Metodología para una estrategia de desarrollo productivo agropecuario y forestal ecosostenible para el trópico seco de Centroamérica: aplicación al municipio de Santo Tomás del Nance

El llamado Trópico Seco de Centroamérica se caracteriza en general y en la Costa Pacífica, en particular, por albergar una elevada densidad de población eminentemente rural y agro dependiente, en este medio se han conjugado el incremento de los procesos de desertificación del territorio junto con la disminución de los rendimientos agropecuarios. Este fenómeno ha venido acelerándose en los últimos años a la par que ha sido agravado por otros factores económicos y políticos, generando creciente vulnerabilidad físico-ambiental y socioeconómica. La tesis pretende demostrar que la falta de un correcto manejo y usos del suelo es factor clave en la creciente pobreza campesina, también consideramos que esta situación es reversible empleando medios, técnicas y compromisos sociales que están a nuestro alcance y, por último, que es técnica y económicamente factible disponer de un modelo o estrategia eco productiva que posibilite el crecimiento económico de la población, manteniendo o incluso mejorando la sostenibilidad de los recursos naturales (causa primera de la pobreza), y en particular el suelo y el agua. A pesar de las inversiones significativas en el agro durante los últimos 25 años, continúan creciendo a un ritmo alarmante los procesos de desertificación y de la pobreza rural relacionada. Entre un sin número de causas se destacan una baja voluntad política y la polarización entre gobiernos y las organizaciones de la sociedad civil. Por último, se destaca el hecho de que para revertir las actuales tendencias, es preciso fomentar la estrecha colaboración como un todo entre gobiernos centrales, gobiernos locales y las organizaciones de la sociedad civil.

Systematics of Senecio sect. Crociseris (Compositae, Senecioneae)

Se revisa taxonómicamente Senecio sect. Crociseris (Compositae, Senecioneae),una de las cuatro principales secciones del género en el ámbito de Eurasia y el norte de África. Este grupo comprende hierbas rizomatosas, distribuidas principalmente del oeste de Europa y noroeste de África al oeste asiático, y presenta la mayor diversidad en el Mediterráneo septentrional. El nuevo tratamiento taxonómico que se propone reconoce 28 especies y 8 subespecies. Se ha hecho un especial esfuerzo en el análisis de la variabilidad del gr. S. doronicum, cuya sistemática ha sido objeto de controversia durante mucho tiempo. En este grupo se aceptan tres especies: S. doronicum, S.lagascanus, y S. provincialis, la primera con tres subespecies: subsp. doronicum, subsp.longifolius, y subsp. orientalis. Con el objetivo de indagar en las relaciones de las especies dentro de la sección y de ésta con otros grupos de Senecio, se han llevado a cabo análisis filogenéticos basados en secuencias ITS y de cloroplasto. Los resultados sugieren que la sect. Crociseris es un grupo parafilético, ya que incluye las especies secuenciadas de la sect. Doria. Además, complejos patrones de algunas secuencias ITS sugieren eventos de hibridación. Como resultado del estudio taxonómico se proponen las siguientes combinaciones: Senecio doronicum subsp. longifolius(Willk.) J. Calvo, Senecio doronicum subsp. orientalis (Ten.) J. Calvo, Senecio macedonicus subsp. barckhausiaefolius (Boiss. & Heldr.) J. Calvo, y Senecio racemosus subsp. kirghisicus(DC.) J. Calvo. Por otro lado, S. ruthenensis de Francia y S. lusitanicus de Portugal han sido sinonimizados a S. lagascanus, así como S. ovatifolius, S. pisidicus y S. tmoleus de Anatolia a S. kolenatianus, S. olympicus, y S. castagneanus respectivamente, S.bertramii de Líbano a S. cilicius, y S. delbesianus de Siria a S. racemosus subsp. racemosus. Se han lectotipificado setenta y cinco nombres, y neotipificado S. pyrenaicus y S. scopolii. Senecio gerardi Godr., S. doronicum (L.) L. y S. paucifolius S.G. Gmel. se propusieron a conservar. Se incluyen claves de identificación, descripciones detalladas, mapas de distribución e ilustraciones. Nueve táxones han sido ilustrados por primera vez.

Clave dicotómica de pecopteris de las cuencas mineras de Barruelo, Palencia (Cantabriense-Barrueliense, Carbonífero Superior) y de La Magdalena León (Saberiense, Carbonífero Superior)

El género de forma Pecopteris se ha utilizado ampliamente para fósiles de hojas estériles del Carbonífero Superior y el Pérmico. El número de especies asignadas a éste género se ha ido multiplicando a lo largo de la historia debido a que las características definidas para este género son muy comunes y por tanto, aplicables a gran número de taxones. En un intento de facilitar la asignación de muestras fósiles de Pecopteris a sus respectivas especies, se ha procedido a generar sendas claves dicotómicas para las especies descritas en las cuencas de Barruelo (Palencia) y La Magdalena (León).

Characteristic time in quasispecies evolution

Estudio del tiempo en que un fenotipo alcanza un estado estacionario

Fighting tax evasion: a cellular automata approach

Estudio de la dinámica de una población donde los individuos son contribuyentes (pagadores de impuestos) o no mediante un autómata celular 2D

Methods of Tree Appraisal: A Review of Their Features and Application Possibilities

Se revisan los métodas de valoración de arbolado

A new method for the identification of old-growth trees in National Forest Inventories: Application to Pinus halepensis Mill. stands in Spain

Old-growth trees play a very important role in the maintenance of biodiversity in forests. However, no clear definition is yet available to help identify them since tree age is usually not recorded in National Forest Inventories. To develop and test a new method to identify old-growth trees using a species-specific threshold for tree diameter in National Forest Inventories. Different nonlinear mixed models for diameter ? age were generated using data from the Spanish Forest Inventory in order to identify the most appropriate one for Aleppo pine in its South-western distribution area. The asymptote of the optimal model indicates the threshold diameter for defining an old-growth tree. Additionally, five site index curves were examined to analyze the influence of site quality on these models.

Mixing effect on volume growth of Fagus sylvatica and Pinus sylvestris is modulated by stand density

Despite the increasing relevance of mixed stands due to their potential benefits; little information is available with regard to the effect of mixtures on yield in forest systems. Hence, it is necessary to study inter-specific relationships, and the resulting yield in mixed stands, which may vary with stand development, site or stand density, etc. In Spain, the province of Navarra is considered one of the biodiversity reservoirs; however, mixed forests occupy only a small area, probably as a consequence of management plans, in which there is an excessive focus on the productivity aspect, favoring the presence of pure stands of the most marketable species. The aim of this paper is to study how growth efficiencies of beech (Fagus sylvatica) and pine (Pinus sylvestris) are modified by the admixture of the other species and to determine whether stand density modifies interspecific relationships and to what extent. Two models were fitted from Spanish National Forest Inventory data, for P. sylvestris and F. sylvatica respectively, which relate the growth efficiency of the species, i.e. the volume increment of the species divided by the species proportion by area, with dominant height, quadratic mean diameter, stocking degree, and the species proportions by area of each species. Growth efficiency of pine increased with the admixture of beech, decreasing this positive effect when stocking degree increased. However, the positive effect of pine admixture on beech growth was greater at higher stocking degrees. Growth efficiency of beech was also dependent on stand dominant height, resulting in a net negative mixing effect when stand dominant heights and stocking degrees were simultaneously low. There is a relatively large range of species proportions and stocking degrees which results in transgressive overyielding: higher volume increments in mixed stands than that of the most productive pure pine stands. We concluded that stocking degree is a key factor in between-species interactions, being the effects of mixing not always greater at higher stand densities, but it depends on species composition.

Micro-scale habitat associations of woody plants in a neotropical cloud forest

Species?habitat associations may contribute to the maintenance of species richness in tropical forests, but previous research has been conducted almost exclusively in lowland forests and has emphasized the importance of topography and edaphic conditions. Is the distribution of woody plant species in a Peruvian cloud forest determined by microhabitat conditions? What is the role of environmental characteristics and forest structure in habitat partitioning in a tropical cloud forest? We examined species?habitat associations in three 1-ha plots using the torus-translation method. We used three different criteria to define habitats for habitat partitioning analyses, based on microtopography, forest structure and both sets of factors. The number of species associated either positively or negatively with each habitat was assessed. Habitats defined on the basis of environmental conditions and forest structure discriminated a greater number of positive and negative associations at the scale of our analyses in a tropical cloud forest. Both topographic conditions and forest structure contribute to small-scale microhabitat partitioning of woody plant species in a Peruvian tropical cloud forest. Nevertheless, canopy species were most correlated with the distribution of environmental variables, while understorey species displayed associations with forest structure.

Forest Biodiversity Assessment in Peruvian Andean Montane Cloud Forest

Cloud forests are unusual and fragile habitats, being one of the least studied and least understood ecosystems. The tropical Andean dominion is considered one of the most significant places in the world as rega rds biological diversity, with a very high level of endemism. The biodiversity was analysed in an isolated remnant area of a tropical montane cloud forest known as the ?Bosque de Neblina de Cuyas?, in the North of the Peruvian Andean range. Composition, structure and dead wood were measured or estimated. The values obtained were compared with other cloud forests. The study revealed a high level of forest biodiversity, although the level of biodiversity differs from one area to another: in the inner areas, where human pressure is almost inexistent, the biodiversity values increase. The high species richness and the low dominance among species bear testimony to this montane cloud forest as a real enclave of biodiversity.

La estimación de la biodiversidad forestal en el Inventario Forestal Nacional. Aplicación en el IFN-4 en Galicia

Teniendo como punto de partida la Convención de la Diversidad biológica de 1992, desde la segunda mitad del siglo XX las perspectivas en política y gestión medioambiental han dado un giro sin precedentes. Variables intangibles, difíciles de medir, como es la biodiversidad, son cada vez más importantes para la sociedad. En consecuencia, enmarcado en políticas y requerimientos internacionales, desde el Tercer Inventario Forestal Nacional (IFN-3) se está aplicando una nueva metodología en continuo desarrollo que trata de estimar nuevas variables relacionadas con la biodiversidad. El objetivo más importante es poder analizar mediante estos nuevos indicadores la evolución del estado de la biodiversidad forestal de nuestros bosques a lo largo de los sucesivos IFN. Para llevar a cabo este reto, la toma de datos de campo en el inventario se centra principalmente en indicadores relativos a la composición florística y a la estructura de las masas forestales. En este artículo se describe la evolución y el desarrollo de la metodología llevada a cabo hasta el momento para la estimación de la biodiversidad forestal en el IFN. Además, se detallan los resultados derivados de su aplicación en las formaciones forestales más representativas de Galicia. Finalmente, se exponen los nuevos indicadores relacionados con la biodiversidad forestal en los que se está investigando, así como nuevas perspectivas de análisis.

Extreme pointer years in tree-ring records of central Spain as evidence of climatic events and the eruption of the Huaynaputina Volcano (Peru, 1600 AD)

The study of pointer years of numerous tree-ring chronologies of the central Iberian Peninsula (Sierra de Guadarrama) could provide complementary information about climate variability over the last 405 yr. In total, 64 pointer years have been identified: 30 negative (representing minimum growths) and 34 positive (representing maximum growths), the most significant of these being 1601, 1963 and 1996 for the negative ones, and 1734 and 1737 for the positive ones. Given that summer precipitation was found to be the most limiting factor for the growth of Pinus in the Sierra de Guadarrama in the second half of the 20th century, it is also an explanatory factor in almost 50% of the extreme growths. Furthermore, these pointer years and intervals are not evenly distributed throughout time. Both in the first half of the 17th and in the second half of 20th, they were more frequent and more extreme and these periods are the most notable for the frequency of negative pointer years in Central Spain. The interval 1600–1602 is of special significance, being one of the most unfavourable for tree growth in the centre of Spain, with 1601 representing the minimum index in the regional chronology. We infer that this special minimum annual increase was the effect of the eruption of Huaynaputina, which occurred in Peru at the beginning of 1600 AD. This is the first time that the effects of this eruption in the tree-ring records of Southern Europe have been demonstrated.

A silviculture-oriented spatio-temporal model for germination in Pinus pinea L. in the Spanish Northern Plateau based on a direct seeding experiment

Natural regeneration in Pinus pinea stands commonly fails throughout the Spanish Northern Plateau under current intensive regeneration treatments. As a result, extensive direct seeding is commonly conducted to guarantee regeneration occurrence. In a period of rationalization of the resources devoted to forest management, this kind of techniques may become unaffordable. Given that the climatic and stand factors driving germination remain unknown, tools are required to understand the process and temper the use of direct seeding. In this study, the spatio-temporal pattern of germination of P. pinea was modelled with those purposes. The resulting findings will allow us to (1) determine the main ecological variables involved in germination in the species and (2) infer adequate silvicultural alternatives. The modelling approach focuses on covariates which are readily available to forest managers. A two-step nonlinear mixed model was fitted to predict germination occurrence and abundance in P. pinea under varying climatic, environmental and stand conditions, based on a germination data set covering a 5-year period. The results obtained reveal that the process is primarily driven by climate variables. Favourable conditions for germination commonly occur in fall although the optimum window is often narrow and may not occur at all in some years. At spatial level, it would appear that germination is facilitated by high stand densities, suggesting that current felling intensity should be reduced. In accordance with other studies on P. pinea dispersal, it seems that denser stands during the regeneration period will reduce the present dependence on direct seeding.

Correlation between ileal digestibility of amino acids and chemical composition of soybean meals in broilers at 21 days of age

The correlations between chemical composition and coefficient of standardized ileal digestibility (CSID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) were determined in 22 soybean meal (SBM) samples originated from USA (n = 8), Brazil (BRA; n = 7) and Argentina (ARG; n = 7) in 21-day old broilers. Birds were fed a commercial maize-SBM diet from 1 to 17 days of age followed by the experimental diets in which the SBM tested was the only source of protein (205 g CP/kg) for three days. Also, in vitro nitrogen (N) digestion study was conducted with these samples using the two-step enzymatic method. The coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) of the SBM, independent of the origin, varied from 0.820 to 0.880 for CP, 0.850 to 0.905 for lysine (Lys), 0.859 to 0.907 for methionine (Met) and 0.664 to 0.750 for cysteine (Cys). The corresponding CSID values varied from 0.850 to 0.966 for CP, 0.891 to 0.940 for Lys, 0.931 to 0.970 for Met and 0.786 to 0.855 for Cys. The CSID of CP and Lys of the SBM were positively correlated with CP (r = 0.514; P menor que 0.05 and r = 0.370; P = 0.09, respectively), KOH solubility (KOH sol.) (r = 0.696; P menor que 0.001 and r = 0.619; P menor que 0.01, respectively), trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) (r = 0.541; P menor que 0.01 and r = 0.416; P = 0.05, respectively) and reactive Lys (r = 0.563; P menor que 0.01 and r = 0.486; P menor que 0.05) values, but no relation was observed with neutral detergent fiber and oligosaccharide content. No relation between the CSID of CP determined in vivo and N digestibility determined in vitro was found. The CSID of most key AA were higher for the USA and the BRA meals than for the ARG meals. For Lys, the CSID was 0.921, 0.919 and 0.908 (P menor que 0.05) and for Cys 0.828, 0.833 and 0.800 (P menor que 0.01) for USA, BRA and ARG meals, respectively. It is concluded that under the conditions of this experiment, the CSID of CP and Lys increased with CP content, KOH sol., TIA and reactive Lys values of the SBM. The CSID of most limiting AA, including Lys and Cys, were higher for USA and BRA meals than for ARG meals.

Evaluación de conocimientos básicos de estadística en ingenierías agroforestales de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid.

Evaluación de conocimientos básicos de estadística en ingenierías agroforestales de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid.