Increased expression and activity of sodium channels in alveolar type II cells of hyperoxic rats.

We investigated the cellular and molecular events associated with the increase in sodium transport across the alveolar epithelium of rats exposed to hyperoxia (85% O2 for 7 days followed by 100% O2 for 4 days). Alveolar type II (ATII) cell RNA was isolated and probed with a cDNA for one of the rat colonic epithelial sodium channel subunits (alpha rENaC). The alpha rENaC mRNA (3.7-kb transcript) increased 3-fold in ATII cell RNA isolated from rats exposed to 85% O2 for 7 days and 6-fold after 4 days of subsequent exposure to 100% O2. In situ hybridization revealed increased expression of alpha rENaC mRNA transcripts in both airway and alveolar epithelial cells of hyperoxic rats. When immunostained with a polyclonal antibody to kidney sodium channel protein, ATII cells from hyperoxic rats exhibited a significant increase in the amount of immunogenic protein present in both the plasma membrane and the cytoplasm. When patched in the whole-cell mode, ATII cells from hyperoxic rats exhibited amiloride and 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)-2',4'-amiloride (EIPA)-sensitive currents that were 100% higher compared with those obtained from air-breathing rats. Single-channel sodium currents (mean conductance of 25 pS) were seen in ATII cells patched in both the inside-out and cell-attached modes. The number and open probability of these channels increased significantly during exposure to hyperoxia. Exposure to sublethal hyperoxia up-regulated both alpha rENaC mRNA and the functional expression of sodium channels in ATII cells.

Surfactant protein a promotes attachment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to alveolar macrophages during infection with human immunodeficiency virus.

The incidence of tuberculosis is increasing on a global scale, in part due to its strong association with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Attachment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to its host cell, the alveolar macrophage (AM), is an important early step in the pathogenesis of infection. Bronchoalveolar lavage of HIV-infected individuals demonstrated the presence of a factor which significantly enhances the attachment of tubercle bacilli to AMs 3-fold relative to a normal control population. This factor is surfactant protein A (SP-A). SP-A levels are increased in the lungs of HIV-infected individuals. SP-A levels and attachment of M. tuberculosis to AMs inversely correlate with peripheral blood CD4 lymphocyte counts. Elevated concentrations of SP-A during the progression of HIV infection may represent an important nonimmune risk factor for acquiring tuberculosis, even before significant depletion of CD4 lymphocytes in the peripheral blood occurs.

Screening of the Open Source Malaria Box Reveals an Early Lead Compound for the Treatment of Alveolar Echinococcosis.

The metacestode (larval) stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis causes alveolar echinococcosis (AE), a very severe and in many cases incurable disease. To date, benzimidazoles such as albendazole and mebendazole are the only approved chemotherapeutical treatment options. Benzimidazoles inhibit metacestode proliferation, but do not act parasiticidal. Thus, benzimidazoles have to be taken a lifelong, can cause adverse side effects such as hepatotoxicity, and are ineffective in some patients. We here describe a newly developed screening cascade for the evaluation of the in vitro efficacy of new compounds that includes assessment of parasiticidal activity. The Malaria Box from Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), comprised of 400 commercially available chemicals that show in vitro activity against Plasmodium falciparum, was repurposed. Primary screening was carried out at 10 μM by employing the previously described PGI assay, and resulted in the identification of 24 compounds that caused physical damage in metacestodes. Seven out of these 24 drugs were also active at 1 μM. Dose-response assays revealed that only 2 compounds, namely MMV665807 and MMV665794, exhibited an EC50 value below 5 μM. Assessments using human foreskin fibroblasts and Reuber rat hepatoma cells showed that the salicylanilide MMV665807 was less toxic for these two mammalian cell lines than for metacestodes. The parasiticidal activity of MMV665807 was then confirmed using isolated germinal layer cell cultures as well as metacestode vesicles by employing viability assays, and its effect on metacestodes was morphologically evaluated by electron microscopy. However, both oral and intraperitoneal application of MMV665807 to mice experimentally infected with E. multilocularis metacestodes did not result in any reduction of the parasite load.

The history and treatment of the diseases of the teeth, the gums, and the alveolar processes, with the operations which they respectively require...Observations on other diseases of the mouth...Artificial teeth /

Mode of access: Internet.

Stresses in reinforced nozzle-cylinder attachments under external moment loadings analyzed by the finite-element method : a parameter study /

"ORNL/NUREG-52."

Locomotive injectors and boiler attachments; injector department.

Mode of access: Internet.

Organizational maintenance repair parts and special tools lists : crane, truck mounted, GED, 3/4 cubic yard, 20 ton, with clamshell, dragline, and backhoe attachments, NSN 3810-00-151-4431, Harnischfeger Corp model M320T2.

Includes index.

Organizational maintenance manual : crane-shovel, truck mounted, 3/4 cubic yards, 20 ton, with clamshell, dragline and backhoe attachments, G.E.D. (Harnischfeger Corp model M320T2), FSN 3810-151-4431.

Includes indexes.

Direct support and general support maintenance repair parts and special tools lists (including depot maintenance repair parts and special tools lists) : crane, truck mounted, GED, 3/4 cubic yard, 20 ton, with clamshell, dragline and backhoe attachments, NSN 3810-00-151-4431, Harnischfeger Corp model M320T2.

Includes indexes.

Operators manual : crane, truck, mounted, 3/4 cubic yards, 20 ton, w/clamshell, dragline and backhoe attachments, G.E.D., (Harnischfeger Corp model M 320T2), FSN 3810-151-4431.

"May 1971."

Direct support and general support maintenance manual : crane, truck, mounted, 3/4 cu. yds., 20 ton, w/clamshell, dragline and backhoe attachments, G.E.D., (Harnischfeger model M320T2), FSN 3810-151-4431.

"May 1971."

Operators manual : crane, truck, mounted, 3/4 cubic yards, 20 ton, w/clamshell, dragline, and backhoe attachments, G.E.D. (Harnischfeger Corp model M 320T2), FSN 3810-151-4431.

"May 1971."

Trailer, 4 wheel special tandem 10 ton, model 4 D-T flat bed for crane-shovel attachments : all makes and models.

"December 1953."

Treatment delays in paediatric dento-alveolar trauma at a tertiary referral hospital

Background: Paediatric dento-alveolar trauma is a common event. Delays in treatment can have adverse effects on long term outcomes and the aim of this study was to quantify the treatment delays in paediatric dento-alveolar trauma in a tertiary referral hospital. Methods: All cases of paediatric dento-alveolar trauma over a two-year period from July 2000 to June 2002 were identified and the charts were reviewed retrospectively. All children presenting the emergency department with dento-alveolar trauma within 48 hours of injury during the time period were included. Results: Forty-three patients were identified. The average age was 5.51 years, though there was a bias towards one and two year olds. Males were injured 1.5 times more frequently than females. There was an average delay of 9.6 hours between injury and treatment for all patients. Transit time from outside practitioners to hospital and waiting times in hospital made up the greatest delays. Children injured an average of 2.37 teeth and only 14 per cent were uncomplicated crown fractures. Conclusions: Children who present to children's hospitals for treatment of dento-alveolar trauma have more severe injuries than those treated elsewhere. They have large but potentially reducible delays between injury and treatment.