Circadian variation with a diurnal bimodal profile on scent-marking behavior in captive common marmosets (callitrhix jacchus)

Scent-marking behavior is associated with different behavioral contexts in callitrichids, including signalizing a territory, location of feeding resources, and social rank. In marmosets and tamarins it is also associated with intersexual communication. Though it appears very important for the daily routine of the individuals, very few researchers have investigated distribution through the 24-h cycle. In a preliminary report, we described a preferential incidence of this behavior 2 h before nocturnal rest in families of common marmosets. We expand the data using 8 family groups (28 subjects), 8 fathers, 6 mothers, 8 nonreproductive adults (4 sons and 4 daughters), and 6 juvenile (3 sons and 3 daughters) offspring that we kept in outdoor cages under natural environmental conditions. We recorded the frequency of anogenital scent marking for each group during the light phase, twice a wk, for 4 consecutive wks, from March 1998 to September 1999. Cosinor test detected 24- and 8-h variations in 89.3% and 85.7% of the subjects, respectively, regardless of sex or reproductive status. The 8-h component is a consequence of the 2 peaks for the behavior, at the beginning and end of the light phase. Daily distribution of scent marking is similar to that others described previously for motor activity in marmosets. The coincident rhythmical patterns for both behaviors seem to be associated with feeding behavior, as described for callitrichids in free-ranging conditions, involving an increase in foraging activities early in the morning and shortly before nocturnal rest

Hormonal changes related to paternal and alloparental care in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

The physiological mechanisms of parental and alloparental care in cooperatively breeding nonhuman primate species such as the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) are poorly known. In this study, we examined prolactin and cortisol plasma levels of fathers and older offspring of both sexes, with and without previous experience in infant carrying, around parturition and during infant carrying. Blood samples were collected from fathers and older offspring and prolactin and cortisol were measured by RIA and EIA, respectively. Prolactin levels of both caretakers were not influenced by infant’s birth, previous experience or proximity to parturition. However, prolactin levels increased in both caretakers while in physical contact with infants and also with the number of infants being carried in older offspring. These findings suggest that increased prolactin seems to be mainly due to physical effort rather than a physiological trigger of paternal and alloparental care in common marmosets. Cortisol levels were higher for experienced fathers shortly before parturition which could act to reinforce affiliative bonds between breeding males and females at this time or in the ability of males to detect the proximity of the parturition or both

Lactação materna: a contribuição do pai

BRITO, Rosineide Santana de; ENDERS, Bertha Cruz; SOARES, Verônica Guedes. Lactação materna: a contribuição do pai. Revista Baiana de Enfermagem, Salvador, v.19/20,n.1-3, p.105-112, jan./dez. 2004,jan./dez. 2005.

Desempenho e background familiar: um estudo no acesso a uma instituição de ensino técnico federal no Brasil

This paper comprises an investigation on the influence of the variable family backgrounds (father school level, mother school level and family income) over the pupil s performance in admissions examination (entrance test or PROITEC) at Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN). From that point of view, the main goal of this research is to analyze the influence of the family background as a determiner of the pupil´s performance in the access to Technical and Professional education at IFRN. Secondary data were used from two databases (entrance test and PROITEC) adding up to 19.226 observations to the vacancies offered in the year of 2013. Aiming at achieving the proposed goal, a conceptual model composed of three hypothesis was developed. The results were presented in four stages: stage I presentation of the descriptive statistical results of the two databases; stage II separation of the campi in clusters; stage III analysis of multiple regressions; stage IV analysis of the logistics regressions. Two statistical tests were used to validate the hypothesis: T-test and Wald test. Hypothesis 1 and 2 were confirmed and H3 was refused. The results presented favorable causal connections to the family income and the father school level variables (with bigger effect for fathers with a higher education degree). The mother school level variable did not provide statistical significance for this research. Based on this result, after this work, this institution is to develop a strategic plan to assist in the success rate of students preparing diagnoses in order to diminish the effects of the variables that impacted negatively

O conceito de participação em João Escoto Eriúgena

This thesis aims at studying the concept of participation according to John Scotus Eriugena. The development of our research is based on an identification of Eriugena s sources, investigating the concept of participation since Dyonisus and the Greek Christian fathers, until the Periphyseon. To Eriúgena, the terms that are brought together in participation God, causes, and effects are, while everything that falls out of participation is not. Leaning on his understanding of the relation between cause and effect, according to which the effects participate in the cause and somehow are contained in it, he told us that all things and beings subsist eternally in God, and that God can signify Himself through the created things and beings. To Eriugena, creatures exist because they participate in the Divine Nature and receive their being from It, for nothing truly exists outside of It.

Classic and molecular study of Giardia duodenalis in children from a daycare center in the region of Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Relacionamento conjugal, problemas de comportamento e habilidades sociais de pré-escolares

Variáveis do relacionamento conjugal e relacionamento pais-filhos podem afetar o comportamento das crianças. O objetivo deste trabalho é comparar relatos de pais e mães de pré-escolares com e sem problemas de comportamento, quanto ao relacionamento conjugal. Participaram 48 casais, distribuídos em dois grupos: pais biológicos de crianças com problemas de comportamento e pais biológicos de crianças socialmente habilidosas, segundo avaliação de professores. Os pais foram entrevistados, individualmente, sobre expressão de carinho, comunicação conjugal, características positivas e negativas do cônjuge e qualidade do relacionamento conjugal. Foram encontrados alguns resultados na direção esperada. Os casais com criança socialmente habilidosa foram mais positivos quanto à comunicação e características do cônjuge. Não foram encontradas diferenças na expressão de carinho.

Avaliação de um programa de intervenção de habilidades sociais educativas parentais: um estudo-piloto

Estudos têm apontado relações entre déficits de habilidades sociais educativas de pais e problemas de comportamento de seus filhos. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa visa a descrever os efeitos de um procedimento de intervenção com pais, o qual pretendeu promover suas habilidades sociais educativas. Participaram dois pais e sete mães, que elegeram o filho com o qual descreveram ter maiores dificuldades de relacionamento. Para a avaliação: 1) das dificuldades dos pais, foi utilizada uma entrevista estruturada, e 2) dos procedimentos de intervenção, foram utilizados: a) questionário de habilidades sociais educativas parentais (QHSE-P) e b) inventário de habilidades sociais (IHS-Del Prette). Os resultados das comparações pré e pós-intervenção do IHS-Del Prette mostraram aumento no escore dos grupos; as comparações do QHSE-P apontaram aquisições de diversas habilidades sociais educativas: expressar sentimentos positivos, agradecer elogios, dizer não e negociar limites. Discute-se a necessidade de procedimentos de promoção de habilidades sociais educativas para ampliar o repertório social parental.

Avaliação genética da eficiência reprodutiva em vacas pardo-suíças por meio da análise de sobrevivência

Among the traits of economic importance to dairy cattle livestock those related to sexual precocity and longevity of the herd are essential to the success of the activity, because the stayability time of a cow in a herd is determined by their productive and reproductive lives. In Brazil, there are few studies about the reproductive efficiency of Swiss-Brown cows and no study was found using the methodology of survival analysis applied to this breed. Thus, in the first chapter of this study, the age at first calving from Swiss-Brown heifers was analyzed as the time until the event by the nonparametric method of Kaplan-Meier and the gamma shared frailty model, under the survival analysis methodology. Survival and hazard rate curves associated with this event were estimated and identified the influence of covariates on such time. The mean and median times at the first calving were 987.77 and 1,003 days, respectively, and significant covariates by the Log-Rank test, through Kaplan-Meier analysis, were birth season, calving year, sire (cow s father) and calving season. In the analysis by frailty model, the breeding values and the frailties of the sires (fathers) for the calving were predicted modeling the risk function of each cow as a function of the birth season as fixed covariate and sire as random covariate. The frailty followed the gamma distribution. Sires with high and positive breeding values possess high frailties, what means shorter survival time of their daughters to the event, i.e., reduction in the age at first calving of them. The second chapter aimed to evaluate the longevity of dairy cows using the nonparametric Kaplan-Meier and the Cox and Weibull proportional hazards models. It were simulated 10,000 records of the longevity trait from Brown-Swiss cows involving their respective times until the occurrence of five consecutive calvings (event), considered here as typical of a long-lived cow. The covariates considered in the database were age at first calving, herd and sire (cow s father). All covariates had influence on the longevity of cows by Log-Rank and Wilcoxon tests. The mean and median times to the occurrence of the event were 2,436.285 and 2,437 days, respectively. Sires that have higher breeding values also have a greater risk of that their daughters reach the five consecutive calvings until 84 months

Lócus de controle e conceito de maternidade e paternidade em adolescentes

Locus of control is a construct that seeks to explain people's perceptions about the source of control of events, if the subject's own - internal - or belonging to some element outside of oneself - external. The location of individual s locus of control will suffer influence of their developmental period. During adolescence, individuals turn to the construction of their identity, and the structuring of sexual identity is a relevant part of this process, since the roles of males and females are the most important from the socio-cultural point of view. One of the roles that adolescents can take is the mother or father. We chose to head the adolescents who are not mothers and fathers, and question them about their concepts of parenthood. It is hypothesized that adolescents with internal locus of control will probably develop concepts of maternity and paternity in which they attach to themselves the responsibility for children. The aim of this study was to relate the locus of control s predominant dimension in adolescence and the way that these young people conceptualize parenthood. This is an exploratory analytical cross-sectional study accomplished with 400 adolescents from the classes of the sixth to ninth grade of high school at public schools in Natal / RN. We used as protocols: structured questionnaire involving sociodemographic questions and questions about the concept of parenthood, and the Multifactorial Scale of Locus of Control. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, with the aid of statistical package SPSS 18.0. The results regarding questions about the concept of maternity and paternity were analyzed using the analysis program often ALCESTE 4.7. The results showed that for boys and girls, maternity and paternity were characterized by the acquisition and assumption of responsibilities of adulthood. This concept is supported by the locus of control s classification of individuals, since most of the subjects of this study was characterized as individuals who tend to take responsibility for their life's events. For young people from lower classes (as the subjects of this research), the project of autonomy and social mobility is realized by the constitution of his own family and the ability to sustain it

Cárie precoce: influência de variáveis sócio-comportamentais e do locus de controle da saúde em um grupo de crianças de Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a relação entre a cárie precoce, variáveis sócio-comportamentais e o locus de controle da saúde em um grupo de crianças de 24 a 35 meses de idade de Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil. Foram envolvidas todas as crianças de ambos os sexos, na mencionada faixa etária, matriculadas em sete Centros Municipais de Educação e Recreação Infantil, totalizando 110 crianças. Os exames foram realizados por um examinador, previamente, calibrado para a aplicação dos critérios propostos pela OMS para determinação da condição dentária. Um questionário foi respondido pelas mães, sendo que seu conteúdo incluía informações referentes às características sócio-econômicas, comportamentos e atitudes relacionados à saúde bucal da criança, além da escala multidimensional do locus de controle da saúde. A prevalência de cárie precoce (lesões cavitadas e não cavitadas) foi de 28,2%. Observou-se associação significativa entre a escolaridade paterna (p = 0,01) e cárie precoce; não houve associação significativa entre as médias de nenhuma das subescalas do locus de controle e a cárie precoce. Os resultados sugerem que os pais não devam ser tidos apenas como provedores, mas como uma importante influência no desenvolvimento infantil como um todo.

Genetic polymorphism of Streptococcus mutans in Brazilian family members

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

A vivência do pai no processo de reabilitação da criança com deficiência auditiva

Este estudo visou investigar as vivências emocionais e mecanismos de defesa de pais de crianças com deficiência auditiva. Foram entrevistados 12 genitores masculinos, de 25 a 38 anos, com escolaridade de primeiro grau incompleto a superior incompleto. Dos entrevistados, sete eram pais de filhos únicos, três, pais pela segunda vez e um pai pela terceira vez da criança com necessidade específica. As respostas foram categorizadas e analisadas com base no referencial psicodinâmico e apresentam vivências de choque, ansiedade e angústia e o uso de mecanismos de defesa frente ao diagnóstico e implicações da deficiência. As defesas constatadas foram analisadas como reações situacionalmente esperadas, podendo favorecer formas mais realistas de enfrentamento posterior. Sugere-se que, assim como mães, pais vivenciam impacto e dificuldades emocionais frente ao diagnóstico de seus filhos. Diferenças de papéis familiares facilitam ao pai um menor envolvimento na educação da criança, devendo-se valorizar a sua importância no processo de reabilitação.

The fitness of the Brazilian damsel Stegastes fuscus is increased by sharing the territory with the dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

A Qualidade da Interação Positiva e da Consistência Parental na sua Relação com Problemas de Comportamentos de Pré-Escolares

Studies have shown a relationship to exist between behavior problems in children and quality of parental practices such as communication, expressivity, consistency, and monitoring. This study aimed at describing relationships that parents have with their preschool children, and also at relating parenting skills to child behavior. We compared fathers' and mothers' social educational skills in two groups of children, with or without behavior problems at school. Research was conducted in a town in the State of Sao Paulo, BR. Participants were biological mothers and fathers of 48 preschoolers; twenty-five children presented behavior problems at school, and 24 had high social skills. Parents were individually interviewed at home. Results showed that fathers and mothers of socially skilled children were more consistent in their practices. They were more able to identify and describe their children's socially skilled behaviors. They also reported they gave more positive feedbak for their children's good behavior.