Annual report 2006 - North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES). Fifteenth meeting, Yokohama, Japan, October 13-22, 2006

◾ Report of Opening Session (p. 1) ◾ Report of Governing Council (p. 15) ◾ Report of the Finance and Administration Committee (p. 47) ◾ Reports of Science Board and Committees: Science Board Inter-sessional Meeting (p. 63); Science Board (p. 73); Biological Oceanography Committee (p. 87); Fishery Science Committee (p. 95); Marine Environmental Quality Committee (p. 105); MONITOR Technical Committee (p. 115); Physical Oceanography and Climate Committee (p. 125); Technical Committee on Data Exchange (p. 133) ◾ Reports of Sections, Working and Study Groups: Section on Carbon and Climate (p. 139); Section on Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms in the North Pacific (p. 143); Working Group 18 on Mariculture in the 21st Century - The Intersection Between Ecology, Socio-economics and Production (p. 147); Working Group 19 on Ecosystem-Based Management Science and its Application to the North Pacific (p. 151); Working Group 20 on Evaluations of Climate Change Projections (p. 157); Working Group 21 on Non-indigenous Aquatic Species (p. 159); Study Group to Develop a Strategy for GOOS (p. 165) ◾ Reports of the Climate Change and Carrying Capacity Scientific Program: Implementation Panel on the CCCC Program (p. 169); CFAME Task Team (p. 175); MODEL Task Team (p. 181) ◾ Reports of Advisory Panels: Advisory Panel for a CREAMS/PICES Program in East Asian Marginal Seas (p. 187); Advisory Panel on Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey in the North Pacific (p. 193); Advisory Panel on Iron Fertilization Experiment in the Subarctic Pacific Ocean (p. 197); Advisory Panel on Marine Birds and Mammals (p. 201); Advisory Panel on Micronekton Sampling Inter-calibration Experiment (p. 205) ◾ Summary of Scientific Sessions and Workshops (p. 209) ◾ Membership List (p. 259) ◾ List of Participants (p. 277) ◾ List of PICES Acronyms (p. 301) ◾ List of Acronyms (p. 303)

西洋参体细胞胚胎发生的研究

以西洋参(Panax quinquefolium L.)为材料，从胚、胚乳、多年生主根等外植体诱导筛选得到多种胚性及非胚性愈伤组织，胚来源的胚性愈伤组织经用附加1.0ppm 2,4-D的MS培养基继代保持三年后仍具旺盛的体细胞胚胎发生能力，以胚性愈伤组织建立的液体培养系统可得到大量游离的胚状体，将胚状体包埋制成的人工种子能在附加0.1ppm NAA和1.0ppm GA_3的B_s培养基上萌发形成根、茎、叶健全的再生植株，并且移栽成活。松软型根愈伤组织以过长期继代培养后，也得到了胚状体发生。比较了多种培养因素对体细胞胚胎发生和愈伤组织的影响，其中外植体来源、基本培养基的无机盐组成以及生长素是决定愈伤组织形态结构类型和体细胞胚胎发生能力的主要因素。胚乳愈伤组织、质密型根愈伤组织以及来源于胚的松软型非胚性愈伤组织在多种诱导条件下均未能发生胚状体。 从松软型的胚或根愈伤组织均容易游离大量原生质体，用悬浮培养物游离原生质体的得率更高，从早期胚状体也可酶解得到可用于培养量的原生质体。原生质体体积均很小，培养中的行为也相似，有些形成细胞壁，细胞变形，个别进行细胞分裂，形成少数细胞团，但未形成愈伤组织;有些原生质体仍保持球形，体积剧裂膨大几十倍，小液泡汇聚成大液泡，有些液泡中积累紫红色素。 用石蜡切片、半薄切片、透射电镜和扫描电镜等方法对各种愈伤组织的内部结构及外部形态进行了详细观察，发现胚状体起源于愈伤组织的表皮或表皮下层细胞，有单个发生和成丛发生两种发生方式，不同愈伤组织细胞的显微及超微结构各具特色。胚乳愈伤组织、松软型根愈作组织以及胚状体的细胞虽然都具有某些胚性细胞结构特征，例如细胞体积小、细胞核大、细胞质浓厚、细胞器丰富等，但它们并不具有现实的体细胞胚胎发生能力。发生胚状体的细胞含大量多核糖体和内质网片段，小液泡数量少且形成多泡复合体，细胞壁也由于在组织中所外的位置不同而有厚薄两种类型之分，细胞常形成胚性细胞复合体，位于愈伤组织的外围，边缘可分化为许多小细胞团。胚性细胞复合体的表面质密平整，有许多丝状物和颗粒，细胞轮廓不清，但有显著突出的小细胞，细胞表面具沟脊;而其它各型愈伤组织的表面均为球形或半球形的大型细胞，表面仅具细小的纹理、凸起或颗粒。 胚来源的胚性愈伤组织的总蛋白组成与来源相同，但形态结构截然不同的非胚性愈作组织的总蛋白组成差异显著，后者与形态结构特征相似的根本源公软型愈伤组织具有相似的蛋白质电泳带型，但多一条33KD的蛋白带;培养基中去掉2,4-D后，松软型根愈伤组织的蛋白质组成发生轻微变化。等电聚焦和SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶双向电泳揭示出在单向电泳扫描上呈现最高峰的17KD蛋白质在胚性愈伤组织中随等电点的不同而分离，在其它三种构软型愈伤组织中则仅集中在等电点为5.9处，为一个大而染色深的点。 同样培养基上培养的形态结构不同的愈伤组织所含元素的量不同，说明细胞对无机盐的吸收是有选择性的，不同类型的愈伤组织可积累不同的元素。培养基中的元素组成情况在愈伤组织中也有一定反映，在含钠、钾元素较多的B_5培养基上生长的愈伤组织中这两种元素的含量也较高，培养基的离子胁迫作用和细胞对离子一定程度的被动吸收会影响细胞的代谢方式，从而导致细胞类型的分化，基本培养基对愈伤组织类型的转变及体细胞胚胎发生能力的影响可能正是通过影响细胞的离子吸收、代谢平衡而实现。

An ecological characterization of the marine resources of Vieques, Puerto Rico. Part I: Historical data synthesis

From the 1940s until 2003, portions of the island of Vieques, a municipality within the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, were used by the US Navy as a base and training facility, resulting in development and zoning history that differ in comparison to other Caribbean islands. The majority of former Navy lands are now under the jurisdiction of the Department of the Interior’s Fish and Wildlife Service as a National Wildlife Refuge, while a smaller percentage of land was transferred to the Vieques municipality and the Puerto Rico Conservation Trust. An analysis of the distribution and status of the marine resources is timely in light of the recent land transfer, increases in development and tourism, and potential changes in marine zoning around the island. To meet this need, NOAA’s Biogeography Branch, in cooperation with the Office of Response and Restoration and other local and regional partners, conducted Part I of an ecological characterization to integrate historical data and research into a synthesis report. The overall objective of this report is to provide resource managers and residents a comprehensive characterization of the marine resources of Vieques to support research, monitoring, and management. For example, knowledge of the spatial distribution of physical features, habitats, and biological communities is necessary to make an informed decision of the establishment and placement of a marine protected area (MPA). The report is divided into chapters based on the physical environment (e.g., climate, geology, bathymetry), habitat types (e.g., reefs and hardbottom, seagrasses, mangroves) and major faunal groups (e.g. fish, turtles, birds). Each section includes five subsections: an overview, description of the relevant literature, methods of analysis, information on the distribution, status and trends of the particular resource, and a discussion of ecological linkages with other components of the Vieques marine ecosystem and surrounding environment. The physical environment of Vieques is similar to other islands within the Greater Antilles chain, with some distinctions. The warm, tropical climate of Vieques, mediated by the northeasterly trade winds, is characterized by a dry season (December-April) and a rainy season (May-November), the latter of which is characterized by the occasional passage of tropical cyclones. Compared to mainland Puerto Rico, Vieques is characterized by lower elevation, less annual precipitation, and higher average temperatures. The amount of annual precipitation also varies spatially within Vieques, with the western portion of the island receiving higher amounts of rainfall than further east. While the North Equatorial Current dominates the circulation pattern in the Greater Antilles region, small scale current patterns specific to Vieques are not as well characterized. These physical processes are important factors mitigating the distribution and composition of marine benthic habitats around Vieques. In general, the topography of Vieques is characterized by rolling hills. Mt. Pirata, the tallest point at 301 m, is located near the southwest coast. In the absence of island wide sedimentation measurements, information on land cover, slope, precipitation, and soil type were used to estimate relative erosion potential and sediment delivery for each watershed. While slope and precipitation amount are the primary driving factors controlling runoff, land use practices such as urban development, military activity, road construction, and agriculture can increase the delivery of pollution and sediments to coastal waters. Due to the recent land transfer, increased development and tourism is expected, which may result in changes in the input of sediments to the coastal environment.