Efficient content-based image retrieval based on multi-feature fusion

The increased availability of image capturing devices has enabled collections of digital images to rapidly expand in both size and diversity. This has created a constantly growing need for efficient and effective image browsing, searching, and retrieval tools. Pseudo-relevance feedback (PRF) has proven to be an effective mechanism for improving retrieval accuracy. An original, simple yet effective rank-based PRF mechanism (RB-PRF) that takes into account the initial rank order of each image to improve retrieval accuracy is proposed. This RB-PRF mechanism innovates by making use of binary image signatures to improve retrieval precision by promoting images similar to highly ranked images and demoting images similar to lower ranked images. Empirical evaluations based on standard benchmarks, namely Wang, Oliva & Torralba, and Corel datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed RB-PRF mechanism in image retrieval.

Ferrolysis induced soil transformation by natural drainage in Vertisols of sub-humid South India

In sub-humid South India, recent studies have shown that black soil areas (Vertisols and vertic Intergrades), located on flat valley bottoms, have been rejuvenated through the incision of streambeds, inducing changes in the pedoclimate and soil transformation. Joint pedological, geochemical and geophysical investigations were performed in order to better understand the ongoing processes and their contribution to the chemistry of local rivers. The seasonal rainfall causes cycles of oxidation and reduction in a perched watertable at the base of the black soil, while the reduced solutions are exported through a loamy sand network. This framework favours a ferrolysis process, which causes low base saturation and protonation of clay, leading to the weathering of 2:1 then 1:1 clay minerals. Maximum weathering conditions occur at the very end of the wet season, just before disappearance of the perched watertable. Therefore, the by-products of soil transformation are partially drained off and calcareous nodules, then further downslope, amorphous silica precipitate upon soil dehydration. The ferrolysed area is fringing the drainage system indicating that its development has been induced by the streambed incision. The distribution of C-14 ages of CaCO3 nodules suggests that the ferrolysis process started during the late Holocene, only about 2 kyr B.P. at the studied site and about 5 kyr B.P. at the watershed outlet. The results of this study are applied to an assessment of the physical erosion rate (4.8x10(-3) m/kyr) since the recent reactivation of the erosion process. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Modelling the chemical weathering fluxes at the watershed scale in the Tropics (Mule Hole, South India): Relative contribution of the smectite/kaolinite assemblage versus primary minerals

We investigate the chemical weathering processes and fluxes in a small experimental watershed (SEW) through a modelling approach. The study site is the Mule Hole SEW developed on a gneissic basement located in the climatic gradient of the Western Ghats, South India. The model couples a lumped hydrological model simulating the water budget at the watershed scale to the WITCH model estimating the dissolution/precipitation rates of minerals using laboratory kinetic laws. Forcing functions and parameters of the simulation are defined by the field data. The coupled model is calibrated with stream and groundwater compositions through the testing of a large range of smectite solubility and abundance in the soil horizons. We found that, despite the low abundance of smectite in the dominant soil type of the watershed (4 vol.%), their net dissolution provides 75% of the export of dissolved silica, while primary silicate mineral dissolution releases only 15% of this flux. Overall, smectites (modelled as montmorillonites) are not stable under the present day climatic conditions. Furthermore, the dissolution of trace carbonates in the saprolitic horizon provides 50% of the calcium export at the watershed scale. Modelling results show the contrasted behavior of the two main soil types of the watershed: red soils (88% of the surface) are provider of calcium, while black soils (smectite-rich and characterized by a lower drainage) consumes calcium through overall carbonate precipitation. Our model results stress the key role played by minor/accessory minerals and by the thermodynamic properties of smectite minerals, and by the drainage of the weathering profiles on the weathering budget of a tropical watershed. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Formation and preservation of pedogenic carbonates in South India, links with paleo-monsoon and pedological conditions: Clues from Sr isotopes, U-Th series and REEs

The influence of the pedogenic and climatic contexts on the formation and preservation of pedogenic carbonates in a climosequence in the Western Ghats (Karnataka Plateau, South West India) has been studied. Along the climosequence, the current mean annual rainfall (MAR) varies within a 80 km transect from 6000 mm at the edge of the Plateau to 500 mm inland. Pedogenic carbonates occur in the MAR range of 500-1200 mm. In the semi-arid zone (MAR: 500-900 mm), carbonates occur (i) as rhick hardpan calcretes on pediment slopes and (ii) as nodular horizons in polygenic black soils (i.e. vertisols). In the sub-humid zone (MAR: 900-1500 mm), pedogenic carbonates are disseminated in the black soil matrices either as loose, irregular and friable nodules of millimetric size or as indurated botryoidal nodules of centimetric to pluricentimetric size. They also occur at the top layers of the saprolite either as disseminated pluricentimetric indurated nodules or carbonate-cemented lumps of centimetric to decimetric size. Chemical and isotopic (Sr-87/Sr-86) compositions of the carbonate fraction were determined after leaching with 0.25 N HCl. The corresponding residual fractions containing both primary minerals and authigenic clays were digested separately and analyzed. The trend defined by the Sr-87/Sr-86 signatures of both labile carbonate fractions and corresponding residual fractions indicates that a part of the labile carbonate fraction is genetically linked to the local soil composition. Considering the residual fraction of each sample as the most likely lithogenic source of Ca in carbonates, it is estimated that from 24% to 82% (55% on average) of Ca is derived from local bedrock weathering, leading to a consumption of an equivalent proportion of atmospheric CO2. These values indicate that climatic conditions were humid enough to allow silicate weathering: MAR at the time of carbonate formation likely ranged from 400 to 700 mm, which is 2- to 3-fold less than the current MAR at these locations. The Sr, U and Mg contents and the (U-234/U-238) activity ratio in the labile carbonate fraction help to understand the conditions of carbonate formation. The relatively high concentrations of Sr, U and Mg in black soil carbonates may indicate fast growth and accumulation compared to carbonates in saprolite, possibly due to a better confinement of the pore waters which is supported by their high (U-234/U-238) signatures, and/or to higher content of dissolved carbonates in the pore waters. The occurrence of Ce, Mn and Fe oxides in the cracks of carbonate reflects the existence of relatively humid periods after carbonate formation. The carbonate ages determined by the U-Th method range from 1.33 +/- 0.84 kyr to 7.5 +/- 2.7 kyr and to a cluster of five ages around 20 kyr, i.e. the Last Glacial Maximum period. The young occurrences are only located in the black soils, which therefore constitute sensitive environments for trapping and retaining atmospheric CO2 even on short time scales. The maximum age of carbonates depends on their location in the climatic gradient: from about 20 kyr for centimetric nodules at Mule Hole (MAR = 1100 mm/yr) to 200 kyr for the calcrete at Gundlupet (MAR = 700 mm/yr, Durand et al., 2007). The intensity of rainfall during wet periods would indeed control the lifetime of pedogenic carbonates and thus the duration of inorganic carbon storage in soils. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Role of invariant water molecules and water-mediated ionic interactions in D-xylose isomerase from Streptomyces rubiginosus

The enzyme, D-xylose isomerase (D-xylose keto-isomerase; EC 5.3.1.5) is a soluble enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of the aldo-sugar D-xylose to the keto-sugar D-xylulose. A total of 27 subunits of D-xylose isomerase from Streptomyces rubiginosus were analyzed in order to identify the invariant water molecules and their water-mediated ionic interactions. A total of 70 water molecules were found to be invariant. The structural and/or functional roles of these water molecules have been discussed. These invariant water molecules and their ionic interactions may be involved in maintaining the structural stability of the enzyme D-xylose isomerase. Fifty-eight of the 70 invariant water molecules (83%) have at least one interaction with the main chain polar atom.

The effect of cell size and channel density on neuronal information encoding and energy efficiency

Identifying the determinants of neuronal energy consumption and their relationship to information coding is critical to understanding neuronal function and evolution. Three of the main determinants are cell size, ion channel density, and stimulus statistics. Here we investigate their impact on neuronal energy consumption and information coding by comparing single-compartment spiking neuron models of different sizes with different densities of stochastic voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels and different statistics of synaptic inputs. The largest compartments have the highest information rates but the lowest energy efficiency for a given voltage-gated ion channel density, and the highest signaling efficiency (bits spike(-1)) for a given firing rate. For a given cell size, our models revealed that the ion channel density that maximizes energy efficiency is lower than that maximizing information rate. Low rates of small synaptic inputs improve energy efficiency but the highest information rates occur with higher rates and larger inputs. These relationships produce a Law of Diminishing Returns that penalizes costly excess information coding capacity, promoting the reduction of cell size, channel density, and input stimuli to the minimum possible, suggesting that the trade-off between energy and information has influenced all aspects of neuronal anatomy and physiology.

Contribution of forest fire ash and plant litter decay on stream dissolved composition in a sub-humid tropical watershed (Mule Hole, Southern India)

The current understanding of wildfire effects on water chemistry is limited by the quantification of the elemental dissolution rates from ash and element release rate from the plant litter, as well as quantification of the specific ash contribution to stream water chemistry. The main objective of the study was to provide such knowledge through combination of experimental modelling, field data and end-member mixing analysis (EMMA) of wildfire impact on a watershed scale. The study concerns watershed effects of fire in the Indian subcontinent, a region that is typically not well represented in the fire science literature. In plant litter ash, major elements are either hosted in readily-soluble phases (K, Mg) such as salts, carbonates and oxides or in less-soluble carrier-phases (Si, Ca) such as amorphous silica, quartz and calcite. Accordingly, elemental release rates, inferred from ash leaching experiments in batch reactor, indicated that the element release into solution followed the order K > Mg > Na > Si > Ca. Experiments on plant litter leaching in mixed-flow reactor indicated two dissolution regimes: rapid, over the week and slower over the month. The mean dissolution rates at steady-state (R-ss) indicated that the release of major elements from plant litter followed the order Ca > Si > Cl > Mg > K > Na. R-ss for Si and Ca for tree leaves and herbaceous species are similar to those reported for boreal and European tree species and are higher than that from the dissolution of soil clay minerals. This identifies tropical plant litters as important source of Si and Ca for tropical surface waters. In the wildfire-impacted year 2004, the EMMA indicated that the streamflow composition (Ca, K, Mg, Na, Si, Cl) was controlled by four main sources: rainwater, throughfall, ash leaching and soil solution. The influence of the ash end-member was maximal early in the rainy season (the two first storm events) and decreased later in the rainy season, when the stream was dominated by the throughfall end-member. The contribution of plant litter decay to the streamwater composition for a year not impacted by wildfire is significant with estimated solute fluxes originating from this decay greatly exceed, for most major elements, the annual elemental dissolved fluxes at the Mule Hole watershed outlet. This highlighted the importance of solute retention and vegetation back uptake processes within the soil profile. Overall, the fire increased the mobility and export of major elements from the soils to the stream. It also shifted the vegetation-related contribution to the elemental fluxes at the watershed outlet from long-term (seasonal) to short-term (daily to monthly). (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Interplay of vector-like top partner multiplets in a realistic mixing set-up

The ATLAS and CMS collaborations at the LHC have performed analyses on the existing data sets, studying the case of one vector-like fermion or multiplet coupling to the standard model Yukawa sector. In the near future, with more data available, these experimental collaborations will start to investigate more realistic cases. The presence of more than one extra vector-like multiplet is indeed a common situation in many extensions of the standard model. The interplay of these vector-like multiplet between precision electroweak bounds, flavour and collider phenomenology is a important question in view of establishing bounds or for the discovery of physics beyond the standard model. In this work we study the phenomenological consequences of the presence of two vector-like multiplets. We analyse the constraints on such scenarios from tree-level data and oblique corrections for the case of mixing to each of the SM generations. In the present work, we limit to scenarios with two top-like partners and no mixing in the down-sector.

Induccion del celo en vacas en anestro post parto mediante la administracion de sales minerales, vitaminas y masajes ovaricos. Realizada en el municipio de Rio Blanco, departamento de Matagalpa

El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de establecer la efectividad del tratamiento de Inducción al celo de vacas en anestro post parto por medio de la administración de sales minerales, vitaminas y masajes ovarios; dicho tratamiento fue llevado a cabo en el municipio de Río Blanco departamento de Matagalpa. Caracterizándose por una buena distribución de las lluvias la mayor parte del año. El dicho municipio se da una predominancia de una cultura de gran alta productividad ganadera, el tamaño requerido de la muestra de este trabajo de 20 hembras en periodo de anestro post parto mayor de 50 días, las cuales fueron seleccionadas al azar y evalua das clínicamente por palpación rectal por un profesional de la medicina veterinaria. Los datos fueron analizados mediante la prueba de chi –cuadrado habiendo obtenido un resultado significativo a un nivel de confianza del 95% entre los tratamientos. Con base en los resultados obtenidos posterior al tratamiento de la administración de sales minerales, vitamina y masaje ovárico se alcan zó una respuesta positiva del 80 % al celo, el 80% en tasa de preñez y en relación a la aparición del celo posteri or al tratamiento se alcanzo una media de 6.13 días que al comparar la efectividad del tratamiento de solo la aplicación de masaje ovárico se observo un buen resultado positivo, superando las expectativas. En comparación con las hembras tratadas con solo masaje ovárico se obtuvo una respuesta positiva al celo de un 60%, con un 30% de tasa de preñez y 7.33 días promedio en anestro posterior al tratamiento, por lo tanto elaboramos la hipótesis basándonos en el estadígrafo de Chi-cuadrado obteniendo un resultado significativo empleando un nivel de significancia del 0.05% por lo que atribuimos las diferencias de ambos tratamientos.

Una zoología monstruosa: los leones del Palmerín de Olivia

Resumen: A simple vista, la zoología monstruosa podría verse como una fauna de carácter real, en oposición a otros seres que evidencian su monstruosidad. Sin embargo, bajo ese manto aparente de realismo, se esconde el principio mágico que ha movido a esos animales a un desplazamiento de la más pura realidad a la otredad monstruosa, sea a causa de la metamorfosis, de las profecías o de cualquier otro elemento que no se corresponda directamente con su naturaleza animal, sino que provenga de un principio exterior —la magia— o interior —su propia naturaleza monstruosa/prodigiosa—. Es el caso de los leones del Palmerín de Olivia (Salamanca, Juan de Porras, 1511), que debe enfrentar el héroe en tierras de moros

Letras, 1998, nº 37 (número completo)

Contenido: Federico García Lorca en Buenos Aires: una entrevista y un artículo olvidados / Andrew Anderson – Metáforas de la Argentina / Gloria Videla de Rivero – El resumen de textos de carácter académico / Hilda Albano de Vázquez – Hecho de Estampas, de Jacobo Fijman: poetización de un proceso / María Amelia Arancet Ruda – La ideología profética del Palmerín de Oliva / Javier Roberto González – La vanguardia teatral de los años 20 en la obra de Vicente Martínez Cuitiño /Luis Martínez Cuitiño – Coincidencias temáticas en la narrativa contemporánea hispanoamericana y croata: ejemplos de relación entre la nueva historia y la novela / Mirjana Polic Bobic – “Gantasi, Monte Aldín, Daganel y Galdenda, topónimos del Amadís de Gaula” / Aquilino Suárez Pallasá – Literatura de viajes y teatro comparado / Jorge Dubatti – Reseñas bibliográficas

Un impreso poético en el cancionero manuscrito EM6 : el pliego suelto 99*RN y el Cancionero General

Integran este número de la revista ponencias presentadas en Studia Hispanica Medievalia VIII : Actas de las X Jornadas Internacionales de Literatura Española Medieval, 2011, y de Homenaje al Quinto Centenario del Cancionero General de Hernando del Castillo.

Bioética : 40 años de recorrido y un nuevo futuro

Resumen: En esta presentación, el autor indaga las circunstancias y los autores que pudieron influir en Van Rensselaer Potter en la creación de la expresión Bioética. Así, surgen las personalidades frecuentemente olvidadas de Fritz Jahr, Julius Moses y Aldo Leopold. Después de profundizar sobre el concepto del mismo Potter y su intención original para la referida expresión, destaca el recorrido que la Bioética fue adquiriendo como un camino propio. Asimismo se señalan los puntos que aún quedan por desarrollar y que han sido soslayados hasta el momento.

Composición, estructura y dinámica de dos sitios de bosque seco secundario en el suroeste de Nicaragua: Pautas para el diseño e implementación de alternativas de manejo

En dos comarcas del municipio de Nandaime, Granada, se llevó a cabo un estudio de dinámica del bosque seco secundario, con el propósito de obtener pautas para la definición de actividades de manejo forestal. Para monitorear y determinar el cambio durante un año, se establecieron cinco parcelas permanentes de muestreo en sitios de edades de 11 y 16 años después de haber sido abandonados para actividades agrícolas. En las parcelas se levantó información relacionada a la composición y estructura de los fustales, latizales y brinzales. Parámetros poblacionales fueron calculados a partir de la aplicación de un modelo exponencial de cambios en tiempos continuos. La riqueza y diversidad florística fueron diferentes entre comunidades, siendo el sitio de 11 años, el que presentó los más altos valores. Las diferencias estructurales entre sitios fueron determinadas por los valores en área basal y volumen. El sitio de 16 años contiene el doble de área basal y 30% más del volumen que el bosque más joven. El número de individuos por hectárea disminuyó en los dos sitios en relación a la primera medición. Los valores de mortalidad fueron iguales (2%) en los dos sitios. El reclutamiento fue mayor en el sitio de 16 años. La ganancia en área basal contribuyo al incremento de toda la masa, solamente en el sitio de 11 años. Las especies de interés comercial local presentan pocos o ningún individuos a nivel de la regeneración natural. Los sitios estudiados presentan desde anejo a mediano plazo.

Efecto de diferentes fuentes de nitrógeno sobre el maíz

Para probar el efecto de diferentes fuentes de nitrógeno sobre el maíz se realizó un ensayo en un lote de terreno de la Estación Experimental Agropecuaria "La Calera". Se sembró el híbrido "Nicaragua H-1" el día 24 de Junio de 1966 en un diseño experimental de Bloques al azar con 4 repeticiones. Los tratamientos consistieron en emplear 5 fuentes de nitrógeno que prevalecen en el mercado y son: Urea 45% de nitrógeno; Sulfato de Amonio 21% de nitrógeno; Nitrato de Amonio 33% de nitrógeno, Nitrato de Sodio 16% de Nitrógeno, y Nitrógeno foliar Ferti-Fol de la fórmula 20-5-5, además de las fuentes nitrogenadas se aplicó también 100 y 50 lbs/Mz, de fósforo y potasio respectivamente, a todas las parcelas menos al testigo. Cada tratamiento consistió en el equivalente de 100 lb. de nitrógeno por manzana, pero el ferti-fol se puso, según la recomendación de la casa distribuidora, a razón de 5 litros de Ferti-Fol por manzana. Al momento de la siembra se aplicó la mitad del nitrógeno proveniente de Sulfato de Amonio, Urea y Nitrato de Amonio, el resto se aplicó al aporque; el Nitrato de Sodio (chileno) se aplicó toda la dósis al hacer el aporque y el Ferti-Fol se aplicó la mitad al aporque y el resto 15 días más tarde. No hubo diferencias notables en color, vigor y altura de plantas, con las diferentes fuentes pero para el carácter días a flor encontramos diferencias estadísticamente significantes para los tratamientos y fué el sulfato de amonio el que mostró la floración más temprana, a los 44 días de sembrado el maíz el testigo tardó 48 días para florecer. El rendimiento en grano nos mostró que el nitrógeno aplicado, sin importar la fuente, aumenta la producción y que hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre tratamientos y testigo pero no entre tratamientos es decir que ninguna fuente de nitrógeno fue superior a otra. Este resultado estuvo de acuerdo con los encontrados en otros tres ensayos realizados en "La Calera" y Chinandega, en los años de 1954, 1955 y 1956. En base al presente experimento se concluye que en las condiciones que se realizó el ensayo no se encontró fuente de nitrógeno superior y por lo tanto sería recomendable el uso de las fuentes más baratas, que actualmente corresponden a la Urea y Sulfato de Amonio. En relación con el fertilizante foliar Forti-Fol, aplicado en forma de aspersión al follaje de las plantas de maíz se encontró en éste ensayo, un efecto similar al de las demás fuentes de nitrógeno granulado y una indicación de que su costo sería relativamente bajo, pero como no se cuenta con más evidencias no se pudo llegar aún a conclusiones.