Formation and early development of tetraspores of Gracilaria lemaneiformis (Gracilaria, Gracilariaceae) under laboratory conditions

Morphological and culture studies of tetraspores of Gracilaria lemaneiformis were carried out under laboratory conditions. Relationships of germination rate, diameter and survival rate of tetraspores from 1st generation branches with grads of temperature and irradiance were determined, respectively. The result showed that 1st generation branches is in the majority of the tetraspores shedding and tetraspores from which had highest survival rates than other parts of the sporophytic plant. The time tetraspores used developing from giant unicells to diads, which both existed on the epidermis, then to tetraspores off the matrix, was only approximately 3 weeks all through. However, tetraspores spent more than two months developing into germlings of gametophytes. It was shown that temperature variation (10, 15, 25, 30 degrees C) with the light of 30 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) had significant effects on the germination rate and diameter, but had no apparent effect on survival rate (ANOVA, P < 0.01). Germination rates of tetraspores reached the maximum at 20 degrees C, which was significantly higher than those at other temperature levels (P < 0.01), whereas 15 degrees C seemed to be optimal temperature for the diameter. All the three growth parameters (germination rate, diameter and survival rate) yield highly significant variations with irradiance treatments at room temperature (ANOVA, P < 0.01). The optimal germination rate was detected at the irradiance of 30 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) (P < 0.01). The photon flux density which exceeds 480 nnol m(-2) s(-1) have apparently negative effect on diameter and survival rate. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Application of effective medium approximation theory to ocean remote sensing under wave breaking

Based on the effective medium approximation theory of composites, the empirical model proposed by Pandey and Kakar is remedied to investigate the microwave emissivity of sea surface under wave breaking driven by strong wind. In the improved model, the effects of seawater bubbles, droplets and difference in temperature of air and sea interface (DTAS) on the emissivity of sea surface covered by whitecaps are discussed. The model results indicate that the effective emissivity of sea surface increases with DTAS increasing, and the impacts of bubble structures and thickness of whitecaps layer on the emissivity are included in the model by introducing the effective dielectric constant of whitecaps layer. Moreover, a good agreement is obtained by comparing the model results with the Rose's experimental data.

末次冰消期以来东亚季风演化：来自东海和北黄海沉积孢粉记录

本论文通过对冲绳海槽南部的MD05-2908孔、北黄海的B-U35、B-U41、B-L44孔和北黄海的299份表层样中的孢粉组成、堆积速率、有机碳氮同位素的综合研究，分析了北黄海的孢粉来源、传播动力和途径，并与其它古气候记录对比，重建了末次冰消期以来东亚季风的演化。 MD05-2908孔孢粉组合特征显示6800-3800a BP间气候温暖干燥，其间存在着两次明显的温度降低、湿度增加阶段，即6800-6600a BP和5800-4850a BP；3800a BP以后，气候变得比较寒冷湿润，中世纪暖期和小冰期分别位于990-480a BP和480-230a BP。 北黄海表层孢粉百分含量等值线图显示北黄海不同海域孢粉来源不同，北黄 海东部海域(123.5°E以东的陆架区域)孢粉主要来源于鸭绿江；北黄海中部海域(123.5°E-122.6°E的陆架区域)孢粉来源比较复杂，既有来自辽东半岛、沿海岛屿、山东半岛，还有由黄海暖流携带而来的；北黄海西部海域(122.6°E以西的陆架区域)孢粉以黄海沿岸流携带而来的黄河来源的为主。 北黄海表层孢粉百分含量等值线图还显示，北黄海东部海域孢粉分布主要受 鸭绿江冲淡水影响，波浪和潮汐的作用较弱；北黄海中部海域孢粉分布受黄海暖流和辽东沿岸流的分支共同影响；黄海暖流与黄海沿岸流在山东半岛东北部相遇，形成一逆时针方向的涡旋，该涡旋控制着北黄海西部海域孢粉的分布。 B-U35孔、B-U41和B-L44孔孢粉组合特征显示，12830-12350a BP时气候 寒冷干燥，植被以旱生草本植物为主，时间上可能对应YD事件；12350-10100a BP时植被以针叶林为主，林下生长着大量蕨类植物，气候寒冷湿润，可能对应着YD事件；10100-6600a BP时植被以落叶阔叶林为主，伴生大量旱生草本植物，气候温暖干燥；6600-5000a BP时植被以针叶-落叶阔叶混交林为主，旱生草本植物含量下降，相对上一阶段温度有所降低，但气候更湿润，可能对应全新世最佳期；5000-4000a BP时针叶林所占比例扩大，温度再次降低，湿度变化不明显；4000-500a BP旱生草本植物含量增加，气候寒冷干燥；500a BP-至今，受人类活动影响，植被遭到严重破坏。 B-U35孔和B-U41孔淡水水生植物花粉百分含量曲线显示11750a BP以来黄河河口地区沼泽湿地面积几经变化。10100-6600a BP时沼泽湿地范围在上一阶段的基础上进一步扩大；6600-2850a BP间沼泽湿地大面积缩小，水生植物属种式微；2850a BP之后黄河河口地区沼泽湿地面积再次扩大，水生植物重新繁盛。 MD05-2908孔蕨类孢子百分含量被用来作为中国东南部季风演化的代用指标。结果显示6800-3800a BP时夏季风较强，其间有两次夏季风减弱阶段，分别位于6800-6600a BP和5800-4850a BP，3800a BP以来，夏季风明显减弱，此期的夏季风减弱除受太阳辐射量的减少影响外，可能还与El Nino的频繁爆发有关。 B-U35孔和B-U41孔蒿属、藜科、麻黄科百分含量被用来作为中国中北部夏季风演化的代用指标。研究表明，11750a BP以来东亚夏季风强度在10100-6600a BP时，显著加强，6600a BP左右，夏季风开始减弱，4000a BP以后夏季风显著减弱。 将MD05-2908孔、B-U35孔和B-U41孔夏季风代用指标进行对比发现，中晚全新世以来中国南-北湿度变化特征正好相反，东亚夏季风强度变化以及由此引起的雨锋的南进北撤可能是导致中国不同区域中晚全新世以来降雨量不同的主要原因。

DNA分子标记技术在海带种质鉴定中的应用

本文在CTAB和SDS／K＋两种DAN提取方法基础上，综合与改进，建立了海带配子体DNA的提取和纯化方法。用此法得到了较高质量的海带配子体DNA，可有效地应用于海带分子标记的研究。采用RAPD，ISSR和AFLP三种DNA分子标记技术对海带配子体细胞系进行了种质鉴定和评价，结果表明：1）RAPD方法可以有效地应用于海带配子体细胞系的鉴定，用三个RAPD引物（OPC20，OPD20和OPD15）构建的DNA指纹图谱，不仅能将23个海带配子体细胞系区分开，而且能将每种海带的雌、雄配子体区分开。2）在没有其它海带配子体DNA分子标记背景资料的前提下，运用ISSR标记方法，辅证了RAPD方法的有效性及可靠性，排除了因原核生物的“污染”，所造成的RAPD标记方法的干扰，同时，也能辨别非海带配子体，这可以评价海带配子体保存的实际效果。3）AFLP分子标记结果表明，海带配子体细胞系具有高的多态性，这对海带具体性状进行连锁标记分析，可能是有效的方法。4）在RAPD标记的基础上，初步建立海带配子体SCAR标记，为海带分子标记辅助选种、育种打下基础。5）对3F、5F、12M三个实验材料，进一步用rDNA转录间隔区（ITS1）测序分析，与已知海带配子体ITS1的差别很大，说明不是海带配子体。综合上述，RAPD，ISSR和AFLP三种DNA分子标记技可以对海带种质资源进行鉴定、评估，为海带科学保种、选种提供依据。

牙鲆和大黄鱼染色体组操作研究

紫外灭活牙鲆精子最适剂量为3772ergs/mm2，长时间紫外照射会造成牙鲆精子超微结构、存活率和活力的损伤。采用冷休克法和静水压法可成功抑制雌核发育牙鲆卵第二极体排放，诱导出雌核发育牙鲆子二代雌核发育。15℃培育水温条件下，冷休克法抑制雌核发育牙鲆卵子第二极体排放的最适条件为受精后5min，0-1℃ 水温下处理45 min；静水压法制雌核发育牙鲆卵子第二极体排放的最适条件为受精后5min，480 kg/cm2压力水平处理5min。采用温度休克法和静水压法都可成功诱导出牙鲆同质雌核发育二倍体。15℃培育水温条件下，冷休克法诱导牙鲆同质雌核发育的最适条件为受精后85min，1-2℃ 水温下处理45 min；静水压法诱导牙鲆同质雌核发育最适处理参数为受精后85min，600 kg/cm2压力水平处理6min。采用冷休克法和静水压法都成功诱导出大黄鱼三倍体。冷休克法适合诱导条件为20℃培育水温下授精后3min, 在3-4℃海水中处理8-10min；静水压法适合诱导条件为同样培育水温下授精后3min，在静水压450kg/cm2下处理3min。孵化后120d大黄鱼三倍体和对照组全长的增长上没有明显差异；体重则明显大于二倍体。

Fluorescence Characterization of Dissolved Organic Matter in the East China Sea after Diatom Red Tide Dispersion

Fluorescence excitation-emission spectroscopy (EEMS) was employed to analyze the 3-dimensional fluorescence of dissolved organic matter in the East China Sea after diatom red tide dispersion. The relationships between fluorescence peak intensity, and salinity and chlorophyll-a were discussed. The centers of protein-like fluorescence peaks dispersed at Ex(max)/Em(max) = 270-280/290-315 nm (Peak B), 220-230/290-305 nm (Peak D), 230-240/335-350 nm(Peak S)and 280/320 nm(Peak T). Two humic-like peaks appeared at 255-270/435-480 nm (Peak A) and 330-350/420-480 nm(Peak C). High tyrosine-like intensity was observed in diatom red tide dispersion area, and tryptophan-like fluorescence was also found which was lower. High FIB/FIS showed that diatom red tide produced much tyrosine-like matter during dispersion. Peaks S, A and C had positive correlation with one another, and their distributions were similar, which decreased with distance increasing away from the shore. Good negative correlations between peaks S, A and C and salinity suggested that Jiangsu-Zhejiang coastal water was the same source of then-L Correlations between fluorescence peak intensity and chlorophyll-a were not remarkable enough to clear the relationship between fluorescence and living algal matter. It was supposed that the living algal matter contributed little to the fluorescence intensity of algal dispersion seawater.

高寒草甸不同草地群落物种多样性与生产力关系研究

生态系统的结构和功能、生物多样性与生产力的关系问题是近年来群落生态学中研究的中心问题,其中,生态系统生产力水平是其功能的重要表现形式,用4种不同草地类型探讨自然群落的物种多样性与生产力关系.结果表明,矮嵩草草甸、小嵩草草甸和金露梅灌丛群落中物种多样性与生产力的关系呈线性增加关系,藏嵩草沼泽化草甸群落中线性增加关系不显著,这表明群落生产力除受物种多样性的影响外,也受物种本身特征和环境资源的影响.不同的环境资源和环境异质性是形成群落结构特征、物种多样性分布格局差异的主要原因之一.

植物生长季退化草毡寒冻雏形土CO2释放特征

对中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站地区退化草毡寒冻雏形土CO2释放的全天候连续观测结果表明，退化草毡寒冻雏形土CO2的释放有明显的日变化和季节动态，日最大释放速率出现于12：00-14：00，最小释放速率出现于6：00-8：00；植物生长季的最大振幅为462.49mg·m^-2·h^-1（8月18日），最小振幅为114.97mg·m^-2·h^-1（5月9日），CO2释放速率白天大于夜晚。不同物候期CO2释放速率亦不同，草盛期>枯黄期>青期。最大日均值为480.76mg·m^-2·h^-1（8月18日），最小日均值为140.77mg·m^-2·h^-1（5月9日）。释放速率与气温、地表温度及土壤5cm地温均呈显著或极显著相关关系，表明温度是决定CO2释放速率季节变化的首要因素。

Effect of spatial variation on areal evapotranspiration simulation in Haibei, Tibet plateau, China

Quantification of areal evapotranspiration from remote sensing data requires the determination of surface energy balance components with support of field observations. Much attention should be given to spatial resolution sensitivity to the physics of surface heterogeneity. Using the Priestley-Taylor model, we generated evapotranspiration maps at several spatial resolutions for a heterogeneous area at Haibei, and validated the evapotranspiration maps with the flux tower data. The results suggested that the mean values for all evapotranspiration maps were quite similar but their standard deviations decreased with the coarsening of spatial resolution. When the resolution transcended about 480 m, the standard deviations drastically decreased, indicating a loss of spatial structure information of the original resolution evapotranspiration map. The absolute values of relative errors of the points for evapotranspiration maps showed a fluctuant trend as spatial resolution of input parameter data layers coarsening, and the absolute value of relative errors reached minimum when pixel size of map matched up to measuring scale of eddy covariance system. Finally, based on the analyses of the semi-variogram of the original resolution evapotranspiration map and the shapes of spatial autocorrelation indices of Moran and Geary for evapotranspiration maps at different resolutions, an appropriate resolution was suggested for the areal evapotranspiration simulation in this study area.

非结构环境下边缘检测参数自动优化方法

分析了基于梯度的边缘检测算法,针对其在参数确定自主能力不高的问题,提出一种新的基于大津法和统计理论的自适应边缘提取方法,通过对一组参数进行统计优化,自适应地确定边缘检测的全局最优参数,最后,采用Canny边缘检测算子对本算法进行验证.实验结果表明,本文提出的非结构环境下目标自适应边缘提取方法能够有效地抑制噪声,自适应地确定图像最优边缘参数,提高了边缘定位精度。

贵州平坝县白云岩风化壳中稀土元素分布特征之初步研究

本文报道了平坝白云岩风化剖面风化前缘稀土元素超常规富集(总量达3％ 以 上)现象及其特征，并通过主元素、稀土元素的测定，结合白云岩中“酸不溶物”的提取和代表性样品的化学淋溶实验研究，讨论了白云岩风化壳剖面稀土元素的丹异特征．认为风化前缘稀土元素的富集是由3方面的因素共同作用造成的：1)对白云岩风化残积的继承；2)剖面上部一部分轻稀土淋滤聚积；3)碳酸盐岩中非均匀分布的原生含磷矿物风化产生的稀土磷酸盐矿物的聚集，后者是最重要的原因。

银山矿床成矿作用微量元素地球化学研究

对银山矿床中矿石、岩体和矿体的蚀变围岩及其原岩的稀土及微量元素特征研究表明，热液蚀变作用导致蚀变岩的ΣREE普遍升高，而近岩体和矿体ΣREE则低于原岩。蚀变围岩出现Eu亏损，LREE／HREE值亦较原岩降低。定量计算表明，ΣREE总升幅中有31％以下是由围岩质量迁移引起的表观浓缩现象，而另外的69％以上的效应则因流体带入了REE所致。热液具有LREE/HREE值低、强Eu正异常的特征。热液的还原性质促使Eu3+还原为Eu2+而被活化迁出，导致围岩的Eu负异常扩大；Sr普遍地比

贵州省燃煤型氟中毒地区的氟源新认

目的：调查贵州省燃煤型氟中毒地区的氟源。方法：测定3个典型氟中毒重病村的煤、拌煤粘土、煤饼、煤饼灰的含氟量；调查贵州省煤含氟量。结果：化落、马家庄、偏坡寨3个村子的煤氟分别为107．8、104．1、117．6mg/kg，拌煤粘土氟分别为6103．7、1900．5、2619．7mg/kg，煤饼氟分别为805．3、480．7、1713．6mg/kg，煤饼灰氟分别为639．6、332．5、841．7mg/kg；贵州省煤氟均值为115．5mg/kg.结论:氟源主要是拌煤粘土，其含氟量一般很高。

南方红土形成过程及其稀土元素地球化学

南方不同红土的化学蚀变指数（ＣＩＡ），硅铝系数（ＳｉＯ２／Ａｌ２Ｏ３）、硅铁铝系数（Ｒ２Ｏ３／ＳｉＯ２）反映红土的形成经历了脱钙、脱碱基和初级脱硅富铝富铁３个主要的风化阶段；稀土在前两个阶段中主要发生淋失，而在后一阶段中富集，其配分曲线具Ｅｕ亏损的轻稀土显著富集型特征。红土中稀土元素的赋存状态以晶格相为主，主要与基岩密切相关，而其它赋存状态则与红土化过程紧密相连。红土中可溶态稀土含量的高低是风化作 用.

贵州平坝县白云岩风化壳中稀土元素分布特征之初步研究

本文报道了平坝白云岩风化剖面风化前缘稀土元素超常规富集（总量达3％以上）现象及其特征，并通过主元素，稀土元素的测定。结合白云岩中“酸不溶物”的提取和代表性样品的化学淋溶实验研究，讨论了白云岩风化壳剖面稀土元素的分异特征，认为风化前缘稀土元素的富集是由3方面的因素共同作用造成的：1）对白云岩风化残积的继承；2）剖面上部一部分轻稀土淋滤取积；3）碳酸盐岩中非均匀分布的原生含磷矿物风化产生的稀土磷酸盐矿物的聚集，后者是最重要的原因。