A cost-effective atomic force microscope for undergraduate control laboratories

This paper presents a simple, cost-effective and robust atomic force microscope (AFM), which has been purposely designed and built for use as a teaching aid in undergraduate controls labs. The guiding design principle is to have all components be open and visible to the students, so the inner functioning of the microscope has been made clear to see. All of the parts but one are off the shelf, and assembly time is generally less than two days, which makes the microscope a robust instrument that is readily handled by the students with little chance of damage. While the scanning resolution is nowhere near that of a commercial instrument, it is more than sufficient to take interesting scans of micrometer-scale objects. A survey of students after their having used the AFM resulted in a generally good response, with 80% agreeing that they had a positive learning experience. © 2009 IEEE.

滤食性鲢、鳙肠含物PCR-DGGE指纹分析

以采自武汉东湖的滤食性鲢、鳙为对象,通过PCR-DGGE并结合序列分析对其肠道微生物及肠含物中残留的食物组分进行了探索研究。在所有个体中都能检测到不同的PCR-DGGE指纹谱带,其中包括肠道细菌在内的原核谱带较多,真核谱带相对较少;分析结果表明针对鲢、鳙肠含物这一特殊生境样品进行PCR-DGGE指纹分析是可行的。PCR-DGGE指纹结构及针对部分特定PCR-DGGE谱带的序列分析显示,从武汉东湖采集的鲢、鳙在食性上存在很大的重叠,并没有像基于常规食性分析文献报道的那样明显不同。基于肠含物DNA来进行鱼类食

三峡库首鱼类分布格局的水声学探测评估(英文)

2007年4月19-24日,应用EY60回声探测仪三峡水库库首区域的鱼类分布格局进行了水声学探测。研究发现:三峡大坝坝前至巫山干流江段鱼类分布不均匀,密度范围为0.718～37.46ind./1000m3,均值为3.117 ind./1000m3;鱼类主要分布的区域为支流河口及码头等位置,其中船闸通道位置密度最高;垂直分布上鱼类主要分布在30～60m的水层。分析认为,三峡库首区域鱼类的分布可能与浮游生物的丰富度有关。另外本文分析了三峡库区探测中鱼类个体目标强度的分布及信号过滤,以便下一步水声学探测研究的深

Multiply conditioned analyses of stratification in highly swirling methane/air flames

The effects of stratification on a series of highly swirling turbulent flames under globally lean conditions (φg=0.75) are investigated using a new high-spatial resolution multi-scalar dataset. This dataset features two key properties: high spatial resolution which approaches the 60 micron optical limit of the measurement system, and a wavelet oversampling methodology which significantly reduces the influence of noise. Furthermore, the very large number of realizations (30,000) acquired in the stratified cases permits statistically significant results to be obtained even after aggressive conditioning is applied. Data are doubly conditioned on equivalence ratio and the degree of stratification across the flame in each instantaneous realization. The influence of stoichiometry is limited by conditioning on the equivalence ratio at the location of peak CO mass fraction, which is shown to be a good surrogate for the location of peak heat release rate, while the stratification is quantified using a linear gradient in equivalence ratio across the instantaneous flame front. This advanced conditioning enables robust comparisons with the baseline lean premixed flame. Species mass fractions of both carbon monoxide and hydrogen are increased in temperature space under stratified conditions. Stratification is also shown to significantly increase thermal gradients, yet the derived three-dimensional flame surface density is shown to be relatively insensitive to stratification. Whilst the presence of instantaneous stratification broadens the curvature distribution relative to the premixed case, the degree of broadening is not significantly influenced by the range of global stratification ratios examined in this study. © 2012 The Combustion Institute.

鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio L．)GH受体的分子克隆及其两种转录子的发现

应用反转录-PCR及RACE技术,从二龄鲤鱼肝组织中克隆了生长激素受体(GHR)的全长基因,其开放阅读框编码602个氨基酸,其中包括244个氨基酸的胞外激素结合结构域,24个氨基酸的跨膜区域和334个氨基酸的胞内信号传导区域．序列分析表明：无论在基因水平还是蛋白质水平,鲤鱼GHR与鲫鱼GHR均具有较高的同源性．用一对基因特异性引物在研究二龄鲤鱼GHR的组织分布时发现：肝与其他组织的扩增产物大小不一致(肝组织中的约小100 bp),测序结果以及基因组PCR表明这是由于一个97 bp的内含子选择性剪切造成的．

单性生殖动物的进化

传统的观念认为 ,单性动物由于失去了重组机会 ,必然难以适应变化的环境 ,终将绝灭。但是已被发现的近 5 0种单性脊椎动物不仅没有因失去基因的重组和交换而绝灭 ,反而表现出强大的生命力。其有害突变积累和较长的生物演化历程之间的矛盾和在缺乏遗传重组情况下的进化机制是特别引人关注的重大生物学问题。简要论述了单性动物独特的基因组结构、存在历史及其进化途径 (突变、三倍化、异精雌核发育生殖方式和异精效应及生殖方式多样化 )。

环境因子对萼花臂尾轮虫种群动态的影响

应用单个体培养方法研究了藻类食物的种类和浓度以及培养温度对萼花臂尾轮虫种群动态的影响 .结果显示 ,藻类食物的种类和斜生栅藻浓度均仅对轮虫的幼体阶段历时和产卵量具有显著的影响 ;三类食物中蛋白核小球藻是轮虫种群增长的最适藻类食物 ;若以斜生栅藻为食物 ,轮虫种群增长的最适浓度为 6.0× 10 6cells/ml.轮虫各主要发育阶段的历时皆随着温度的升高而极显著地缩短 ,但温度对其产卵量无显著的影响 :30℃下该种轮虫种群的内禀增长率最大 .

Inhibitory plasticity balances excitation and inhibition in sensory pathways and memory networks

Cortical neurons receive balanced excitatory and inhibitory synaptic currents. Such a balance could be established and maintained in an experience-dependent manner by synaptic plasticity at inhibitory synapses. We show that this mechanism provides an explanation for the sparse firing patterns observed in response to natural stimuli and fits well with a recently observed interaction of excitatory and inhibitory receptive field plasticity. The introduction of inhibitory plasticity in suitable recurrent networks provides a homeostatic mechanism that leads to asynchronous irregular network states. Further, it can accommodate synaptic memories with activity patterns that become indiscernible from the background state but can be reactivated by external stimuli. Our results suggest an essential role of inhibitory plasticity in the formation and maintenance of functional cortical circuitry.

亚热带湖泊中一种剑水蚤──Mesocyclops notius Kiefer的形态及生态学研究(英文)

本文报道了对一亚热带湖泊中的Mesocyclopsnotius的形态及生态学研究。将从扁担塘采得的标本形态学特征与Kiefer和Velde从澳大利亚的标本的形态学特征进行了比较．在扁担塘，M.notius与2种温剑水蚤──ThermocyclopstaihokuensisHarada和T.brevifurcatusHarada为春季和夏季剑水蚤的优势种，而CyclopsvincinusvincinusVljanin为冬季的优势种。

微型生态系统中鲢、鳙下行影响的实验研究——2.营养物水平

鲢、鳙放养使微型生态系统的水柱氮、磷浓度和磷的分布发生了明显的变化。至实验结束时,各实验组的水柱颗粒磷、总磷和氨氮浓度都比对照组高,而正磷酸盐浓度和沉积物磷的量均低于对照组。这种变化以鳙单养系统为最大,其次是鲢、鳙混养系统,鲢单养系统的变化最小。微型生态系统中正磷酸盐浓度同浮游动、植物密度和初级生产力显著相关,氨氮浓度同所述变量之间的相关关系则多半与正磷酸盐相反。实验观测期间浮游植物密度与总磷浓度之间存在营养级联假说所预见的下行影响,实验结束时二者之间却有上行影响的趋向。根据实验观测结果认为,微型生态系统