Small wars and insurgencies in theory and practice, 1500-1850

In early modern times, warfare in Europe took on many diverse and overlapping forms. Our modern notions of ‘regular’ and ‘irregular’ warfare, of ‘major war’ and ‘small war’, have their roots in much greater diversity than such binary notions allow for. While insurgencies go back to time immemorial, they have become conceptually fused with ‘small wars’. This is a term first used to denote special operations, often carried out by military companies formed from special ethnic groups and then recruited into larger armies. In its Spanish form, guerrilla, the term ‘small war’ came to stand for an ideologically-motivated insurgency against the state authorities or occupying forces of another power. There is much overlap between the phenomena of irregular warfare in the sense of special operations alongside regular operations, and irregular warfare of insurgents against the regular forces of a state. This book demonstrates how long the two phenomena were in flux and fed on each other, from the raiding operations of the 16th century to the ‘small wars’ or special operations conducted by special units in the 19th century, which existed alongside and could merge with a popular insurgency. This book is based on a special issue of the journal Small Wars & Insurgencies.

Patterns of oocyte development in natural habitat and captive Salminus hilarii Valenciennes, 1850 (Teleostei: Characidae)

Fecundity and oocyte development in Salminus hilarii female brood stock were analyzed with the aim of investigating the impact of migration impediment on oogenesis. Histological analyses of the ovaries were performed in adult females caught in two different environments-the TietA(a) River (natural) and captivity-and the gonadossomatic index, oocyte diameter and fecundity determined. Five germ cell development stages (oogonium, perinucleolar, cortical alveoli, vitellogenic, ripe) and two other structures (postovulatory follicles and atretic oocytes) were observed in females caught in the river. Captive animals lacked the ripe oocytes and postovulatory follicles and had a relatively higher number of atretic oocytes. Females in captivity are known to produce larger oocytes, and they release fewer eggs in each spawn (absolute fecundity) when compared with animals that are able to migrate. Our results suggest that the TietA(a) River is undergoing alterations which are being reflected in the reproductive performance of S. hilarii, mainly due to the presence of atretic oocytes in females caught in the river. The lack of postovulatory follicles and ripe oocytes in captive animals reveals that migratory impediment negatively impacts final oocyte maturation. However, the stage of maturation reached is adequate for ovulation induction with hormone manipulation.

Döden i Falun 1750 till 1770 : Gruvhanteringen och miljön i ett jämförande perspektiv

Syftet med denna uppsats är att utröna om risken att avlida i förtid var större i Falun än på tre andra jämnstora orter i Mellansverige med i övrigt likartade miljömässiga förutsättningar, mellan åren 1750 till 1770. Det använda källmaterialet är Tabellverkets folkbokförings- och mortalitetstabeller för åren 1750 till 1770. Dödsfall i miljörelaterade sjukdomar för Falun har jämförts med orterna Mora, Gefle och Hedemora. Miljön i Falun skiljde sig från de andra orterna främst på grund av den massiva exponeringen av svaveldioxid och metallhaltiga partiklar, som förekom som ett resultat av gruvverksamheten och den efterföljande kopparframställningen. Gefle var en tätort med stadens problem medan Mora var ett agrart samhälle och Hedemora var både och. Resultatet visar, att risken att avlida i bröst- och lungrelaterade sjukdomar var signifikant högre i Falun än i Mora och Hedemora. Även i Gävle var risken mindre än i Falun, dock ej lika tydligt, vilket sannolikt är en följd av att Gävle var en tätort, som allmänt gav en högre dödlighet. Även den allmänna risken att avlida i förtid var högre i Falun än för de andra orterna. Undersökningen visar också på den risk, som fanns, att avlida i förtid, som de olika epidemierna gav upphov till och den stora inverkan det får. Medelåldern var högre i Falun än för de andra undersökta orterna men detta förklaras främst och rimligast av demografiska skillnader

Baptiströrelsen i Piteå : En studie av baptismens framväxt och utbildning mellan 1850 och 1910

Det övergripande syftet med denna uppsats har varit att undersöka baptismens framväxt, genombrott och utveckling under perioden 1850-1910. I anslutning till detta har jag även studerat baptismens etablering på nationell nivå. De frågeställningar som har utformats i anknytning till syftet har varit; När, varför och genom vilka uppkom baptismen i Piteå? Vilka människor kom att ansluta sig till baptismen i Piteå? Vilka orsaker fanns till baptismens förändring och utveckling på lokal nivå? Den metod som använts för att undersöka dessa aspekter har varit i huvudsak kvalitativ, där studiet av material i form av medlemsmatriklar, församlingsprotokoll, minnes- och årsskrifter samt relevant litteratur och avhandlingar använts. Resultatet av studien visar att den svenska baptiströrelsen har sin bakgrund i Amerika, England och Tyskland, och att den spreds till vårt land därifrån. En orsak till detta var gynnsamma samhällsförhållanden där läsar- och separatiströrelsen skapat en grogrund för baptisternas missionssträvanden under den första hälften av 1800-talet. I Piteå och Norrbotten etableras rörelsen i slutet av 1850-talet. Som förklaring till baptismens utveckling och förändring på lokal nivå har jag funnit att Piteå under perioden till övervägande del varit ett jordbrukssamhälle, vilket skapat en relativt låg grad av social rörlighet bland de unga anhängare som framför allt hämtades ur arbetarklassen. Utifrån tidigare studier av baptismen kan Piteå sägas vara ett exempel på ett samhälle där lojaliteten mot den äldre kyrkliga gemenskapen troligen levde kvar under perioden. Samtidigt hade församlingens idémässiga tankegods som folkrörelse en viktig social och ideologisk betydelse för individen, trots församlingens relativt små numerära framgångar.

Por uma lógica camponesa : caboclos e imigrantes na formação do agro do planalto rio-grandense - 1850-1900

Este trabalho trata de analisar o modo como aconteceu, no processo de ocupação e povoamento do espaço na região do Planalto do Rio Grande do Sul durante a segunda metade do século XIX, o encontro entre imigrantes europeus e lavradores nacionais, principais agentes envolvidos no processo de povoamento. Para realizar a pesquisa foram utilizados pressupostos teóricos relacionados as questões ligadas à etnicidade, ao campesinato e aos estudos de história agrária. O objetivo foi compreender o encontro entre caboclos e imigrantes, no sentido de especificar aspectos gerais vinculados ao modo de vida de cada grupo, assim como as alterações provocadas nos mesmos a partir do encontro e da inserção do Rio Grande do Sul no processo de constituição do capitalismo.

O Brasil, o Império Otomano e a Sociedade Internacional: contrastes e conexões (1850-1919)

Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a forma como o Brasil e o buscaram se inserir na sociedade internacional europeia – nos moldes Inglesa de Relações Internacionais a define - no período que vai da a assinatura da Lei Eusébio de Queiroz do lado brasileiro e do tratado de Império Otomano, até a criação da Liga das Nações, em 1919. Estes são como “impérios periféricos” ao centro europeu, integrando o grupo que não eram nem colônias, nem potências no período em tela. Assim, contrastar os esforços feitos por Brasil e Império Otomano em utilizar o internacional e a diplomacia – formal e não-formal –, e as formas de transformações que empreenderam em suas capitais visando serem “civilizados”. Por outro lado, chama-se atenção para as conexões que se entre Brasil e Império Otomano justamente em função dessa maior Europa. Estas conexões são analisadas então em duas fases. Uma tentativas formais de relações diplomáticas, chamada de “relações envolveu inclusive viagens de D. Pedro II a domínios otomanos. A vinda de súditos otomanos – gregos, armênios, judeus e árabes – para o Brasil e de novas relações diplomáticas travadas.

O preço da terra no Estado de São Paulo (1850-1930)

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de aclarar os diferente aspectos característicos dessas questões. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa no 1° Cartório de Notas de Atibaia. Analisa as políticas de terras no Brasil, desde o Instituto das Sesmarias à Lei de Terras. Aborda o problema da expansão da cafeicultura, caracterizando a imigração e a lei de terras neste contexto. Mostra a variação do preço da terra no período 1850-1930, salientando o aspecto do acesso à terra para o imigrante.

O ouro branco abre caminho: o algodão e a modernização do espaço urbano da Cidade da Parahyba (1850-1924)

The present research deals with the modernization process of the Cidade da Parahyba2, between 1850 and 1924, and its relation with the cotton economy, which represented the main source of wealth accumulation for both the private and the public sectors throughout the First Republic. This study on urban history was developed by focusing on the understanding of the city s spatial formation, and despite its emphasis on the economic aspects involved, other factors that also contribute to the development of the social life were not put aside. The modernization process of the Cidade da Parahyba was also analyzed during the period established for the study according to a chronological and thematic approach that established comparisons with the financial situation of the State, whenever this was necessary, with special attention to the contribution of the cotton economy to the State´s revenues. It was possible to detect a lack of financial help and loans from the federal and municipal administrations for finishing several public works already underway in the capital, since the federal funds allocated to the State of Parahyba do Norte were rather employed in emergency works against droughts and in agricultural development. One can then conclude that the financial resources required for the urban interventions were withdrawn from the State s treasury itself, resources that were collected mainly from activities such as cotton exportation and cotton trading. Another factor shows the interdependence between the urban remodeling and the cotton economy: during the years marked by great droughts or by hard plagues on the cotton plantations, cotton production decreased, as well as the State s finances. The first measures taken by the State s administrators were to halt all projects of urban remodeling in progress in the Cidade da Parahyba, which was, clearly, the most privileged city by the State s presidents during the period analyzed. 2 The city of João Pessoa was named Cidade da Parahyba, a designation that remained until September 1930, when it received its present-day name in order to pay homage to the president of the State, João Pessoa Cavalcanti de Albuquerque, murdered in the city of Recife in August of that same year. At that time, the State of Paraíba was known as Parahyba do Norte. Since this work is limited to a period of time comprised within the First Republic, the names employed respect the terms used in those days

Primeiro registro de Fidicinoides picea (Walker, 1850) e Fidicinoides poulaini Boulard & Martinelli, 1996 no Brasil

As cigarras são importantes pragas de diversas culturas, entre plantas cultivadas e ornamentais. Estudos de taxonomia e morfologia de insetos são primordiais para pesquisas etológicas e para o emprego de métodos de controle. Ao estudar coleções entomológicas de cigarras, foi constatado o primeiro registro de ocorrência de Fidicinoides picea e Fidicinoides poulaini (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) no Brasil, espécies coletadas nos Estados do Pará e de Manaus, respectivamente. Neste trabalho, são apresentadas as descrições morfológicas da cabeça, do tórax, do abdome e da asa.