Método computacional para correção da alcalinidade de águas para fertirrigação

A alcalinidade excessiva das águas destinadas à fertirrigação pode criar uma série de inconvenientes, que vão desde o entupimento dos emissores, pela precipitação de carbonatos, até a redução da disponibilidade dos micronutrientes para as culturas. Com o propósito de auxiliar a tomada de decisão quanto ao manejo da alcalinidade dessas águas, desenvolveu-se o ALKA 1.0, um software em CLIPPER 5.2, que pode ser rodado em microcomputadores IBM-PC/XT/AT/PENTIUM ou outros 100% compatíveis. A partir do fornecimento do pH original da água de irrigação, da sua alcalinidade total ou subdividida em CO3(2-) e HCO3- (em mmol L-1), e da lâmina de irrigação utilizada durante o ciclo da cultura, o ALKA 1.0 fornece as quantidades de HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 e H3PO4 que devem ser adicionadas à água de irrigação para que o seu pH atinja o valor estipulado pelo usuário. Além do volume de cada ácido a ser adicionado, o programa fornece a quantidade de nutrientes introduzidas pelos ácidos, na dosagem recomendada, bem como o custo total de cada uma das possíveis escolhas. Para tal, cadastram-se, inicialmente, a densidade e a pureza (%p/p) de cada ácido, bem como seu custo por litro. O ALKA 1.0 oferece, ainda, a opção de adições mistas dos diversos ácidos, visando não só à remoção da alcalinidade excessiva da água, mas também a um balanço adequado à cultura em questão dos nutrientes (N, P, S) adicionados via ácido. Por fim, o ALKA 1.0 oferece a possibilidade de trabalhar-se com bancos de dados, pré-cadastrados, que contêm informações sobre as origens (localidades) e fontes (rios, poços, lagos, açudes e outros) de diversas águas, além do seu pH e alcalinidade total. Desta forma, podem-se conhecer as características de manejo da alcalinidade dessas águas em função de características definidas pelo usuário, tais como um município em particular, determinada fonte, pH, e outros. O ALKA 1.0 foi validado com uma mistura sintética de CO3(2-) e HCO3-, com pH 9,19, em que se verificou a eficiência dos cálculos efetuados para o abaixamento do pH para 7,0, 6,5 e 5,5; e com amostras de águas naturais, para o abaixamento do pH para 6,5 e 6,0; obtendo-se resultados bastante satisfatórios. A redução do pH das amostras naturais para 5,0 não foi eficiente.

Fission yeast Sec3 and Exo70 are transported on actin cables and localize the exocyst complex to cell poles.

The exocyst complex is essential for many exocytic events, by tethering vesicles at the plasma membrane for fusion. In fission yeast, polarized exocytosis for growth relies on the combined action of the exocyst at cell poles and myosin-driven transport along actin cables. We report here the identification of fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe Sec3 protein, which we identified through sequence homology of its PH-like domain. Like other exocyst subunits, sec3 is required for secretion and cell division. Cells deleted for sec3 are only conditionally lethal and can proliferate when osmotically stabilized. Sec3 is redundant with Exo70 for viability and for the localization of other exocyst subunits, suggesting these components act as exocyst tethers at the plasma membrane. Consistently, Sec3 localizes to zones of growth independently of other exocyst subunits but depends on PIP(2) and functional Cdc42. FRAP analysis shows that Sec3, like all other exocyst subunits, localizes to cell poles largely independently of the actin cytoskeleton. However, we show that Sec3, Exo70 and Sec5 are transported by the myosin V Myo52 along actin cables. These data suggest that the exocyst holocomplex, including Sec3 and Exo70, is present on exocytic vesicles, which can reach cell poles by either myosin-driven transport or random walk.

Utilização da medida do clorofilômetro no manejo da adubação nitrogenada em plantas de pimentão

O adequado manejo da adubação nitrogenada ao longo do ciclo da cultura do pimentão é complicado pela falta de um índice do N disponível no solo e por ser a análise química de folhas um método de diagnose demorado. Foi realizado um experimento em vasos, em um túnel de plástico pertencente ao Departamento de Recursos Naturais/Ciência do Solo, da FCA/UNESP, Botucatu (SP), com o objetivo de avaliar o índice de suficiência de nitrogênio (ISN), calculado com base nas medidas do clorofilômetro, como ferramenta auxiliar no manejo da adubação nitrogenada em plantas de pimentão. O experimento foi composto de doses de N (4,9; 9,8; 14,7; 19,6; e 24,5 g de N 50 kg-1 de solo - uma planta) aplicadas de modo convencional ou pela fertirrigação e um tratamento em que as plantas não receberam apenas a adubação nitrogenada, com sete repetições. As medidas do clorofilômetro foram realizadas a cada 15 dias em cinco folhas recém-maduras por planta. O ISN foi calculado pela relação entre a média das medidas do clorofilômetro nas plantas dos tratamentos (MCT) e a média das medidas do clorofilômetro nas plantas que receberam a maior dose (MCR), na área de referência (ISN = MCT/MCR x 100). O ISN pode ser um bom indicador do momento de aplicação do adubo nitrogenado e auxiliar no ajuste da dose de N de acordo com a exigência das plantas de pimentão, com a finalidade de aumentar a eficiência de utilização do N aplicado.

Impact de l'organisation institutionnelle sur le déficit protéino-énergétique des patients dialysés hospitalisés

Introduction et but de l'étude. - Le Nutrition Day 2010 réalisédans le service de dialyse aiguë de notre CHU a montré un taux dedénutrition de 64 % chez le patient dialysé hospitalisé avec un déficitnutritionnel moyen le jour de dialyse de 1 000 kcal et 45 g deprotéines. Les horaires de repas dans l'unité d'hospitalisation et dedialyse au centre de dialyse se chevauchent. Le but de cette étude estd'évaluer l'impact de l'organisation institutionnelle sur l'apportprotéino-énergétique du patient hémodialysé hospitalisé.Matériel et Méthodes. - Étude exploratoire et transversale. Laconsommation alimentaire et les obstacles potentiels à l'alimentationd'origine logistique ont été relevés durant deux jours consécutifs,un jour de dialyse (JD) et un jour sans dialyse (JSD). Les motifsde non consommation ou de consommation partielle des repas etcollations ont été relevés auprès des patients immédiatement aprèsles repas principaux, au moyen d'entretiens semi-dirigés. Lesingesta ont été comparés aux besoins protéino-énergétiques pour lespatients hémodialysés (ESPEN, 2006). Une évaluation nutritionnellea été réalisée chez tous les patients.Résultats. - Vingt-six patients (85 % d'hommes) ont été inclus,âgés de 65,7 ± 10,6 ans (moy ± ET). Le BMI moyen est de 24,9± 5,9 kg/m2, le score de Charlson de 7,2 ± 2,7 et 54 % ont un NRS-2002 ≥ 3. Plus de deux tiers des patients (68 %) ont perdu du poidset 64 % sont dénutris. Au total, 147 repas et 56 collations ont été étudiés,dont 74 repas et 32 collations pour le JD. Le JD, 56 % des collationsne sont pas consommées contre 21 % le JSD. La couverturemoyenne des besoins énergétiques et protéiques le JD est respectivementde 48 % et 57 %, sans différence avec le JSD. Les motifs denon consommation les plus fréquemment cités sont, par ordredécroissant : satiété précoce, inappétence, dégoût des mets proposés,peurs et représentations alimentaires et mises à jeun pour procéduresmédicales. Ils sont identiques les JD et les JSD. Lesobstacles à l'alimentation inhérents au patient sont 2,6 fois plus fréquentsque ceux liés à l'organisation hospitalière. Une douleur(légère à modérée), une dyspnée et une xérostomie affectent respectivement100 %, 54 % et 48 % des patients, qui ne considèrent pasces symptômes comme une cause de non consommation alimentaire.Conclusion. - Les apports protéino-énergétiques sont insuffisantset près de deux tiers des sujets sont dénutris. L'organisationhospitalière n'est pas identifiée par les patients comme un obstacleexpliquant le déficit énergétique et protéique quotidien. Les obstaclesà l'alimentation orale sont principalement inhérents à l'état desanté des patients. L'instauration d'une alimentation spécifique auxpatients dialysés hospitalisés (« humide », fractionnée, enrichie enprotéines et en énergie) de même que la prescription plus systématiqued'un support nutritionnel devraient contribuer à la couverturede leurs besoins nutritionnels.

Anorectal malformations and pregnancy-related disorders: a registry-based case-control study in 17 European regions.

OBJECTIVE: To identify pregnancy-related risk factors for different manifestations of congenital anorectal malformations (ARMs). DESIGN: A population-based case-control study. SETTING: Seventeen EUROCAT (European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies) registries, 1980-2008. POPULATION: The study population consisted of 1417 cases with ARM, including 648 cases of isolated ARM, 601 cases of ARM with additional congenital anomalies, and 168 cases of ARM-VACTERL (vertebral, anal, cardiac, tracheo-esophageal, renal, and limb defects), along with 13 371 controls with recognised syndromes or chromosomal abnormalities. METHODS: Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for potential risk factors for ARM, such as fertility treatment, multiple pregnancy, primiparity, maternal illnesses during pregnancy, and pregnancy-related complications. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Adjusted ORs for pregnancy-related risk factors for ARM. RESULTS: The ARM cases were more likely to be firstborn than the controls (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.4-1.8). Fertility treatment and being one of twins or triplets seemed to increase the risk of ARM in cases with additional congenital anomalies or VACTERL (ORs ranging from 1.6 to 2.5). Maternal fever during pregnancy and pre-eclampsia were only associated with ARM when additional congenital anomalies were present (OR 3.9, 95% CI 1.3-11.6; OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.6-7.1, respectively), whereas maternal epilepsy during pregnancy resulted in a five-fold elevated risk of all manifestations of ARM (OR 5.1, 95% CI 1.7-15.6). CONCLUSIONS: This large European study identified maternal epilepsy, fertility treatment, multiple pregnancy, primiparity, pre-eclampsia, and maternal fever during pregnancy as potential risk factors primarily for complex manifestations of ARM with additional congenital anomalies and VACTERL.

Decomposição de amostras de solos assistida por radiação microondas: estratégia para evitar a formação de fluoretos insolúveis

A decomposição de amostras que contêm elevados teores de Si, utilizando mistura com os ácidos nítrico e fluorídrico, pode provocar a precipitação de fluoretos de Al(III), Ca(II), Fe(III) e Mg(II) durante a digestão, impedindo a recuperação total desses elementos. Visando minimizar esse problema, foram testados quatro procedimentos aplicados a diferentes amostras de solos. O procedimento mais eficiente envolveu a decomposição assistida por radiação microondas, seguida pela separação do material sólido residual com elevado teor de Si do sobrenadante ácido. A fração residual foi solubilizada usando HF concentrado e, após complexação com ácido bórico, essa solução foi misturada à fase líquida do digerido. Os teores de metais nos digeridos foram determinados por espectrometria de emissão óptica em plasma induzido (ICP OES) e a exatidão foi demonstrada aplicando o procedimento proposto em amostras provenientes do programa colaborativo International Soil-Analytical Exchange (ISE, Wegening Agricultural University, Holanda) e em amostra certificada de solo proveniente do National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST, SRM 2709), que apresentou respectivamente, os seguintes percentuais de recuperação: 100,0 ± 2,6; 99,5 ± 1,9; 108,5 ± 2,7; 94,6 ± 8,9; 92,2 ± 9,7; 95,7 ± 1,8; 96,7 ± 2,7; 95,2 ± 0,6; 103,6 ± 2,6 e 96,1 ± 1,6 para, Al, Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, V e Zn.

Glomerular hyperfiltration and increased proximal sodium reabsorption in subjects with type 2 diabetes or impaired fasting glucose in a population of the African region.

BACKGROUND. Glomerular hyperfiltration (GHF) is a well-recognized early renal alteration in diabetic patients. As the prevalence of GHF is largely unknown in populations in the African region with respect to normal fasting glucose (NFG), impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and type 2 diabetes [diabetes mellitus (DM)], we conducted a cross-sectional study in the Seychelles islands among families including at least one member with hypertension. METHODS. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and proximal tubular sodium reabsorption were measured using inulin, p-aminohippurate (PAH) and endogenous lithium clearance, respectively. Twenty-four-hour urine was collected on the preceding day. RESULTS. Of the 363 participants (mean age 44.7 years), 6.6% had IFG, 9.9% had DM and 63.3% had hypertension. The prevalence of GHF, defined as a GFR >140 ml/min, was 17.2%, 29.2% and 52.8% in NFG, IFG and DM, respectively (P trend <0.001). Compared to NFG, the adjusted odds ratio for GHF was 1.99 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.73-5.44] for IFG and 5.88 (2.39-14.45) for DM. Lithium clearance and fractional excretion of lithium were lower in DM and IFG than NFG (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION. In this population of African descent, subjects with impaired fasting glucose or type 2 diabetes had a high prevalence of GHF and enhanced proximal sodium reabsorption. These findings provide further insight on the elevated incidence of nephropathy reported among African diabetic individuals.

A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial of pioglitazone in combination with riluzole in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Pioglitazone, an oral anti-diabetic that stimulates the PPAR-gamma transcription factor, increased survival of mice with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We performed a phase II, double blind, multicentre, placebo controlled trial of pioglitazone in ALS patients under riluzole. 219 patients were randomly assigned to receive 45 mg/day of pioglitazone or placebo (one: one allocation ratio). The primary endpoint was survival. Secondary endpoints included incidence of non-invasive ventilation and tracheotomy, and slopes of ALS-FRS, slow vital capacity, and quality of life as assessed using EUROQoL EQ-5D. The study was conducted under a two-stage group sequential test, allowing to stop for futility or superiority after interim analysis. Shortly after interim analysis, 30 patients under pioglitazone and 24 patients under placebo had died. The trial was stopped for futility; the hazard ratio for primary endpoint was 1.21 (95% CI: 0.71-2.07, p = 0.48). Secondary endpoints were not modified by pioglitazone treatment. Pioglitazone was well tolerated. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Pioglitazone has no beneficial effects on the survival of ALS patients as add-on therapy to riluzole. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00690118.

Produção de milho em plantio direto com adubação nitrogenada e cobertura do solo na pré-safra

A utilização de plantas de cobertura de solo em pré-safra é uma alternativa para fornecer nitrogênio (N) ao milho e viabilizar o sistema plantio direto nas Regiões Sudeste, Centro-Oeste, Norte e Nordeste, com inverno seco. Este estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de doses de N e de espécies de plantas de cobertura, cultivadas em pré-safra, no fornecimento de N e na produtividade de milho em plantio direto. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições. O estudo foi desenvolvido de 2000 a 2003. Os tratamentos principais foram constituídos de quatro sistemas de uso e manejo: milho em plantio direto após crotalária (PDcrot); milho em plantio direto após braquiária no primeiro ano e lablab nos dois últimos (PDlab); milho em plantio direto após milheto (PDmil); milho em plantio convencional após pousio (PC); e os secundários de três doses de N em cobertura para o milho (0, 60 e 120 kg ha-1). Foram avaliados, no milho, massa da matéria seca da parte aérea, produtividade de grãos, N acumulado e eficiência de utilização do N. A maior eficiência de utilização do N pelas plantas de milho ocorreu nos sistemas de plantio direto e crotalária em pré-safra e plantio convencional após pousio, que não diferiu entre os dois sistemas e foram superiores à dos sistemas de plantio direto em que foram utilizados lablab e milheto em pré-safra, que também não diferiram entre si. A máxima produtividade de grãos de milho foi de 7.259; 7.234; 6.723 e 6.461 kg ha-1, nas doses de N de 97,1; 120,0; 87,8 e 96,1 kg ha-1 nos sistemas plantio direto e crotalária, plantio convencional, plantio direto e lablab, e plantio direto e milheto em pré-safra, respectivamente (média dos três anos). No cultivo de milho em sistema de plantio direto a utilização de crotalária proporcionou maior produtividade em relação ao milheto e lablab em pré-safra.

Salmonellakartoitus Pohjois-Suomessa

Summary: Survey on bovine salmonellosis in North Finland

Serum insulin and inflammatory markers in overweight individuals with and without dyslipidemia.

CONTEXT: The worldwide epidemic of overweight and obesity is setting the scene for a new wave of premature cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to define relationships between dyslipidemia and other metabolic abnormalities in overweight subjects. DESIGN: This study included comparison of overweight subjects with and without dyslipidemia. SETTING: The setting was an institutional practice. PATIENTS: Dyslipidemic subjects (n = 715) had plasma triglyceride greater than or equal to the 75th percentile in combination with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) less than or equal to the 25th percentile. Unrelated, normolipidemic controls (n = 1073) had HDL-C higher than the median and triglyceride lower than the median. It was a requirement for the control subjects to have a body mass index (BMI) greater than 25 kg/m(2). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome measures included BMI, inflammatory markers, adipokines, blood pressure, and fasting plasma glucose and insulin. RESULTS: The mean BMI in the subjects and controls was 28.7 and 28.2 kg/m(2), respectively. Subjects had higher levels of plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (3.0 vs. 2.0 mg/liter; P < 0.001), lower levels of adiponectin (4.7 vs. 6.6 mg/liter; P < 0.001), and, after adjustment for age, BMI, gender, smoking, statin, and beta-blocker use, higher systolic (P = 0.001) and diastolic (P = 0.05) blood pressures. Fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance were all significantly higher in subjects than controls (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Identification of people solely on the basis of an elevated plasma triglyceride and a low HDL-C uncovers an overweight group of people who have a generalized metabolic disorder. In contrast, overweight people with normal plasma lipids have normal glucose and insulin metabolism, low levels of inflammatory markers, and normal blood pressure. Such people may thus be at relatively low risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease despite being overweight.

Triathlon event distance specialization: training and injury effects.

We conducted a preliminary, questionnaire-based, retrospective analysis of training and injury in British National Squad Olympic distance (OD) and Ironman distance (IR) triathletes. The main outcome measures were training duration and training frequency and injury frequency and severity. The number of overuse injuries sustained over a 5-year period did not differ between OD and IR. However, the proportions of OD and IR athletes who were affected by injury to particular anatomical sites differed (p < 0.05). Also, fewer OD athletes (16.7 vs. 36.8%, p < 0.05) reported that their injury recurred. Although OD sustained fewer running injuries than IR (1.6 +/- 0.5 vs. 1.9 +/- 0.3, p < 0.05), more subsequently stopped running (41.7 vs. 15.8%) and for longer (33.5 +/- 43.0 vs. 16.7 +/- 16.6 days, p < 0.01). In OD, the number of overuse injuries sustained inversely correlated with percentage training time, and number of sessions, doing bike hill repetitions (r = -0.44 and -0.39, respectively, both p < 0.05). The IR overuse injury number correlated with the amount of intensive sessions done (r = 0.67, p < 0.01 and r = 0.56, p < 0.05 for duration of "speed run" and "speed bike" sessions). Coaches should note that training differences between triathletes who specialize in OD or IR competition may lead to their exhibiting differential risk for injury to specific anatomical sites. It is also important to note that cycle and run training may have a "cumulative stress" influence on injury risk. Therefore, the tendency of some triathletes to modify rather than stop training when injured-usually by increasing load in another discipline from that in which the injury first occurred-may increase both their risk of injury recurrence and time to full rehabilitation.

Optimal growth strategies when mortality and production rates are size-dependent

Pontryagin's maximum principle from optimal control theory is used to find the optimal allocation of energy between growth and reproduction when lifespan may be finite and the trade-off between growth and reproduction is linear. Analyses of the optimal allocation problem to date have generally yielded bang-bang solutions, i.e. determinate growth: life-histories in which growth is followed by reproduction, with no intermediate phase of simultaneous reproduction and growth. Here we show that an intermediate strategy (indeterminate growth) can be selected for if the rates of production and mortality either both increase or both decrease with increasing body size, this arises as a singular solution to the problem. Our conclusion is that indeterminate growth is optimal in more cases than was previously realized. The relevance of our results to natural situations is discussed.