Sobre a importância de construir uma teoria do Direito Internacional em face do nacionalismo

The present essay is based on a lecture delivered on the 25 August 2011 at the KIMEP (Kazakhstan Institute of Management, Economics and Strategic Research). Its principal aim is to explore the relationship between international law and nationalism, whilst arguing that both concepts cannot be viewed as two separate and self-contained realities, but should rather be considered in light of their mutual interaction. The external actions of a nation are reflected internally. Similarly, its internal actions have external repercussions. In this work, such consequences are examined in a nation-state with an authoritarian structure as opposed to those found in a democratic nation-state. Additionally, the concept of nationalism is studied in its variant forms in both these contexts, leading to the premise that an aggressive and expansionist nation-state is unlikely to be guided by a constitution that places a high value on democracy and freedom. A nation which does not respect the liberties of its own nationals will undoubtedly disrespect other States and their nationals, and vice-versa. This begs the question: should international law be irresponsive and neutral in these cases? Although briefly, this work also discusses a personalist or individualist type of nationalism by exploring its foundations and advantages and, consequently, postulating its legitimacy and compatibility with the underlying tenets of international law.

Alegoría e historia en La hoguera bárbara (Del Historiador y el Ensayista)

El autor estudia La hoguera bárbara como texto inscrito en una doble tradición de la literatura latinoamericana, vigente hasta los años 60: reconstruye la vida de un caudillo, aspirando a refundar el sentido de lo nacional, y, por otro lado, problematiza los límites entre historia y literatura, en tanto el texto es alegoría de lo nacional y narrativa biográfica. La hoguera bárbara plantea una visión histórica en la que el héroe ocupa el lugar central, tiene un claro carácter nacionalista, lo que permite comprender la recuperación de este personaje histórico después del conflicto con el Perú de 1941. Más allá de su valor literario, el autor propone que La hoguera bárbara sea leída como un texto histórico.

La Independencia en tres novelas andinas: Mientras llega el día, La tragedia del Generalísimo y Bolívar. Delirio y epopeya (Dossier: Bicentenario, rastros y revelaciones de la Independencia)

La autora revisa tres novelas que leen la Historia bajo nuevos planteamientos y que proponen otro sentido de heroicidad. La tragedia del Generalísimo, de Denzil Romero, evoca al criollo ilustrado Francisco de Miranda, teórico de los procesos de Independencia. Riera enfatiza las cualidades casi divinas del héroe, sus dudas y excentricidades, su paso de la defensa del realismo al de la causa americana. Mientras llega el día, de Juan Valdano, mira a la Independencia desde una visión contrahegemónica. Riera rescata la noción de que los eventos de 1810, en Quito, no fueron manifestación del nacionalismo criollo, sino de un heterogéneo colectivo social y cultural, el mestizo, que buscaba superar viejos agravios. La biografía Bolívar. Delirio y epopeya, de Víctor Paz, juega con el mito sin alejarse de las fuentes historiográficas. La autora reflexiona sobre los rasgos que definirían al Libertador: cordura-delirio, lucidez-locura, sobre la idea de la emancipación como deseo de posesión de tierras, otorgado por el derecho de nacimiento y negado por la herencia de la sangre. El protagonismo entonces no sería exclusivo de Bolívar, aunque este perviva como paradigma cultural, capaz de legitimar actuales presupuestos de de-colonialidad.

Continentes y colonialismos: perspectivas sobre género y nación (Debates)

Este artículo explora los discursos del colonialismo y nacionalismo en países y períodos diferentes a través del prisma de género, para comprender las exigencias y supuestos, así como la contingencia y la contradicción que son inherentes a tales proyectos. Se basa en críticos que ofrecen la teoría poscolonial y feminista, en particular, las poderosas advertencias –postuladas a partir de matizados entendimientos de la cultura y el poder– acerca de cómo el género y la sexualidad modularon las formaciones de la Colonia y el imperio. Un enfoque particular en la representación cultural, por parte de las élites, de la nación en India y México, permite desmitificar a la nación y descubrir los lazos latentes pero fuertes que vinculan el pasado colonial con la nación nacional (¿poscolonial?).

Consideraciones sobre los conceptos de nación y colonia en la independencia de la India (Estudios)

Este artículo pone en perspectiva algunos enfoques novedosos para el estudio crítico de los conceptos de nación, imperio e historia. En primer lugar, se realiza una discusión alrededor de los conceptos clave para el estudio de la nación y el nacionalismo –por lo tanto, del Estado y la modernidad– surgidos de los estudios sobre la India. En segundo lugar, el artículo examina cómo dichos “desarrollos conceptuales” están vinculados, en las investigaciones académicas sobre la región, a consideraciones cruciales sobre el colonialismo y el imperio. En tercer lugar, se mira “hacia atrás” para enfocarse en los fascinantes atributos de las formaciones nacionalistas y explorar, con mayor detalle, los términos, texturas y transformaciones de los nacionalismos subalternos en el subcontinente. En cuarto lugar, el trabajo resalta las implicaciones más importantes de los enfoques antes revisados, para ofrecer una perspectiva novedosa en cuanto a la naturaleza de la escritura de la historia. Finalmente aparecen, en lugar de conclusiones, algunas consideraciones relacionadas a la manera en que se podría abordar, históricamente, la construcción de la descolonización y del nacionalismo, a futuro.

Legitimacy and rights in the EU: questions of identity

Rights as well as democracy play a crucial role in the legitimacy of the EU and constitutional patriotism has been influential in attempting to link them together. The article seeks to engage in a critique of constitutional patriotism on two fronts. First, it distinguishes between the various types of right that exist within EU law-Community, citizenship and fundamental-and then analyses the place of these rights within various political models of the EU ranging from nationalism to republicanism. It argues that constitutional patriotism does not enjoy a monopoly on rights discourse in the EU: most models of the EU see a place for rights; it is just that the type of right supported varies. Secondly, advocates of constitutional patriotism argue that EU rights generate European identity. The article questions the extent to which this is the case, arguing that identity potential varies considerably according to the type of EU right concerned.

British national identity and the dilemmas of multiculturalism

Nationalism and multiculturalism are often perceived as polar opposites with the former viewed as the disease and the latter the cure. Contrary to this view, this article argues that a strong national identity, albeit of a particular kind, is prerequisite to a stable and functioning multicultural society. The article seeks to identify both the causes and the implications of the absence of an overarching, civic national identity in Britain, further to the goal of seeking a meaningful solution. It is our contention that the problem lies in the difficulty involved in reconciling current pressures on British identity with a coherent narrative of British history, especially its imperial past.

Political instability and the persistence of religion in Greece: the policy implications of the cultural defence paradigm

This paper examines the implications of ‘cultural defence’ in the nature of democracy and the stability of the political system in Greece. It focuses on the Greek Orthodox Church’s maintenance of power and political relevance by virtue of its strong link to national identity. We argue that the inhibition of secularization in Greece as a result of cultural defence has significant policy implications, especially in times of crises, when the role of nationalism as a cohesive factor against perceived threats is intensified. The paper further explores three policy/politics areas: (1) political orientation; (2) religious pluralism; and (3) education.

Anti-Slavic imagery in German radical nationalist discourse at the turn of the twentieth century: a prelude to Nazi ideology?

By applying methods of cognitive metaphor theory, Jaworska examines metaphorical scenarios employed in the discourse of anti-Slavism, which featured prominently in radical nationalist propaganda in Germany at the turn of the twentieth century. She does so by analysing metaphorical expressions used to refer to the Polish population living in the eastern provinces of Prussia, in the so-called Ostmark. Her article is based on an analysis of a range of pamphlets and newspaper articles written by some of the leading figures of two nationalist organizations: the Pan-German League (Alldeutscher Verband) and the Eastern Marches Society(Ostmarkenverein). The main research questions it addresses are: What kind of metaphoric scenarios were used to depict the Polish minority, and to what extent were the metaphorical patterns of anti-Slavic imagery similar to those employed in the antisemitic propaganda of the Nazi era? Is there a discursive continuity between the radical nationalism of imperial Germany and the National Socialism of the Third Reich at the level of metaphorical scenarios? Ultimately, Jaworska attempts to contribute to a better understanding of the cognitive mechanisms underlying radical and essentially racist attitudes.

Negotiating the British landscape

According to many accounts, a key paradigm for understanding art in Post WWII Britain is one of Englishness versus internationalism or abstraction versus realism . These terms have a rich inflection of meanings that have been subject to interrogation over the last few decades. Anwar Shemza came to Britain and practiced his art at a time when these competing claims were at their height. In a postcolonial reading entitled “Black Diaspora Artists in Britain: Three ‘Moments’ in Post-War Britain” Stuart Hall recently used David Scott’s framework of a ‘problem space’, that is discursively defined through questions, tensions and conjunctures, that couched the entry of what he describes as first waive British commonwealth artists into critical visibility in Britain. This can be characterized in part by the reviews of WG Archer and GM Butcher, both supporters of Shemza and prominent critics of the period. Hall includes Shemza in this framework that defines the work and his aspirations as constituted through the tensions of what was perceived to be anti-colonialist aims of modernism through universalism and the ‘nativist’ current in anti-colonial nationalism . This text will focus particularly on the problematic of Landscape as a ‘problem space’ of vernacular and modernism, over here and over there. The aim is not to define Shemza within the tradition of English landscape nor to exclude him but to position him within a discursive field of landscape and modernism in mid twentieth Century art.

The fractured lives of German Bohemian children, born 1933-40 in the area known as Sudetenland: a memory study, Nablonz-Neugablonz

At the Paris Peace Conferences of 1918-1919, new states aspiring to be nation-states were created for 60 million people, but at the same time 25 million people found themselves as ethnic minorities. This change of the old order in Europe had a considerable impact on one such group, more than 3 million Bohemian German-speakers, later referred to as Sudeten Germans. After the demise of the Habsburg Empire In 1918, they became part of the new state of Czechoslovakia. In 1938, the Munich Agreement – prelude to the Second World War – integrated them into Hitler’s Reich; in 1945-1946 they were expelled from the reconstituted state of Czechoslovakia. At the centre of this War Child case study are German children from the Northern Bohemian town and district, formerly known as Gablonz an der Neisse, famous for exquisite glass art, now Jablonec nad Nisou in the Czech Republic. After their expulsion they found new homes in the post-war Federal Republic of Germany. In addition, testimonies have been drawn upon of some Czech eyewitnesses from the same area, who provided their perspective from the other side, as it were. It turned out to be an insightful case study of the fate of these communities, previously studied mainly within the context of the national struggle between Germans and Czechs. The inter-disciplinary research methodology adopted here combines history and sociological research to demonstrate the effect of larger political and social developments on human lives, not shying away from addressing sensitive political and historical issues, as far as these are relevant within the context of the study. The expellees started new lives in what became Neugablonz in post-war Bavaria where they successfully re-established the industries they had had to leave behind in 1945-1946. Part 1 of the study sheds light on the complex Czech-German relationship of this important Central European region, addressing issues of democracy, ethnicity, race, nationalism, geopolitics, economics, human geography and ethnography. It also charts the developments leading to the expulsion of the Sudeten Germans from Czechoslovakia after 1945. What is important in this War Child study is how the expellees remember their history while living as children in Sudetenland and later. The testimony data gained indicate that certain stereotypes often repeated within the context of Sudeten issues such as the confrontational nature of inter-ethnic relations are not reflected in the testimonies of the respondents from Gablonz. In Part 2 the War Child Study explores the memories of the former Sudeten war children using sociological research methods. It focuses on how they remember life in their Bohemian homeland and coped with the life-long effects of displacement after their expulsion. The study maps how they turned adversity into success by showing a remarkable degree of resilience and ingenuity in the face of testing circumstances due to the abrupt break in their lives. The thesis examines the reasons for the relatively positive outcome to respondents’ lives and what transferable lessons can be deduced from the results of this study.