Language choice of the Foochows in Sarawak, Malaysia

This paper investigates the factors affecting the language choices of the Chinese Foochows of Sarawak, focusing in particular on how the use of the Foochow dialect vis-a`-vis English and other languages might potentially result in a shift in language allegiance away from Foochow. In the context of Sarawak, the Foochows are a substantial, cohesive and homogeneous Chinese ethnic group with a distinctive language and ethnic identity. One would predict that they would engage in extensive language maintenance behaviour. Instead, Foochows living in non-Foochow dominant areas do not seem to have sufficient attachment to the language to transmit it to the next generation. Is this because the Foochows consider that accommodating to communicative norms is more important than preserving their native language as an inherent symbol of their ethnic identity? Or is it the result of the Foochows’ insecurity about the prestige of the dialect and the status of the Foochow people? These issues of accommodation and language allegiance are discussed, based on interview and questionnaire data from 11 Foochow participants. This data set is part of a larger study on the language use of different ethnic groups in multilingual organisational settings in Sarawak.

Morphology, ultrastructure, and implied function of ciliated sensory structures on the developmental stages of Merizocotyle icopae (Monogenea : Monocotylidae)

Experimental infections were used to track the fate of the dorsal sensilla of Merizocotyle icopae (Monogenea: Monocotylidae) from nasal tissue of the shovelnose ray, Rhinobatos typus (Rhinobatidae). Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed that 3 types of uniciliate dorsal sensilla exist at different times in the development of the monogenean. Type 1 sensilla have little or no invagination where the cilium exits the distal end of the dendrite and possess a ring of epidermis surrounding the cilium distal to the invagination. Type 2 sensilla have a deep invagination where the cilium exits the dendrite. Type 3 sensilla can be distinguished from the other types by the shape of the dendrite. The larvae have predominantly Type I dorsal sensilla, most of which are lost approximately 24 h after infection and a few Type 2 sensilla, which are retained. Additional Type 2 sensilla (termed Adult Type 2 sensilla), which are slightly different morphologically from the Type 2 sensilla of the larvae, form in later stages of development. Numerous Type 3 sensilla are unique to the dorsal surface of adults. Loss of all Type I sensilla upon attachment to the host, R. typus, suggests that these may be chemo- or mechanoreceptors responsible for host location by the swimming infective larvae. Type 2 sensilla appear to be important in the larvae, juveniles, and adults whereas the modality mediated by Type 3 is specific to adults. (C) 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

O bebê surdo na educação infantil : um olhar sobre inclusão e práticas pedagógicas

Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar como ocorre a inclusão de dois bebês surdos (de 1 ano) na educação infantil de um Centro Municipal de Educação Infantil (CMEI) do município de Vitória/ES. Como aporte teórico foi utilizada a perspectiva Histórico-Cultural do desenvolvimento humano, sob a perspectiva que o sujeito se constitui nas relações sociais, como um ser ativo que transforma e é transformado nessas relações. Nesse contexto, o desenvolvimento implica a relação com o outro e a mediação da linguagem, meio de comunicação e de constituição do pensamento. Assim, no caso dos bebês surdos, destaca-se a LIBRAS como língua privilegiada que deve ser apropriada por eles e ensinada no cotidiano da educação infantil. Como opção metodológica, desenvolvemos um estudo de caso de inspiração etnográfica, por entendermos que essa metodologia permite atender apropriadamente ao objetivo do estudo. Para a coleta de dados, adotamos recursos como observação participante, registro em diário de campo, entrevistas semiestruturadas com os sujeitos participantes da pesquisa e análise documental. Na análise dos dados, tomamos como eixos de análise: as concepções dos profissionais a respeito da inclusão, surdez e do trabalho com os bebês surdos; o cuidado e a educação dos bebês surdos e as atividades lúdicas na sala dos bebês. As análises indicam que muitos profissionais têm dúvidas a respeito da inclusão e que a falta do conhecimento da LIBRAS por parte de muitos profissionais, leva à utilização de outros recursos de comunicação, como os gestos. A vivência e interação em LIBRAS entre as crianças e a maior parte dos profissionais da escola com os bebês surdos torna-se um desafio, sobressaindo a necessidade de mais profissionais com o conhecimento da LIBRAS para atender às crianças surdas em diferentes espaços no cotidiano da educação infantil, na perspectiva de potencializar o seu desenvolvimento e a constituição de sua identidade. Todavia, os profissionais da escola são movidos pela preocupação com a inclusão e o aprendizado da LIBRAS, esforçando-se no sentido de buscar novas formas de trabalho para/com as crianças surdas. Além disso, o empenho da equipe bilíngue na estruturação do cotidiano da educação infantil merece destaque, não só pelo trabalho que faz enquanto equipe bilíngue, mas pelo incentivo e auxílio aos outros profissionais.

Spatial variability in nutritional status of arabic coffee based on dris index

The combined use of precision agriculture and the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) allows the spatial monitoring of coffee nutrient balance to provide more balanced and cost-effective fertilizer recommendations. The objective of this work was to evaluate the spatial variability in the nutritional status of two coffee varieties using the Mean Nutritional Balance Index (NBIm) and its relationship with their respective yields. The experiment was conducted in eastern Minas Gerais in two areas, one planted with variety Catucaí and another with variety Catuaí. The NBIm of the two varieties and their yields were analyzed through geostatistics and, based on the models and parameters of the variograms, were interpolated to obtain their spatial distribution in the studied areas. Variety Catucai, with grater spatial variability, was more nutritional unbalanced than variety Catuai, and consequently produced lower yields. Excess of Fe and Mn makes these elements limiting yield factors.

Effect of poling state and morphology of piezoelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride) membranes for skeletal muscle tissue engineering

This work reports on the influence of polarization and morphology of electroactive poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF, on the biological response of myoblast cells. Non-poled, ‘‘poled +’’ and “poled-“ -PVDF were prepared in the form of films. Further, random and aligned electrospun -PVDF fiber mats were also prepared. It is demonstrated that negatively charged surfaces improve cell adhesion and proliferation and that the directional growth of the myoblast cells can be achieved by the cell culture on oriented fibers. Therefore, the potential application of electroative materials for muscle regeneration is demonstrated.

The GUISurfer tool: towards a language independent approach to reverse engineering GUI code

Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) are critical components of today's software. Developers are dedicating a larger portion of code to implementing them. Given their increased importance, correctness of GUIs code is becoming essential. This paper describes the latest results in the development of GUISurfer, a tool to reverse engineer the GUI layer of interactive computing systems. The ultimate goal of the tool is to enable analysis of interactive system from source code.

Domain-Specific Language for Coordination patterns

The integration and composition of software systems requires a good architectural design phase to speed up communications between (remote) components. However, during implementation phase, the code to coordinate such components often ends up mixed in the main business code. This leads to maintenance problems, raising the need for, on the one hand, separating the coordination code from the business code, and on the other hand, providing mechanisms for analysis and comprehension of the architectural decisions once made. In this context our aim is at developing a domain-specific language, CoordL, to describe typical coordination patterns. From our point of view, coordination patterns are abstractions, in a graph form, over the composition of coordination statements from the system code. These patterns would allow us to identify, by means of pattern-based graph search strategies, the code responsible for the coordination of the several components in a system. The recovering and separation of the architectural decisions for a better comprehension of the software is the main purpose of this pattern language

Morphology and stability of aggregates of an Oxisol according to tillage system and gypsum application

Morphological characterization and aggregate stability is an important factor in evaluating management systems. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the stability and morphology of the aggregates of a dystrophic Oxisol managed with no-tillage and conventional tillage with and without the residual action of gypsum. The experimental design was randomized blocks arranged in split-split plot, where the treatments were two soil management systems (plots) with 0 and 2000 kg ha-1 of gypsum (subplots) and five depths (0-0.05, 0.05-0.10, 0.10-0.15, 0.15-0.20 and 0.20-0.30 m) as the subsubplots, with four replications. The aggregate morphology was determined through images and later evaluated by the Quantporo software. Stability was determined by the wet method. The results showed that the no-tillage system, with or without gypsum residual effect, provided the aggregates with the largest geometric diameters. The combination of no-tillage system and the gypsum residual effect provided rougher aggregates.

Effect of filler content on morphology and physical-chemical characteristics of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/NaY-zeolite filled membranes

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) electrospun membranes have been prepared with different NaY zeolite contents up to 32%wt. Inclusion of zeolites induces an increase of average fiber size from ~200 nm in the pure polymer up to ~500 nm in the composite with 16%wt zeolite content. For higher filler contents, a wider distribution of fibers occurs leading to a broader size distributions between the previous fiber size values. Hydrophobicity of the membranes increases from ~115º water contact angle to ~128º with the addition of the filler and is independent on filler content, indicating a wrapping of the zeolite by the polymer. The water contact angle further increases with fiber alignment up to ~137º. Electrospun membranes are formed with ~80 % of the polymer crystalline phase in the electroactive  phase, independently on the electrospinning processing conditions or filler content. Viability of MC3T3-E1 cells on the composite membranes after 72 h of cell culture indicates the suitability of the membranes for tissue engineering applications.

A comunicação de informações nas instituições públicas e privadas: o caso XBRL - eXtensible Business Reporting Language no Brasil

O XBRL - eXtensible Business Report Language - é uma linguagem que está sendo implementada em vários países para divulgação das informações contábil-financeiras pela internet. Este artigo mostra o estado-da-arte do XBRL e como se deu sua evolução, bem como avalia o estágio atual do Brasil na divulgação de informações contábil-financeiras pela internet. Foi realizada uma pesquisa do tipo survey com empresas de capital aberto no Brasil. A pesquisa revelou uma forte aceitação do meio eletrônico para divulgação de informações financeiras e também que ainda é muito pequeno o conhecimento da linguagem XBRL no país e, conseqüentemente, menor ainda o número de entidades que já iniciaram formalmente os estudos para sua implementação. Mostrou ainda a inexistência de um padrão de divulgação de informações eletrônicas, tendo predominado os formatos PDF, HTML e DOC, o que dificulta a análise e comparação de informações entre órgãos reguladores e com o público em geral.

Minha filha aprende a falar: percurso de aquisição da linguagem de uma criança brasileira nos tempos actuais

RESUMO: A linguagem é o traço distintivo do ser humano. É por meio dela que nos comunicamos, formamos todos os nossos conceitos, temos uma estória e cultura. A capacidade humana para adquirir um sistema de regras tão complexo como é a linguagem verbal, em um espaço de tempo relativamente curto, tem despertado o interesse de estudiosos ao longo do tempo. Conforme a literatura consultada, a linguagem, de caráter inato, é adquirida em um meio de falantes, seguindo etapas universais de desenvolvimento. Interrogamo-nos então se, nos tempos atuais, marcados pela globalização, esse processo mantem-se igual ou pode sofrer modificações. Esta dissertação resulta de um estudo feito durante os anos 2007/2009, com uma criança brasileira, e teve como objetivo principal descrever o percurso de aquisição da linguagem nos tempos atuais, utilizando a metodologia do estudo de caso. Os dados coletados foram analisados sob os cinco componentes da linguagem: Fonologia, Morfologia, Sintaxe, Semântica e Pragmática, e comparados ao referencial teórico, no intuito de identificar semelhanças e/ou diferenças entre ambos. ABSTRACT: The language is the human‟s differential trace. It is whereby that we communicate, we form all our concepts, we have a story and culture. The human capacity to acquire a rules system such complex as the verbal language, in a relatively short time space, has been awaking the interest of studious along time. According to the consulted literature, the languae, of innate character, is acquired in a way of speakers, following universal stages of development. So, we asked us if, in the current times, marked by globalization, this process keep equal or can suffer modifications. This dissertation results from a study reayized during years 2007/2008, with a Brazilian child, and it had as main goal to describe the language acquisition route in the current times, using the case study as methodology. The collected data were analyzed under the five language components: Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantic and Pragmatic, and compared to theory, intending identifying similarities and/or differences between both.

Language and trade: the (new) route of portuguese in the 21st century

Globalisation has eliminated frontiers and in the case of Europe helped the crossing of borders and changed forever the concept of social (and I would also say individual) geography: the rest of the world is out there; we can pretend not to see it, but we cannot avoid it. Moreover, Europe is undergoing a serious crisis, also economic, and new markets and business partners are welcome. In this context, cultural bonds like a common language can open new investment paths and give rise to successful stories. In this paper we intend to present an example of how low linguistic distance can lead to good business, even if a) in the internationalization process of the companies’ language is often forgotten as a management element and b) consumers of language products (like User Guides) are also not stimulating investment in language by the companies. Through the results of 2 studies carried out in 2010 and 2011 we will show how a pluricentric language like Portuguese is managed in multinational companies (MC) and Small and medium Enterprises (SMEs). The second study is based on an online survey questioning the effectiveness, efficiency and general quality of User Guides and the reaction of consumers to language. Results show that although playing a role in the internationalization process of companies in the same linguistic space, language is opportunistically used. On the other hand, Portuguese and Brazilian consumers show a very functional perception of the Portuguese language...