Think, code, succeed: The Programming Studio as a games-based collaboration:Paper published in the Proceedings of the Association for Teacher Education in Europe conference: Teacher Education through Partnerships and Collaborative Learning Communities, Glasgow, UK. ATEE, 2015

This paper investigates the profile of teachers in the island of Ireland who declared themselves willing to undertake professional development activities in programming, in particular to master programming by taking on-line courses involving the design of computer games. Using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), it compares scores for teachers “willing” to undertake the courses with scores for those who declined, and examines other differences between the groups of respondents. Findings reflect the perceived difficulties of programming and the current low status accorded to the subject in Ireland. The paper also reviews the use of games-based learning as a “hook” to engage learners in programming and discusses the role of gamification as a tool for motivating learners in an on-line course. The on-line course focusing on games design was met with enthusiasm, and there was general consensus that gamification was appropriate for motivating learners in structured courses such as those provided.

Utility of US Norms for the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (III) in UK and Irish Children

The aim of this paper is to explore the utility of the United States norms for United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland populations. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID III) is a globally used developmental assessment for typically developing and clinical samples of children aged 1 to 42 months. A UK norming exercise (REF) confirmed the suitability of US norms for UK based research and practice. However, debate has continued concerning the utility of the US norms in other countries. This paper further explores the utility of the US norms for the UK and ROI populations using BSID III developmental outcome data from two samples of over one thousand typically developing children.

Portuguese Adaptation of Students Engagement in Schools International Scale (SESIS)

The importance of student’s engagement has been recently pointed out in research. However, there has been a lack of engagement assessment instrument, pertaining psychometric qualities. Objective: This paper presents the Portuguese adaptation of the “Student’s Engagement in School International Scale” (SESIS), drawn up from a12 countries international study (Lam et al., 2012; Lam et al., in press). Method: Psychometric properties of this scale were examined with data from 685 students from different grades (6th, 7th, 9th and 10th), from both sexes, and different regions of the country. Results: Factorial analysis of the results, with varimax rotation, lead to three different factors which explain 50.88% of the variance. The scale integrates the original 33 items, and cognitive, affective and behavioural dimensions. For the external validity study, the relationship between student’s engagement in school results and other school variables — academic performance, self-concept — was considered, and significant relations were observed, as expected. Conclusion: The data presented highlights the qualities of SESIS, as well as its usefulness for research purposes. Suggestion: It is suggested the investigation of the extension of SESIS’s three-dimensionality, in future studiesKeywords: Innovation, technology, research projects, etc. [Arial 10-point, justified alignment].

Students´ Engagement In Schools: Differentiation and Promotion

The objective of this work is to present elements of the project Student engagement in Schools (SES). The team consists of 10 researchers from six Universities. Student engagement in schools is a multidimensional construct that unites affective, behavioural, and cognitive dimensions of student adaptation in the school and has influence on students‘outcomes. The team of researchers conceptualized two major studies, a differential study to analyze the relations between SES and contextual factors, personal factors, student’s outcomes, and a quasi-experimental study to analyze the effects on SES of a specific intervention programmes. In study 1, the sample size is around 600 students (150 6th graders, 150 7th graders, 150 9th graders, and 150 10th graders). We shall focus on years of school transition, with rural and urban populations, on different regions of the country, and on students with different family background. We shall conduct questionnaires with national and international scales. The study 2 will involve students in 7th and 9th grade, from four classes, two of the experimental group and two of the control group. Patterns of verbal communications between a teacher and students can influence the classroom environment and SES. This model of communication would result in more effective student management and more time on-task for learning.

Portuguese Adaptation of Students Engagement in Schools International Scale (Sesis)

The importance of student’s engagement has been recently pointed out in research. However, there has been a lack of engagement assessment instruments, showing psychometric qualities, such as reliability and validity. Objective: This paper presents the Portuguese adaptation of the “Student’s Engagement in Schools International Scale” (SESIS), drawn up from 12 countries international study (Lam et al., 2012; Lam et al., in press). Method: Psychometric properties of this scale were examined using data from 685 students, of both sexes, and from different grades (6th, 7th, 9th and 10th), and regions of the country. Results: Factorial analysis of the results, with varimax rotation, conducted to three different factors which explain 62,19% of the variance. The scale integrates the original 33 items, and cognitive, affective and behavioural dimensions. For the external validity study, the relationship between student’s engagement in school results and other school variables — academic performance, school conduct — was considered, and significant relations were observed, as expected. Conclusion: The data presented highlights the qualities of SESIS, as well as its usefulness for research purpose. Suggestion: It is suggested the investigation of the extension of SESIS’s three-dimensionality, in future studies

Desenvolvimento profissional e educação em línguas: potencialidades e constrangimentos em contexto escolar

Este trabalho, desenvolvido por uma professora em contexto académico, movida por uma vontade de intervenção em contexto escolar para melhoria da qualidade do desempenho profissional e das aprendizagens dos alunos, assenta: por um lado, num entendimento de desenvolvimento profissional (DP) enquanto processo contínuo que se articula com e inscreve na prática do quotidiano docente; e, por outro lado, num entendimento da educação em línguas como um processo que valoriza a diversidade e enfatiza o plurilinguismo como valor e competência, enriquecendo os repertórios linguístico-comunicativos dos sujeitos, de modo a facilitar a abertura ao Outro, num processo de construção e recriação de significado sobre o mundo e sobre si na relação com esse Outro. Pretendeu-se, neste estudo, compreender o processo de desenvolvimento profissional de professores de línguas, tentando identificar potencialidades e constrangimentos que se colocam a esse desenvolvimento profissional em contexto. Para tal, foi desenvolvido um projecto de formação para a educação plurilingue numa escola Secundária com 3º Ciclo do Ensino Básico com um grupo de cinco professoras ao longo de dois anos. A formação, promovida através de um Centro de Formação de Escolas e acreditada pelo Conselho- Científico da Formação Contínua desenvolveu-se em duas fases. A primeira fase (2004/2005), na modalidade Oficina de Formação com 10 sessões de formação num total de 50 horas, e a segunda fase (2005/2006), na modalidade Projecto com nove sessões de formação, num total de 50 horas. O estudo seguiu uma metodologia de cariz qualitativo e de inspiração interpretativa/fenomenológica, pretendendo colocar em evidência o sujeito e sublinhando a interacção que estabelece consigo e com os outros, a partir das práticas discursivas que vai construindo. A estratégia investigativa desenhou-se em torno do estudo de caso no qual procurámos analisar a (des/re)construção de conhecimento profissional no contexto de um grupo de professoras em formação. Esta análise assumiu duas vertentes, uma tomando a interacção entre o grupo como alvo de análise, outra olhando para o percurso de cada formanda na sua singularidade. Os dados recolhidos e analisados incluem um inquérito por questionário inicial, a transcrição das sessões de formação e as reflexões escritas ao longo das duas fases da formação, bem como um inquérito por entrevista semiestruturada, após o terminus da formação, em Julho de 2007. Os resultados da análise indicam que os processos formativos que promovem o questionamento de si e das suas práticas, ajudando a identificar representações e a analisar o modo como as representações interferem ou não nas práticas para, em seguida, estas poderem ser reconstruídas, são facilitadores de DP. Evidenciaram-se, nestes processos, dois tempos de formação distintos, mas complementares, o tempo da observação e da análise e o tempo da apropriação e da acção, que englobam espaços de trabalho individual e colectivo. Nestes dois tempos de formação identificámos quatro modos facilitadores da reconstrução do conhecimento profissional, nomeadamente: a articulação da teoria com a prática; a tomada do objecto de trabalho em objecto de análise e de experimentação, incluindo a visualização, a análise e a reflexão sobre as experiências realizadas; a colocação do aluno no centro do processo de ensino; e o alargamento da consciencialização do trabalho com as línguas e das suas finalidades educativas. Estes quatro modos constituem-se como impulsionadores ou inibidores de DP, dependendo a sua percepção de factores, tanto de carácter individual como de carácter colectivo. Os factores de carácter individual dizem respeito ao comprometimento, ao empenho, ao modo como cada sujeito se vê como pessoa e como profissional, bem como à fase da carreira em que se situa. Os factores de carácter colectivo dizem respeito aos contextos nos quais o sujeito se move, nomeadamente a cultura da escola em que exerce funções, às relações interpessoais e profissionais que estabelece com os colegas de trabalho e às possibilidades e espaços de formação que cada sujeito encontra com os outros. Tendo constatado que o desenvolvimento profissional é fruto da intersecção da acção individual com a acção colectiva, concluímos que, na constituição de ambientes facilitadores de DP, importa ter em conta seis componentes: a apropriação individual da construção do conhecimento profissional pelos sujeitos, a construção de oportunidades de desenvolvimento, a construção da capacidade de intervenção em contexto, a promoção da colegialidade, a monitorização e avaliação de processos e resultados do trabalho no âmbito do DP e a criação de espaços e tempos próprios para esse trabalho. Os resultados da análise indicam também que a formação em contexto permite iniciar um trabalho de DP porque cria condições de auto/hetero/eco e coformação que incluem um potencial de aprendizagem profissional transformativa. Enquanto constrangimentos ao DP em contexto destacam-se aspectos contextuais que se relacionam com o tempo e a sua gestão, bem como com a visibilidade, o reconhecimento e o impacto do trabalho realizado no contexto. Através da descrição e análise de uma experiência de formação contínua em contexto, este trabalho revela possibilidades de ultrapassar os constrangimentos contextuais, sublinhando as potencialidades de desenvolvimento profissional em contexto, pelo modo como professoras, predispostas à mudança e comprometidas com a profissão, onde os alunos têm um papel particular, são capazes de inscrever transformação nas suas práticas, evidenciando a urgência não só de um apoio concreto e explícito, mas também de reconhecimento do trabalho desenvolvido em cada sala de aula, com cada turma, à descoberta de si e do outro, através das línguas para a construção de um mundo mais plural.

Students' engagement in schools: differentiation and promotion

Comunicação apresentada no XI Congresso da AEPEC (Associação da Educação Pluridimensional e da Escola Cultural) - Da exclusão à excelência - caminhos organizacionais para a qualidade da educação. Évora: Universidade de Évora, 16, 17 e 18 de Setembro de 2010.

An impact evaluation of the Ontario ban on smoking in schools and on school property : does the ban on smoking influence high school students' intentions to smoke cigarettes?

The Ontario Tobacco Control Act of 1994 imposed a total ban on smoking in schools, and on school property for every school in the province. The imposition of this policy created problems for school administrators. For instance, students who were smoking on walkways and properties adjacent to school boundaries, clashed with neighbouring property owners who were angry about the resulting damage and disruption. The enforcement of this policy consumes valuable resources at each school; therefore, knowledge about the impact of the policy is important. If effective, this policy has the potential to improve the health of students over their lifetime, by preventing or delaying smoking behaviour. Alternatively, an ineffective policy will continue to create administrative problems for the school and serve no legitimate purpose. Therefore, knowledge about the impact of the smoking ban policy on students' smoking intentions assists policy makers and school administrators in their understanding of the policy's impact within the schools. This research provided an impact evaluation of the ban on smoking in schools and on school property in Ontario. A total of 2069 students, from five high schools, in the Niagara Region, provided complete responses to a survey, designed to test whether smoking intentions were affected by the imposition of the policy. The study used Ajzen's theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen, 1991), specifically, the perceived behavioural control measure, to gain some understanding of students' perceptions of control over smoking imposed by the ban. The findings indicate the policy has the potential to influence students' overall smoking intentions. The ban on smoking policy was found to be a significant predictor of the smoking intentions of high school students. As well, attitude, social norms, and perceptions of control were significant predictors of smoking intentions. Exploratory findings also indicated differences between the control beliefs of students from different high schools, indicating potential differences in the enforcement of the smoking ban between schools. The findings also support the utility of the theory of planned behaviour as a methodology for evaluating the influence of punitive policies. This research study should be continued by utilizing the full theory of planned behaviour, including two phases of data collection and the measurement of actual smoking behaviour.

Shakespeare's tragedy of King Lear with introduction and notes explanatory and critical for use in schools and classes

UANL

A novel medium for the development of in vitro cell culture system from Penaeus monodon

Lack of a valid shrimp cell line has been hampering the progress of research on shrimp viruses. One of the reasons identified was the absence of an appropriate medium which would satisfy the requirements of the cells in vitro. We report the first attempt to formulate an exclusive shrimp cell culture medium (SCCM) based on the haemolymph components of Penaeus monodon prepared in isosmotic seawater having 27 % salinity. The SCCM is composed of 22 amino acids, 4 sugars, 6 vitamins, cholesterol, FBS, phenol red, three antibiotics, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and di-sodium hydrogen phosphate at pH 6.8–7.2. Osmolality was adjusted to 720 ± 10 mOsm kg-1 and temperature of incubation was 25 8C. The most appropriate composition was finally selected based on the extent of attachment of cells and their proliferation by visual observation. Metabolic activity of cultured cells was measured by MTT assay and compared with that in L-15 (29), modified L-15 and Grace’s insect medium, and found better performance in SCCM especially for lymphoid cells with 107 % increase in activity and 85 ± 9 days of longevity. The cells from ovary and lymphoid organs were passaged twice using the newly designed shrimp cell dissociation ‘‘cocktail’’.