El oráculo griego en la época de la producibilidad escrita: la crisis de la autoridad mántica en "Aves" (960-996) de Aristófanes

Este artículo se propone analizar la escena del cresmólogo intruso en Aves, revalorizando la comedia aristofánica como fuente de conocimiento histórico. Este análisis se centra en la práctica oracular como una técnica de producción escrita vinculada a la autoridad religiosa. De esta manera, se exploran dos campos de estudios, como la comedia antigua y la adivinación griega, cuyo vínculo no ha sido explorado en profundidad. Para dar cuenta del momento crítico de la institución oracular durante la Guerra del Peloponeso, se reconstruyen perspectivas sobre dicho fenómeno en otras fuentes como Tucídides o Demóstenes. Esto no solo ofrece una mirada «cómica» sobre la adivinación, sino que también permite comprender la práctica oracular como técnica y, en consecuencia, qué elementos de su funcionamiento podían ser manipulados.

Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in solar chromospheric jets: theory and observation

Using data obtained by the high-resolution CRisp Imaging SpectroPolarimeter instrument on the Swedish 1 m Solar Telescope, we investigate the dynamics and stability of quiet-Sun chromospheric jets observed at the disk center. Small-scale features, such as rapid redshifted and blueshifted excursions, appearing as high-peed jets in the wings of the Hα line, are characterized by short lifetimes and rapid fading without any descending behavior. To study the theoretical aspects of their stability without considering their formation mechanism, we model chromospheric jets as twisted magnetic flux tubes moving along their axis, and use the ideal linear incompressible magnetohydrodynamic approximation to derive the governing dispersion equation. Analytical solutions of the dispersion equation indicate that this type of jet is unstable to Kelvin–Helmholtz instability (KHI), with a very short (few seconds) instability growth time at high upflow speeds. The generated vortices and unresolved turbulent flows associated with the KHI could be observed as a broadening of chromospheric spectral lines. Analysis of the Hα line profiles shows that the detected structures have enhanced line widths with respect to the background. We also investigate the stability of a larger-scale Hα jet that was ejected along the line of sight. Vortex-like features, rapidly developing around the jet’s boundary, are considered as evidence of the KHI. The analysis of the energy equation in the partially ionized plasma shows that ion–neutral collisions may lead to fast heating of the KH vortices over timescales comparable to the lifetime of chromospheric jets.

Novas tecnologias para o controle da giberela do trigo na safra 2014 no sudoeste do Paraná

The work consists in wheat production system and the evolution of damage caused by wheat scab. The study considers the lack of resistant cultivars to the disease, the low efficiency of chemical control and the presence of mycotoxins in grains. The study aimed to confirm the effectiveness of fungicides prothioconazole and metconazole; prove the bar deposition efficiency with nozzles directed jets the side of the ear resulting in full coverage of trapped anthers; prove the viability of using a warning system (application after the start of flowering before the onset of rains provided for future 24-48 hours and try to improve the efficiency in controlling scab. The experiment was conducted in the experimental field of Technological University Federal do Paraná in the city of Pato Branco, Paraná, conducted in two seasons, the first established on May 6, 2014 and the second on 21 May 2014. It was used to cultivate Amethyst field of OR Improvement seeds, . Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul Treatments consisted of a control without fungicide application and one and two applications of prothioconazole + 17.5% trifloxystrobin (Fox) 500 ml / ha; metconazole 8.0% + pyraclostrobin 13% ( Opera Ultra) 750 mL / ha In the evaluation, second season, metconazole + pyraclostrobin with two application statistically was the treatment that showed a lower incidence in spikes reducing from 100 to 63.3%;. metconazole + pyraclostrobin performed better also in reducing the incidence of spikelets, 80.3% to 34.7%; the control ears had better results in the second season with two applications of metconazole + pyraclostrobin; in spikelets, in his first season, metconazole + pyraclostrobin with two application resulted in better control with 67%; with two applications of metconazole + pyraclostrobin gave the highest yield even under climatic conditions favorable to disease; metconazole + pyraclostrobin in both seasons showed superior efficiency in controlling FHB giving greater weight gain; with two application of both fungicides, the hectoliter weight was 81 and 79, respectively, each fungicide; the application of fungicides was made in advance of expected rain, occurring seven days of rain and a total volume of 85,2mm the first time, and 16 days of rain and an accumulation of 400 mm in the second period; the test efficiency can be confirmed when the direction of the spray jets launched wings coupled in double nozzle bodies perpendicular to the target upright reaches the sides of the spike. The metconazole + pyraclostrobin proved the most effective fungicide against the prothioconazole + trifloxystrobin in wheat scab control in the 2014 harvest.

LARGE MOTION VISUALIZATION AND ESTIMATION FOR FLAPPING WING SYSTEMS

Studies of fluid-structure interactions associated with flexible structures such as flapping wings require the capture and quantification of large motions of bodies that may be opaque. Motion capture of a free flying insect is considered by using three synchronized high-speed cameras. A solid finite element representation is used as a reference body and successive snapshots in time of the displacement fields are reconstructed via an optimization procedure. An objective function is formulated, and various shape difference definitions are considered. The proposed methodology is first studied for a synthetic case of a flexible cantilever structure undergoing large deformations, and then applied to a Manduca Sexta (hawkmoth) in free flight. The three-dimensional motions of this flapping system are reconstructed from image date collected by using three cameras. The complete deformation geometry of this system is analyzed. Finally, a computational investigation is carried out to understand the flow physics and aerodynamic performance by prescribing the body and wing motions in a fluid-body code. This thesis work contains one of the first set of such motion visualization and deformation analyses carried out for a hawkmoth in free flight. The tools and procedures used in this work are widely applicable to the studies of other flying animals with flexible wings as well as synthetic systems with flexible body elements.

DESIGN, FABRICATION, AND PERFORMANCE CHARACTERIZATION OF MULTIFUNCTIONAL STRUCTURES TO HARVEST SOLAR ENERGY FOR FLAPPING WING AERIAL VEHICLES

Flapping Wing Aerial Vehicles (FWAVs) have the capability to combine the benefits of both fixed wing vehicles and rotary vehicles. However, flight time is limited due to limited on-board energy storage capacity. For most Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) operators, frequent recharging of the batteries is not ideal due to lack of nearby electrical outlets. This imposes serious limitations on FWAV flights. The approach taken to extend the flight time of UAVs was to integrate photovoltaic solar cells onto different structures of the vehicle to harvest and use energy from the sun. Integration of the solar cells can greatly improve the energy capacity of an UAV; however, this integration does effect the performance of the UAV and especially FWAVs. The integration of solar cells affects the ability of the vehicle to produce the aerodynamic forces necessary to maintain flight. This PhD dissertation characterizes the effects of solar cell integration on the performance of a FWAV. Robo Raven, a recently developed FWAV, is used as the platform for this work. An additive manufacturing technique was developed to integrate photovoltaic solar cells into the wing and tail structures of the vehicle. An approach to characterizing the effects of solar cell integration to the wings, tail, and body of the UAV is also described. This approach includes measurement of aerodynamic forces generated by the vehicle and measurements of the wing shape during the flapping cycle using Digital Image Correlation. Various changes to wing, body, and tail design are investigated and changes in performance for each design are measured. The electrical performance from the solar cells is also characterized. A new multifunctional performance model was formulated that describes how integration of solar cells influences the flight performance. Aerodynamic models were developed to describe effects of solar cell integration force production and performance of the FWAV. Thus, performance changes can be predicted depending on changes in design. Sensing capabilities of the solar cells were also discovered and correlated to the deformation of the wing. This demonstrated that the solar cells were capable of: (1) Lightweight and flexible structure to generate aerodynamic forces, (2) Energy harvesting to extend operational time and autonomy, (3) Sensing of an aerodynamic force associated with wing deformation. Finally, different flexible photovoltaic materials with higher efficiencies are investigated, which enable the multifunctional wings to provide enough solar power to keep the FWAV aloft without batteries as long as there is enough sunlight to power the vehicle.

Keskipakoispuhaltimen siipipyörän lujuusteknisen mitoituksen kehittäminen

Tässä työssä on tutkittu prosessipuhaltimena käytettävän keskipakoispuhaltimen lujuusteknistä mitoitusta. Työn tavoitteena on ollut luoda analyyttisiä laskentakaavoja Koja Oy:n käyttöön tulevaisuuden tuotekehityksen tueksi. Tavoitteena on ollut tutkia myös siipien ja etu- ja takalevyn kiinnityshitsejä ja antaa työkaluja siipipyörän väsymismitoitukseen. Kirjallisuuskatkauksessa löytyi muutamia raportoituja tapauksia, jossa keskipakoispuhallin on vaurioitunut käytön aikana. Yhtenäisenä tekijänä kaikille tapauksille on ollut hitsausliitoksen väsyminen. Väsyttävän kuormituksen raportoiduissa tapauksissa on aiheuttanut siipipyörän värähtely. Väsyminen on alkanut siiven kiinnitysliitoksista hitsin rajaviivalta, siipipyörän ulkokehältä. Siipipyörän analysointiin on käytetty analyyttisiä laskentakaavoja ja elementtimenetelmää. Analyyttisten laskentakaavojen tuottaminen on muuten monimutkaiselle rakenteelle hyvin työlästä ja aikaa vievää. Staattisessa tarkastelussa elementtimenetelmällä siipipyörän mallintamiseen on käytetty keskipintamallia. Lisäksi laskentatiedostojen kokoa on pystytty rajaamaan syklisesti symmetrisen rakenteen ansiosta. Siipipyörän väsymistarkastelu on suoritettu tehollisen lovijännityksen menetelmällä, jossa tarkasteltavan hitsin rajaviivoille ja juureen on elementtimenetelmässä mallinnettu r=1 mm suuruinen lovi, josta jännityksen on luettu. Elementtimenetelmässä laskentaohjelmistona on käytetty Abaqus 6.14.1 -laskentaohjelmistoa. Analyyttisten laskentakaavojen kehityksessä on päästy hyvin lähelle elementtimenetelmästä saatuja vastaavia tuloksia. Analyyttisten kaavojen antamat tulokset eroavat kuitenkin sen verran virhettä, että varsinainen tarkka laskenta on syytä suorittaa ennen lopullisen konstruktion määrittämistä. Tehollisella lovijännitysmenetelmällä on saatu määritettyä rakenteen kriittisin kohta, jonka kestoikä on 36 400 sykliä. Tutkimuksen pohjalta Koja Oy on saanut hyvät edellytykset jatkaa tutkimusta lopun tuoteperheen parantamiseen.

A hora do conto: a importância de contar histórias em contexto pré-escolar

Relatório de estágio apresentado à Escola Superior de Educação de Paula Frassinetti, para obtenção do grau de mestre em Educação Pré-Escolar

Relatório de Estágio

O presente Relatório de Estágio tem como objetivo descrever e refletir sobre a Prática de Ensino Supervisionada, no âmbito da unidade curricular de Integração Curricular: Prática Educativa e Relatório de Estágio, inserida no plano de estudos do Mestrado em Ensino do 1.º e 2.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico. A prática desenvolvida reflete o resultado de um percurso de formação desde a Licenciatura em Educação Básica até ao Mestrado, num permanente exercício crítico, reflexivo e investigativo, onde se procurou mobilizar e articular saberes científicos, didáticos e pedagógicos. Assim, descreve-se e reflete-se sobre vivências e experiências desenvolvidas ao longo da prática educativa, atendendo a um quadro teórico e legal e uma análise do contexto e das práticas, que potenciaram o encadeamento e o amadurecimento dos saberes profissionais em estreita relação com os saberes experienciados. No desenvolvimento da prática pedagógica, a metodologia de investigação-ação norteou a conduta do formando ao traduzir-se numa espiral cíclica de observação, planificação, ação e reflexão, cuja dinâmica permite a construção de conhecimentos sólidos que sustentam o desenvolvimento da profissionalidade docente. Neste processo formativo, o formando atribuiu uma especial importância aos momentos de reflexão partilhada com os Professores envolvidos nesta formação, bem como o par pedagógico que permitiram a partilha de saberes e de experiências com reflexos na transformação e melhoramento das práticas. No final deste percurso, consciente do empenho e da determinação aplicados ao longo do percurso formativo, o mestrando evidencia a importância de um ensino com significado e globalizante para o estudante, e que possa dar sentido à expressão “assas para poder voar”.

Structure of the N-terminal oligomerization domain of DnaD reveals a unique tetramerization motif and provides insights into scaffold formation

DnaD is a primosomal protein that remodels supercoiled plasmids. It binds to supercoiled forms and converts them to open forms without nicking. During this remodeling process, all the writhe is converted to twist and the plasmids are held around the periphery of large scaffolds made up of DnaD molecules. This DNA-remodeling function is the sum of a scaffold-forming activity on the N-terminal domain and a DNA-dependent oligomerization activity on the C-terminal domain. We have determined the crystal structure of the scaffold-forming N-terminal domain, which reveals a winged-helix architecture, with additional structural elements extending from both N- and C-termini. Four monomers form dimers that join into a tetramer. The N-terminal extension mediates dimerization and tetramerization, with extensive interactions and distinct interfaces. The wings and helices of the winged-helix domains remain exposed on the surface of the tetramer. Structure-guided mutagenesis and atomic force microscopy imaging indicate that these elements, together with the C-terminal extension, are involved in scaffold formation. Based upon our data, we propose a model for the DnaD-mediated scaffold formation.

Correlations among behavior, performance and environment in broiler breeders using multivariate analysis

Animal welfare issues have received much attention not only to supply farmed animal requirements, but also to ethical and cultural public concerns. Daily collected information, as well as the systematic follow-up of production stages, produces important statistical data for production assessment and control, as well as for improvement possibilities. In this scenario, this research study analyzed behavioral, production, and environmental data using Main Component Multivariable Analysis, which correlated observed behaviors, recorded using video cameras and electronic identification, with performance parameters of female broiler breeders. The aim was to start building a system to support decision-making in broiler breeder housing, based on bird behavioral parameters. Birds were housed in an environmental chamber, with three pens with different controlled environments. Bird sensitivity to environmental conditions were indicated by their behaviors, stressing the importance of behavioral observations for modern poultry management. A strong association between performance parameters and the behavior at the nest, suggesting that this behavior may be used to predict productivity. The behaviors of ruffling feathers, opening wings, preening, and at the drinker were negatively correlated with environmental temperature, suggesting that the increase of in the frequency of these behaviors indicate improvement of thermal welfare.

Aerodynamic parametric analysis of an unconventional joined-wing aircraft configuration

In this paper, the experimental results of an unconventional joined-wing aircraft configuration are presented. The test model uses two different wings, forward and rear, both joined in tandem and forming diamond shapes both in plant and front views. The wings are joined in such a way that it is possible to change the rear wing dihedral angle values and the rear wing sweep angle values in 25 different positions that modify the relative distance and the relative height between the wings. To measure the system aerodynamic coefficients itis necessary to perform wind tunnel tests. The datapresented corresponds to the lift, drag and induced drag aerodynamic coefficients, as well as the aerodynamic efficiency and the parameter for minimum required power, from the calculated values of the lift and drag time series measured by a 6-axis force and torque sensor. The results show the influence on the aerodynamic coefficients of the rear wing sweep and dihedral angles parameters. As a main result, it can be concluded that, in general terms, the lift and induced drag aerodynamic coefficients values decrease as both the distance and height between the wings increase, on the other hand, the total drag aerodynamic coefficient decreases if the distance between the wings increases, but nevertheless shows a slight tendency to increase if the height of the rear wing increases, whereas the aerodynamic efficiency and the parameter for minimum required power increase if the distance between the wings increases

Experimentally and coupled CFD/CSD assisted structural and aeroelastic modelling of the Javelin UAV outboard wing section

This study presents the procedure followed to make a prediction of the critical flutter speed for a composite UAV wing. At the beginning of the study, there was no information available on the materials used for the construction of the wing, and the wing internal structure was unknown. Ground vibration tests were performed in order to detect the structure’s natural frequencies and mode shapes. From tests, it was found that the wing possesses a high stiffness, presenting well separated first bending and torsional natural frequencies. Two finite element models were developed and matched to experimental results. It has been necessary to introduce some assumptions, due to the uncertainties regarding the structure. The matching process was based on natural frequencies’ sensitivity with respect to a change in the mechanical properties of the materials. Once experimental results were met, average material properties were also found. Aerodynamic coefficients for the wing were obtained by means of a CFD software. The same analysis was also conducted when the wing is deformed in its first four mode shapes. A first approximation for flutter critical speed was made with the classical V - g technique. Finally, wing’s aeroelastic behavior was simulated using a coupled CFD/CSD method, obtaining a more accurate flutter prediction. The CSD solver is based on the time integration of modal dynamic equations, requiring the extraction of mode shapes from the previously performed finite-element analysis. Results show that flutter onset is not a risk for the UAV, occurring at velocities well beyond its operative range.

Detection and assessment of electrocution in endangered raptors by infrared thermography

BACKGROUND Most European birds of prey find themselves in a poor state of conservation, with electrocution as one of the most frequent causes of unnatural death. Since early detection of electrocution is difficult, treatment is usually implemented late, which reduces its effectiveness. By considering that electrocution reduces tissue temperature, it may be detectable by thermography, which would allow a more rapid identification. Three individuals from three endangered raptor species [Spanish imperial eagle (Aquila adalberti), Lammergeier (Gypaetus barbatus) and Osprey (Pandion haliaetus)] were studied thermographically from the time they were admitted to a rehabilitation centre to the time their clinical cases were resolved. CASES PRESENTATION The three raptors presented lesions lacking thermal bilateral symmetry and were consistent with electrocution of feet, wings and eyes, visible by thermography before than clinically; lesions were well-defined and showed a lower temperature than the surrounding tissue. Some lesions evolved thermally and clinically until the appearance of normal tissue recovered, while others evolved and became necrotic. A histopathological analysis of a damaged finger amputated off a Lammergeier, and the necropsy and histopathology examination of an osprey, confirmed the electrocution diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that thermography is effective and useful for the objective and early detection and monitoring of electrocuted birds, and that it may prove especially useful for examining live animals that require no amputation or cannot be subjected to invasive histopathology.

Surface irregularity factor as a parameter to evaluate the fatigue damage state of CFRP

This work presents an optical non-contact technique to evaluate the fatigue damage state of CFRP structures measuring the irregularity factor of the surface. This factor includes information about surface topology and can be measured easily on field, by techniques such as optical perfilometers. The surface irregularity factor has been correlated with stiffness degradation, which is a well-accepted parameter for the evaluation of the fatigue damage state of composite materials. Constant amplitude fatigue loads (CAL) and realistic variable amplitude loads (VAL), representative of real in- flight conditions, have been applied to “dog bone” shaped tensile specimens. It has been shown that the measurement of the surface irregularity parameters can be applied to evaluate the damage state of a structure, and that it is independent of the type of fatigue load that has caused the damage. As a result, this measurement technique is applicable for a wide range of inspections of composite material structures, from pressurized tanks with constant amplitude loads, to variable amplitude loaded aeronautical structures such as wings and empennages, up to automotive and other industrial applications.

Sélection d’habitats par les oiseaux de forêt boréale : une analyse écomorphologique

Dans un contexte d’aménagement forestier, la dynamique spatio-temporelle des habitats est susceptible d’isoler les oiseaux nicheurs durant des périodes de plusieurs années, exerçant une pression pour une grande mobilité chez les oiseaux en dispersion. Les grandes distances migratoires de certaines espèces s’ajoutent aux pressions favorisant la mobilité. Par contre, les déplacements dans un feuillage dense peuvent imposer de fortes contraintes aux attributs conférant une grande mobilité aux oiseaux. Du point de vue de la conservation, il serait très utile de prévoir la réponse des différentes espèces d’oiseaux à la fragmentation de leur habitat, à partir de leurs traits écologiques. La morphologie des ailes d’oiseau, notamment la projection des rémiges primaires, est un indicateur clé de mobilité, et pourrait donc servir à de telles prédictions. Malgré les contraintes aérodynamiques, la projection primaire varie considérablement d’une espèce à l’autre. Afin de mieux comprendre les facteurs déterminant cette diversité, j’ai mesuré les ailes de 1017 spécimens vivants de 22 espèces d’oiseaux à la Forêt Montmorency (Québec) en 2013 et 2014. Conformément à mes prédictions, les espèces d’oiseaux dont la projection des primaires était plus longue migrent sur de plus longues distances et vivent dans des habitats ayant un faible indice de densité végétale. Par contre, je n’ai trouvé aucun lien entre la densité moyenne des populations en nidification, un indicateur d’isolement, et la morphologie des ailes. Ces résultats suggèrent que les réponses variées des oiseaux forestiers face à la fragmentation de leurs habitats seraient difficilement prévisibles par la morphologie liée au vol. Mots clés : fragmentation d’habitat, isolement de l’habitat, morphologie des ailes, écomorphologie, distance migratoire, densité de végétation.