patrones de flujo (burbuja de separación, vórtices ’horn’ y vórtices ’leeward’) que se dan en esta geometría bajo condiciones de flujo separado. Para ello se han llevado a cabo simulaciones numéricas (DNS) y ensayos experimentales usando la técnica de Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), para una variedad de números de Reynolds (Re) y ángulos de ataque (AoA). Se ha aplicado sobre los resultados numéricos la teoría de puntos críticos obteniendo, por primera vez para esta geometría, un diagrama de bifurcaciones que clasifica los diferentes regímenes topológicos en función del número de Reynolds y del ángulo de ataque. Se ha llevado a cabo una caracterización completa sobre el origen y la evolución de los patrones estructurales característicos del cuerpo estudiado. Puntos críticos de superficie y líneas de corriente tridimensionales han ayudado a describir el origen y la evolución de las principales estructuras presentes en el flujo hasta alcanzar un estado de estabilidad desde el punto de vista topológico. Este estado se asocia con el patrón de los vórtices ’horn’, definido por una topología característica que se encuentra en un rango de números de Reynolds muy amplio y en regímenes compresibles e incompresibles. Por otro lado, con el objeto de determinar las estructuras presentes en el flujo y sus frecuencias asociadas, se han usado distintas técnicas de análisis: Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD), Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) y análisis de Fourier. Dichas técnicas se han aplicado sobre los datos experimentales y numéricos, demostrándose la buena concordancia entre ambos resultados. Finalmente, se ha encontrado en ambos casos, una frecuencia dominante asociada con una inestabilidad de los vórtices ’leeward’. ABSTRACT The hemisphere-cylinder may be considered as a simplified model for several geometries found in industrial applications such as aircrafts’ fuselages or submarines. Understanding the complex flow phenomena that surrounds this particular geometry is therefore of major industrial interest. This thesis presents an investigation of the origin and evolution of the complex flow pattern; i.e. separation bubbles, horn vortices and leeward vortices, around the hemisphere-cylinder under separated flow conditions. To this aim, threedimensional Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) and experimental tests, using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) techniques, have been performed for a variety of Reynolds numbers (Re) and angles of attack (AoA). Critical point theory has been applied to the numerical simulations to provide, for the first time for this geometry, a bifurcation diagram that classifies the different flow topology regimes as a function of the Reynolds number and the angle of attack. A complete characterization about the origin and evolution of the complex structural patterns of this geometry has been put in evidence. Surface critical points and surface and volume streamlines were able to describe the main flow structures and their strong dependence with the flow conditions up to reach the structurally stable state. This state was associated with the pattern of the horn vortices, found on ranges from low to high Reynolds numbers and from incompressible to compressible regimes. In addition, different structural analysis techniques have been employed: Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD), Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) and Fourier analysis. These techniques have been applied to the experimental and numerical data to extract flow structure information (i.e. modes and frequencies). Experimental and numerical modes are shown to be in good agreement. A dominant frequency associated with an instability of the leeward vortices has been identified in both, experimental and numerical results.

Magnetic self-field effects on bare-tether current collection

It has been recently suggested that the magnetic field created by the current in a bare tether could sensibly reduce its electron collection capability in the magnetised ionosphere, a region of closed magnetic surfaces disconnecting the cylinder from infinity. In this paper, the ohmic voltage drop along the tether is taken into account in considering self-field effects. Separate analyses are carried out for the thrust and power generation and drag modes of operation, which are affected in different ways. In the power generation and drag modes, bias decreases as current increases along the tether, starting at the anodic, positively-biased end (upper end in the usual, eastward-flying spacecraft); in the thrust mode of operation, bias increases as current increases along the tether, starting at the lower end. When the ohmic voltage drop is considered, self-field effects are shown to be weak, in all cases, for tape tethers, and for circular cross-section tethers just conductive in a thin outer layer. Self-field effects might become important, in the drag case only, for tethers with fully conductive cross sections that are unrealistically heavy.

Finite elastic deformations of transversely isotropic circular cylindrical tubes

We consider the finite radially symmetric deformation of a circular cylindrical tube of a homogeneous transversely isotropic elastic material subject to axial stretch, radial deformation and torsion, supported by axial load, internal pressure and end moment. Two different directions of transverse isotropy are considered: the radial direction and an arbitrary direction in planes normal locally to the radial direction, the only directions for which the considered deformation is admissible in general. In the absence of body forces, formulas are obtained for the internal pressure, and the resultant axial load and torsional moment on the ends of the tube in respect of a general strain-energy function. For a specific material model of transversely isotropic elasticity, and material and geometrical parameters, numerical results are used to illustrate the dependence of the pressure, (reduced) axial load and moment on the radial stretch and a measure of the torsional deformation for a fixed value of the axial stretch.

Instruccion circular que han de observar los Cavalleros Corregidores de las Cabezas de partido de este Reyno en la averiguacion exacta de los estragos... donde se huviere padecido la calamidad de la langosta, desde Julio de este año 1756... que ha comunicado el señor Conde de Valparaiso

Tít. tomado del principio del texto

Análisis de puentes de planta circular por el método de la lámina plegada

El comportamiento de los puentes de planta circular y sección transversal muy aligerada presenta un problema complejo, en cuanto a la distribución de esfuerzos(interacción, flexión-torsión, distorsión, reparto de esfuerzos entre las distintas almas, etc.). Para poder realizar un correcto estudio del mismo es necesario disponer de un método de cálculo que analice globalmente el comportamiento de la estructura. El método de la Lámina Plegada constituye una herramienta de trabajo eficaz y de fácil utilización, válida para estructuras de sección transversal constante. En este artículo se presenta una ampliación del método de la Lámina Plegada a este tipo estructural, así como un estudio paramétrico del comportamiento de un puente de sección cajón monocelular.

Losa ortótropa circular

Se presenta aquí un análisis elástico de la losa curva, apoyada en dos bordes radiales y con condiciones de sustentación muy generales en sus bordes curvos, y que pueden englobarse en la condición de existencia de vigas. La construcción moderna de autopistas con puentes que deben adaptarse a las necesidades de su trazado ha traido la aparición de puentes irregulares en planta y alzado, que exigen para su cálculo métodos numéricos.Este tipo estructural se caracteriza por su planta circular, y su análisis, en general, no puede ser asimilado al puente rectangular cuyo estudio analítico es más conocido.

Una expresión simplificada de la matriz de rigidez de la barra prismática de directriz circular

En el cálculo de estructuras de barras, es frecuente la aparición de elementos estructurales de directriz curva. Se suelen simular estas situaciones, mediante la introducción de nudos intermedios "extra" y sustitución de los trozos de arco que resultan por barras rectas prismáticas. De este modo, mediante un único programa de cálculo matricial en desplazamientos de barras rectas y prismáticas, se pueden tratar estructuras de barras más generales (variación de la sección, directriz curva, etc.). Los inconvenientes que aparecen en este tratamiento estructural son obvios: Incremento del coste de cálculo al aumentar el número de nudos y aproximación en los resultados producida por la sustitución de la directriz curva de la barra por una poligonal inscrita. Este último aspecto implica, por una parte, la necesidad de introducir las cargas actuantes en las barras, de modo consistente a los nudos extra (en general isostáticamente) y por otra, la especial atención que debe tenerse en el proceso de interpretación de los resultados. Los anteriores inconvenientes pueden evitarse fácilmente, mediante la determinación de la matriz de rigidez y el vector solución inicial (empotramiento total en sus dos extremos) de la barra curva, ya que el método de cálculo matricial en desplazamientos, una vez conocidos estos dos conjuntos de datos, permite su tratamiento de un modo automático, sin distinción del tipo de geometría de la directriz. Es decir, un programa de cálculo-por computador de estructuras de barras, basado en el método del equilibrio de los despÍazamientos, permite, con un esfuerzo adicional de programación insignificante, la inclusión de cualquier tipo de barras curvas.

Teoría elemental de vigas alabeadas. Aplicación a la viga balcón circular

El presente trabajo corresponde a una aplicación de los métodos matemáticos de resolución de ecuaciones diferenciales ordinarias al cálculo elemental de vigas alabeadas. Representa un estudio que comenzó hace varios años el primer autor y que ahora, en colaboración con el profesor González de Cangas, encuentra su término final en esta publicación de la Cátedra de Análisis de las Estructuras de la E.T.S. de Ingenieros de Caminos de Santander. El objetivo de estas notas es fundamentalmente ilustrativo, por lo que únicamente se ha considerado una teoría elemental lineal y elástica de las vigas alabeadas, en donde se extiende la validez de la hipótesis de Navier, así como la no consideración de las deformaciones de cortante y alabeo. Se aplica esta teoría general a un caso simple, la viga balcón circular, en donde se presentan las expresiones de la matriz de rigidez y de las reacciones de empotramiento rígido, bajo dos tipos de carga: puntual arbitraria y uniformemente repartida en toda la luz. La extensión a otros tipos estructurales (viga helicoidal, vigas distorsionadas, etc.) es directa. Esperamos que este trabajo represente una ayuda en el planteamiento y resolución de éstos y otros casos estructurales simples.

Influence of a liquid on the natural frequencies of almost circular plates

In this work, the influence of the surrounding fluid on the dynamic characteristics of almost circular plates is investigated. First the natural frequencies and normal modes for the plates in vacuum are calculated by a perturbation procedure. The method is applied for the case of elliptical plates with a low value of eccentricity. The results are compared with other available methods for this type of plates with good agreement. Next, the effect of the fluid is considered. The normal modes of the plate in vacuum are used as a base to express the vibration mode of the coupled plate-fluid system. By applying the Hankel transformation the nondimensional added virtual mass 2 increment (NAVMI) are calculated for elliptical plates. Results of the NAVMI factors and the effect of the fluid on the natural frequencies are given and it is shown that when the eccentricity of the plate is reduced to zero (circular plate) the known results of the natural frequencies for circular plates surrounded by liquid are recovered.