Interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 mRNA expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from pregnant and non-pregnant cattle seropositive for bovine viral diarrhea virus

The acceptance of the fetal allograft by pregnant women and mice seems to be associated with a shift from a Th 1 dominated to a Th 2 dominated immune response to certain infectious agents. The goal of this study was to examine cytokine expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from cattle immune to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) to determine whether pregnancy also has an influence on the type of immune response in this species. Forty-six heifers and cows between 14 months and 13 years of age were included in this study. Twenty-four were seropositive and 22 seronegative for BVDV. Eleven of the seropositive animals and 11 of the seronegative animals were in the eighth month of gestation, the remaining animals were virgin heifers. PBMC from these animals were analyzed for Interferon (IFN)-gamma and Interleukin (IL)-4 mRNA expression by real-time RT-PCR after stimulation with a non-cytopathic strain of BVDV. Additionally, an ELISA was performed to measure IFN-gamma in the supernatants of stimulated cell cultures. In BVDV seropositive animals, IFN-gamma mRNA levels were significantly higher than in BVDV seronegative animals and there was a significant positive correlation between the changes in IFN-gamma and IL-4 mRNA expression. There was, however, no significant difference in IFN-gamma and IL-4 mRNA levels between pregnant and non-pregnant animals. These results are inconsistent with BVDV inducing a Th1 or Th2 biased immune response. Furthermore, a shift in the cytokine pattern during bovine pregnancy was not evident.

Leónidas Lamborghini y la poesía viral

En el marco del estudio de los procedimientos e instrumentos retóricos de la obra poética de Leónidas Lamborghini -obra compleja y proteica como pocas-, el volumen Carroña última forma (2001), una summa de experimentación formal de escritura poética y de problemas críticos derivados, se muestra como un desafío para la tipología de los géneros y para los estudios de la poesía argentina y contemporánea en general. Los caminos creativos recorridos por Lamborghini en cinco décadas -reescritura, parodia y grotesco principalmente- desembocan en un novedoso método: el que hemos llamado de la "viralización" de la poesía. De acuerdo con el modelo de los virus biológicos, este procedimiento opera sobre la desestabilización del sistema literario y el "contagio" de distintos corpora poéticos y narrativos, manifestándose, entre otros modos, en la presión y ruptura sobre los modelos discursivos, la fractura del verso y de la sintaxis hasta su casi extinción, hasta la putrefacción de la propia obra. La poética de la carroña "cuerpo muerto en el que bulle la fauna cadavérica" y la técnica de la viralización son los procedimientos centrales de una poética formalmente extremada que pone en entredicho la categoría de verso y de estrofa, la métrica, la noción y dirección de lectura, la posibilidad de la cita y la práctica de la marginalia

Leónidas Lamborghini y la poesía viral

En el marco del estudio de los procedimientos e instrumentos retóricos de la obra poética de Leónidas Lamborghini -obra compleja y proteica como pocas-, el volumen Carroña última forma (2001), una summa de experimentación formal de escritura poética y de problemas críticos derivados, se muestra como un desafío para la tipología de los géneros y para los estudios de la poesía argentina y contemporánea en general. Los caminos creativos recorridos por Lamborghini en cinco décadas -reescritura, parodia y grotesco principalmente- desembocan en un novedoso método: el que hemos llamado de la "viralización" de la poesía. De acuerdo con el modelo de los virus biológicos, este procedimiento opera sobre la desestabilización del sistema literario y el "contagio" de distintos corpora poéticos y narrativos, manifestándose, entre otros modos, en la presión y ruptura sobre los modelos discursivos, la fractura del verso y de la sintaxis hasta su casi extinción, hasta la putrefacción de la propia obra. La poética de la carroña "cuerpo muerto en el que bulle la fauna cadavérica" y la técnica de la viralización son los procedimientos centrales de una poética formalmente extremada que pone en entredicho la categoría de verso y de estrofa, la métrica, la noción y dirección de lectura, la posibilidad de la cita y la práctica de la marginalia

Leónidas Lamborghini y la poesía viral

En el marco del estudio de los procedimientos e instrumentos retóricos de la obra poética de Leónidas Lamborghini -obra compleja y proteica como pocas-, el volumen Carroña última forma (2001), una summa de experimentación formal de escritura poética y de problemas críticos derivados, se muestra como un desafío para la tipología de los géneros y para los estudios de la poesía argentina y contemporánea en general. Los caminos creativos recorridos por Lamborghini en cinco décadas -reescritura, parodia y grotesco principalmente- desembocan en un novedoso método: el que hemos llamado de la "viralización" de la poesía. De acuerdo con el modelo de los virus biológicos, este procedimiento opera sobre la desestabilización del sistema literario y el "contagio" de distintos corpora poéticos y narrativos, manifestándose, entre otros modos, en la presión y ruptura sobre los modelos discursivos, la fractura del verso y de la sintaxis hasta su casi extinción, hasta la putrefacción de la propia obra. La poética de la carroña "cuerpo muerto en el que bulle la fauna cadavérica" y la técnica de la viralización son los procedimientos centrales de una poética formalmente extremada que pone en entredicho la categoría de verso y de estrofa, la métrica, la noción y dirección de lectura, la posibilidad de la cita y la práctica de la marginalia

Viral decay and production in sediments of the Mediterranean Sea

Here, for the first time, we have carried out synoptic measurements of viral production and decay rates in continental-shelf and deep-sea sediments of the Mediterranean Sea to explore the viral balance. The net viral production and decay rates were significantly correlated, and were also related to prokaryotic heterotrophic production. The addition of enzymes increased the decay rates in the surface sediments, but not in the subsurface sediments. Both the viral production and the decay rates decreased significantly in the deeper sediment layers, while the virus-to-prokaryote abundance ratio increased, suggesting a high preservation of viruses in the subsurface sediments. Viral decay did not balance viral production at any of the sites investigated, accounting on average for c. 32% of the gross viral production in the marine sediments. We estimate that the carbon (C) released by viral decay contributed 6-23% to the total C released by the viral shunt. Because only ca. 2% of the viruses produced can infect other prokaryotes, the majority is not subjected to direct lysis and potentially remains as a food source for benthic consumers. The results reported here suggest that viral decay can play an important role in biogeochemical cycles and benthic trophodynamics.

Fulminant hepatic and multiple organ failure following acute viral tonsillitis: a case report.

BACKGROUND Pyogenic tonsillitis may often be observed in the general Western population. In severe cases, it may require antibiotic treatment or even hospitalization and often a prompt clinical response will be noted. Here we present an unusual case of progressive multiple organ failure including fulminant liver failure following acute tonsillitis initially mistaken for "classic" pyogenic (that is bacterial) tonsillitis. CASE PRESENTATION A 68-year-old previously healthy white man was referred with suspicion of pyogenic angina. After tonsillectomy, he developed acute liver failure and consecutive multiple organ failure including acute hemodynamic, pulmonary and dialysis-dependent renal failure. Immunohistopathological analysis of his tonsils and liver as well as serum polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed herpes simplex virus-2 to be the causative pathogen. Treatment included high-dose acyclovir and multiorgan supportive intensive care therapy. His final outcome was favorable. CONCLUSIONS Fulminant herpes simplex virus-2-induced multiple organ failure is rarely observed in the Western hemisphere and should be considered a potential diagnosis in patients with tonsillitis and multiple organ failure including acute liver failure. From a clinical perspective, it seems important to note that fulminant herpes simplex virus-2 infection may masquerade as "routine" bacterial severe sepsis/septic shock. This persevering condition should be diagnosed early and treated goal-oriented in order to gain control of this life-threatening condition.

Disruption of cellular translational control by a viral truncated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α kinase homolog

Phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) is a common cellular mechanism to limit protein synthesis in stress conditions. Baculovirus PK2, which resembles the C-terminal half of a protein kinase domain, was found to inhibit both human and yeast eIF2α kinases. Insect cells infected with wild-type, but not pk2-deleted, baculovirus exhibited reduced eIF2α phosphorylation and increased translational activity. The negative regulatory effect of human protein kinase RNA-regulated (PKR), an eIF2α kinase, on virus production was counteracted by PK2, indicating that baculoviruses have evolved a unique strategy for disrupting a host stress response. PK2 was found in complex with PKR and blocked kinase autophosphorylation in vivo, suggesting a mechanism of kinase inhibition mediated by interaction between truncated and intact kinase domains.

Segregation of viral plasmids depends on tethering to chromosomes and is regulated by phosphorylation

Eukaryotic viruses can maintain latency in dividing cells as extrachromosomal nuclear plasmids. Segregation and nuclear retention of DNA is, therefore, a key issue in retaining copy number. The E2 enhancer protein of the papillomaviruses is required for viral DNA replication and transcription. Viral mutants that prevent phosphorylation of the bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV) E2 protein are transformation-defective, despite normal viral gene expression and replication function. Cell colonies harboring such mutants show sectoring of viral DNA and are unable to maintain the episome. We find that transforming viral DNA attaches to mitotic chromosomes, in contrast to the mutant genome encoding the E2 phosphorylation mutant. Second-site suppressor mutations were uncovered in both E1 and E2 genes that allow for transformation, maintenance, and chromosomal attachment. E2 protein was also found to colocalize to mitotic chromosomes, whereas the mutant did not, suggesting a direct role for E2 in viral attachment to chromosomes. Such viral hitch-hiking onto cellular chromosomes is likely to provide a general mechanism for maintaining nuclear plasmids.

Cell-specific viral targeting mediated by a soluble retroviral receptor-ligand fusion protein

TVA, the cellular receptor for subgroup A avian leukosis viruses (ALV-A) can mediate viral entry when expressed as a transmembrane protein or as a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked protein on the surfaces of transfected mammalian cells. To determine whether mammalian cells can be rendered susceptible to ALV-A infection by attaching a soluble form of TVA to their plasma membranes, the TVA-epidermal growth factor (EGF) fusion protein was generated. TVA-EGF is comprised of the extracellular domain of TVA linked to the mature form of human EGF. Flow cytometric analysis confirmed that TVA-EGF is a bifunctional reagent capable of binding simultaneously to cell surface EGF receptors and to an ALV-A surface envelope-Ig fusion protein. TVA-EGF prebound to transfected mouse fibroblasts expressing either wild-type or kinase-deficient human EGF receptors, rendered these cells highly susceptible to infection by ALV-A vectors. Viral infection was blocked specifically in the presence of a recombinant human EGF protein, demonstrating that the binding of TVA-EGF to EGF receptors was essential for infectivity. These studies have demonstrated that a soluble TVA-ligand fusion protein can mediate viral infection when attached to specific cell surfaces, suggesting an approach for targeting retroviral infection to specific cell types.