Contribuição ao estudo da inibição da corrosão do aço comum por borato, em soluções diluídas

Este trabalho teve por objetivo determinar a ação inibidora do íon borato na corrosão do aço-carbono, em soluções aquosas aproximadamente neutras, arejadas e desarejadas, na presença ou não de ions cloreto, à temperatura ambiente. Através do traçado de curvas de polarização potenciostáticas, de experimentos cronopotenciométricos e cronogalvanométricos, com ou sem riscagem do corpo de prova, e do comportamento do aço comum em ensaios de imersão a longo prazo, concluiu-se que o ion borato possui uma ação inibidora sobre a corrosão do aço, desde que o potencial não seja muito elevado. Observou-se também que o aço sofre corrosão por pites em soluções de borato, mesmo na ausência de íons agressivos e que os pites ocorrem em potenciais tanto mais baixos quanto mais diluídas forem as soluções de borato. Para soluções contendo 1000 ppm de bórax ou mais, o potencial de pite, determinado por técnicas cronopotenciométricas, está acima do potencial de corrosão. Para soluções com concentrações iguais ou superiores a 5000 ppm de bórax, não foi detectada corrosão por pites na faixa de potencial estudada, isto é, desde o potencial de evolução de H2 até o potencial de evolução de 02. A adição de 100 ppm de NaCl à solução contendo 2500 ppm de bórax reduz o potencial de pite de aço comum, em relação ao seu valor na ausência de íon cloreto.

Influência da temperatura e da presença de H2S no comportamento mecânico e eletroquímico do aço API 5CT grau P110 em água do mar sintética

o presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar o comportamento de um aço de alta resistência e baixa liga (com amostras de composição aproximada de 0,4% C, 0,6% Cr e 0,4% Mo), da classe API scr PIlO, utilizado na perfuração de petróleo offshore, frente a processos de fragilização causados pelo meio. Água do mar sintética foi utilizada como meio, com intuito de padronizar, em laboratório, as condições a que o material fica submetido na prática. Buscou-se avaliar e comparar o comportamento mecânico do material pela modificação dos parâmetros: temperatura, potencial aplicado ao material, e o efeito da presença ou ausência de H2S na solução. Para isso, foram realizados ensaios de tração pelo método de baixa taxa de deformação (da ordem de 10-6S-I), obtendo-se as curvas tensão x deformação nas diferentes situações ensaiadas, comparadas com as obtidas em óleo mineral. Análises fratográficas também foram utilizadas como forma de caracterizar os processos de fragilização. Além disso, estudou-se o comportamento eletroquímico do material nas diferentes condições através de ensaios de polarização potenciostáticos. Com isso, pode-se determinar quais as condições mais danosas e de maior risco para a utilização do material e em quais delas o seu uso é seguro. O aço estudado apresentou-se susceptível a processos de fragilização e todos os parâmetros analisados mostraram-se importantes no estudo desses processos.

Competição e alavancagem na indústria de aços planos

Pesquisas recentes nos campos das Finanças e de Economia Industrial vêem mostrando que as decisões de financiamento corporativo são interdependentes de decisões relativas ao mercado de produtos. As teorias apresentadas apóiam-se na responsabilidade limitada dos detentores do capital próprio para construir modelos nos quais a dívida é utilizada estrategicamente. Altos níveis de endividamento tendem a favorecer o acirramento da concorrência e a produzir resultados piores do que numa situação de conluio, provocando a adoção de mecanismos de limitação da alavancagem e da concorrência pelo oligopólio. Evidências indicam que firmas alavancadas suavizam a concorrência enquanto firmas menos ou não alavancadas tornam a concorrência mais acirrada ante a presença de um rival mais alavancado. Dados de corte seccional das firmas participantes do mercado brasileiro de aços planos ao carbono foram tratados pelo método econométrico para verificar o comportamento da variável de endividamento tendo como variáveis explicativas de interesse os preços praticados e as quantidades vendidas pelas firmas e, como variáveis de controle, algumas dentre aquelas sugeridas pela teoria da estrutura de capital. Os resultados mostram evidências de que a variável de concorrência "preço" influencia as decisões de estrutura de capital das firmas siderúrgicas produtoras de aços planos e que a correlação com a alavancagem é positiva. No entanto, nenhuma conclusão pôde ser obtida sobre a variável quantidade. Cálculos adicionais produziram resultados que são indicativos de iniciativas de aumento de concorrência pelas firmas mais alavancadas da indústria, como redução de preço, aumento de lucratividade e maior participação de mercado, sugerindo que as circunstâncias de expansão de demanda favorecem a ruptura do conluio.

Como criar possibilidades de financiamento para a agricultura familiar adotando o Plano ABC Nacional?

Ao longo dos últimos anos, através do aprimoramento das políticas agrícolas, observaram-se aumentos consistentes dos recursos orçamentários destinados à Agricultura Familiar, através do Pronaf. O incremento dos recursos efetivamente aplicados e o número cada vez maior de contratos também são realidade e podem ser vistos em todas as regiões do País. De acordo com os dados divulgados pelo Banco Central do Brasil, através do Anuário Estatístico do Crédito Rural (2014), foram aplicados no Brasil em 2004 aproximadamente R$ 4,39 bilhões, já em 2012 foram pouco mais de R$ 16,35 bilhões, ou seja, incremento de 272% no intervalo analisado. Em relação ao número de contratos, o crescimento foi em torno de 35,5% no mesmo período. A importância da Agricultura Familiar no contexto atual é corroborada no âmbito internacional pela Resolução 66/222, de 28.03.2012, da Assembleia-Geral, que conferiu à Organização das Nações Unidas para Alimentação e Agricultura (FAO) o mandato de implementar o Ano Internacional da Agricultura Familiar (AIAF) neste ano de 2014, em parceria com os governos dos países membros bem como com outros organismos internacionais e organizações não-governamentais atuantes no tema da agricultura e da segurança alimentar. Concomitantemente, diante da crescente preocupação com as questões ambientais, o Plano Setorial de Mitigação e de Adaptação às Mudanças Climáticas para a Consolidação de uma Economia de Baixa Emissão de Carbono na Agricultura - Plano ABC - é uma importante parte do compromisso voluntário assumido pelo Brasil em 2009, na 15ª Conferência das Partes – COP15 ocorrida em Copenhague, na redução da emissão de gases de efeito estufa até 2020. Parte desse compromisso assumido precisa ser atendido pela agricultura familiar, o que aumenta a responsabilidade da mesma para questões que vão além do fornecimento de alimentos, matérias primas e geração de energia etc. O Programa ABC, instrumento pelo qual os agricultores brasileiros podem acessar crédito para implementar tecnologias de baixas emissões de carbono, já está integrado nas ações previstas na Política de Crédito Agropecuário Brasileiro. Porém, ainda se observam vários desafios no Programa ABC, como aumentar o repasse desses recursos, não obstante ao aumento das operações contratadas pelos produtores nos últimos anos. O objetivo do estudo é investigar como a agricultura familiar pode contribuir com o Plano ABC e nos compromissos voluntários assumidos pelo País para a redução de emissão dos gases de efeito estufa no setor agropecuário. Para atingir esse objetivo, realizou-se uma revisão da bibliografia e das linhas de crédito disponíveis pelos bancos públicos e privados relacionadas ao Programa ABC e ao Pronaf. Conclui-se que há sinergias entre algumas linhas de crédito do Pronaf e também do Fundo Constitucional de Financiamento do Nordeste - FNE - Sudene com as tecnologias previstas no Plano ABC. Nesse sentido, o Plano ABC prevê a aplicação de tecnologias de redução de emissões em cerca de 4,97 milhões de ha ocupados pela agricultura familiar, sendo recursos do Pronaf previstos para fomentar tal aplicação, através das linhas Pronaf Eco e Pronaf Floresta. Contudo, verificou-se que tais linhas do Pronaf contemplam o uso de recursos para diversas outras atividades não relacionadas diretamente àquelas previstas no Plano ABC ou capazes de reduzir emissões de gases de efeito estufa. Dessa forma, não há como assegurar que a aplicação de recursos nessas linhas seja direcionada para tecnologias e ações que reduzam emissões, nem tão pouco há como monitorar o volume de recursos do Pronaf aplicados de fato em atividades aderentes ao Plano ABC. Portanto, sugere-se a criação/incorporação de novas linhas de crédito ao Pronaf, como por exemplo, Pronaf ABC Eco e o Pronaf ABC Floresta. Além disso, apresentou-se estudo de caso para o município de Bragança Paulista (SP), onde verificou-se que a utilização dos recursos do Programa ABC poderia ser usada para recomposição de áreas de preservação permanente ou de reserva legal, importantes na preservação das nascentes e rios da região. Essa possibilidade é de elevada importância no contexto e nas discussões atuais sobre a escassez dos recursos hídricos que abastecem grandes cidades, a exemplo do que vem ocorrendo na região metropolitana do Estado de São Paulo. Como conclusão, identifica-se alguns gargalos e apresenta-se algumas sugestões de melhorias para aumentar a utilização e eficácia do Programa ABC, como promover com mais ênfase apoio das assistências técnicas junto aos produtores, priorizar as ações previstas no Plano ABC em algumas regiões do País e aumentar a atuação mais direcionada do Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário (MDA) para difusão e incorporação das tecnologias de uma agricultura de baixa emissão de carbono no segmento da agricultura familiar.

Analysis of the ABC Program resources

This is the executive summary of the second of four reports that compose, among others, the activities of the second working year of the ABC Plan Observatory1 . It aims to quantitatively and qualitatively analyze the ABC Program's performance – the main line of credit for the financing of low-carbon agriculture in Brazil. In addition to presenting high points of the results of the 2013/14 crop year, it also reveals a regional and state overview of the distribution of resources and a focus on the Legal Amazon situation regarding the adoption of low carbon agriculture methods in the region. The main theme for the analysis is the spatial distribution of the ABC Program's credit in the country and the reasons, bottlenecks and opportunities for the expansion of more sustainable production methods, especially regarding the conditions of Brazilian technical support and its activities among rural producers.

Estudos de Durabilidade Frente ao Ataque Ácido de Compósitos Portland-Polímero para Cimentação de Poços de Petróleo

Portland-polymers composites are promising candidates to be used as cementing material in Northeastern oil wells of Brazil containing heavy oils submitted to steam injection. In this way, it is necessary to evaluate its degradation in the commonly acidizind agents. In addition, to identify how aggressive are the different hostile environments it is an important contribution on the decision of the acidic systems to be used in. It was investigated the performance of the Portland-polymer composites using powdered polyurethane, aqueous polyurethane, rubber tire residues and a biopolymer, those were reinforced with polished carbon steel SAE 1045 to make the electrochemical measurements. HCl 15,0 %, HCl 6,0 % + HF 1,5 % (soft mud acid), HCl 12,0 % + HF 3,0 % (regular mud acid) and HAc 10 % + HF 1,5 % were used as degrading environment and electrolytes. The more aggressive acid solution to the plain Portland hardened cement paste was the regular mud acid, that showed loss of weight around 23.0 %, followed by the soft mud acid, the showed 11.0 %, 15.0 % HCl with 7,0 % and, at last the 10.0 % HAc plus HF 1.5 % with just 1.0 %. The powdered polyurethane-composite and the aqueous polyurethane one showed larger durability, with reduction around 87.0 % on the loss of weight in regular mud acid. The acid attack is superficial and it occurs as an action layer, where the degraded layer is responsible for the decrease on the kinetic of the degrading process. This behavior can be seen mainly on the Portland- aqueous polyurethane composite, because the degraded layer is impregnated with chemically modified polymer. The fact of the acid attack does not have influence on the compressive strength or fratography of the samples, in a general way, confirms that theory. The mechanism of the efficiency of the Portland-polymers composites subjected to acid attack is due to decreased porosity and permeability related with the plain Portland paste, minor quantity of Ca+2, element preferentially leached to the acidic solution, wave effect and to substitute part of the degrading bulk for the polymeric one. The electrolyte HAc 10 % + HF 1,5 % was the least aggressive one to the external corrosion of the casing, showing open circuit potentials around +250 mV compared to -130 mV to the simulated pore solution to the first 24 hours immersion. This behavior has been performed for two months at least. Similar corrosion rates were showed between both of the electrolytes, around 0.01 μA.cm-2. Total impedance values, insipient arcs and big polarization resistance capacitive arcs on the Nyquist plots, indicating passivity process, confirm its efficiency. In this way, Portlandpolymers composites are possible solutions to be succeed applied to oilwell cementing concomitant submitted to steam injection and acidizing operation and the HAc 10,0 % + HF 1,5 % is the less aggressive solution to the external corrosion of the casing

Nitretação em plasma com gaiola catódica: investigação do mecanismo e estudo comparativo com a nitretação em plasma de tensão contínua

The ionic plasma nitriding is one of the most important plasma assisted treatment technique for surface modification, but it presents some inherent problems mainly in nitriding pieces with complex geometries. In the last four years has appeared a plasma nitriding technique, named ASPN (Active Screen Plasma Nitriding) in which the samples and the workload are surrounded by a metal screen on which the cathodic potential is applied. This new technique makes possible to obtain a perfect uniform nitrided layer apart from the shape of the samples. The present work is based on the development of a new nitriding plasma technique named CCPN (Cathodic Cage Plasma Nitriding) Patent PI 0603213-3 derived from ASPN, but utilizes the hollow cathode effect to increase the nitriding process efficiency. That technique has shown great improvement on the treatment of several types of steels under different process conditions, producing thicker and harder layers when compared with both, ASPN and ionic plasma nitriding, besides eliminating problems associated with the later technique. The best obtained results are due to the hollow cathode effect on the cage holes. Moreover, characteristic problems of ionic plasma nitriding are eliminated due to the fact that the luminescent discharge acts on the cage wall instead of on the samples surface, which remains under a floating potential. In this work the enhancement of the cathodic cage nitriding layers proprieties, under several conditions for some types of steels was investigated, besides the mechanism for nitrides deposition on glass substrate, concluding that the CCPN is both a diffusion and a deposition process at the same time

Avaliação de inibidores verdes microemulsionados na inibição à corrosão do aço carbono AISI 1020

In general, among the corrosion inhibitors surfactants are the most commonly used compounds, because they are significantly effective by forming protective films on anodic and cathodic areas. In this study, microemulsions containing he biodegradable saponified coconut oil as surfactant (SME-OCS) was used as green corrosion inhibitors. With this purpose, methanolic extracts of Ixora coccinea Linn (IC) and a polar fraction rich in alkaloids (FA) obtained from Croton cajucara Benth solubilized in the SME-OCS system were examined in the presence of AISI 1020 carbon steel, in saline solution (NaCl 3,5 %). The efficiency of corrosion inhibition of IC and FA were evaluated in the following microemulsions: SME-OCS-IC and SME-OCS-FA. The microemulsion system SME-OCS in the presence and absence of IC and FA was assessed by measurements of weight loss and the electrochemical method of polarization resistance, with variation in the concentration of IC and FA (50 - 400 ppm), showing significant results of corrosion inhibition (83,6 % SME-OCS; 92,2 % SME-OCS-FA; and 95,3 % SME-OCS-IC)

Utilização de matérias primas vegetais para aplicabilidade como inibidores de corrosão

In the search for products that act as corrosion inhibitors and do not cause environmental, impact the use of plant extracts as corrosion inhibitors is becoming a promising alternative. In this work the efficiency of polar extracts (ethanol extracts) obtained from the plants Anacardium occidentale Linn (AO) and Phyllantus amarus Schum. & Thonn (PA) as corrosion inhibitors were evaluated in different concentrations. For that AO and PA extracts were solubilized in the microemulsion systems (SME) containing saponified coconut oil as surfactant (SME -OCS and SME-OCS-1) in saline (NaCl 3,5 %) solution, which was also used as electrolyte. Both SME-OCS and SME-OCS-1 were characterized by surface tension and viscosity methods showing a Newtonian fluid behavior. The SME-OCS and SME-OCS-1 systems satisfactorily solubilized the polar extracts AO and PA with measurements carried out by ultraviolet spectroscopy. The measurements of corrosion inhibition efficiencies were performed by the electrochemical linear polarization resistance (LPR) technique as well as weight loss, on the surface of AISI 1020 carbon steel. The maximum corrosion inhibition efficiencies were determined by extrapolation of Tafel plots, showing the following values: 95,6 % for the system SME-OCS-AO, 98,9 % for the system SME-OCS-AO-1 and 93,4 % for the system SME-OCS-PA

Avaliação do efeito de particulados sólidos na eficiência de um inibidor de corrosão recomendado para meios salinos com CO2

The main problem on the exploration activity on petroleum industry is the formation water resulted on the fields producing. The aggravating of this problem is correlated with the advancing technologies used on the petroleum extractions and on its secondary approach objecting the reobtainment of this oil. Among the main contaminants of the water formation are corrosives gases such as: O2, CO2 and H2S, some solids in suspension and dissolved salts. Concerning to those gases the CO2 is the one that produce significant damage for carbon steel on corrosion process of the petroleum and gas industries. Corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in formation water is one of the most used agents in control of those damages. In this context, the poor investigations of carbon steel corrosion proceeding from solids in suspension is an opened field for studies. On this work the inhibitor effect of the commercial CORRTREAT 703 was evaluated on some specific solids in suspension at saline medium containing 10.000 ppm of de-aerated chloride using CO2 until non oxygen atmosphere been present. For that, quartz, calcium carbonate, magnetite and iron sulphide were subjected to this investigation as the selected solids. The effect of this inhibitor on corrosion process correlated with those specific solids, was measured using electrochemical (resistance of linear polarization and galvanic pair) and gravimetrical techniques. During all the experimental work important parameters were monitored such as: pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, instantaneous corrosion rate and galvanic current. According to the obtained results it was proved that the suspension solids calcium carbonate and iron sulphide decrease the corrosion process in higher pH medium. Meanwhile the quartz and magnetite been hardness increase corrosion by broking of the passive layer for erosion. In the other hand, the tested inhibitor in concentration of 50 ppm, showed to be effective (91%) in this corrosion process

Avaliação da espécie vegetal Croton cajucara Benth como inibidor de biocorrosão em aço carbono Aisi 1020

Actually in the oil industry biotechnological approaches represent a challenge. In that, attention to metal structures affected by electrochemical corrosive processes, as well as by the interference of microorganisms (biocorrosion) which affect the kinetics of the environment / metal interface. Regarding to economical and environmental impacts reduction let to the use of natural products as an alternative to toxic synthetic inhibitors. This study aims the employment of green chemistry by evaluating the stem bark extracts (EHC, hydroalcoholic extract) and leaves (ECF, chloroform extract) of plant species Croton cajucara Benth as a corrosion inhibitor. In addition the effectiveness of corrosion inhibition of bioactive trans-clerodane dehydrocrotonin (DCTN) isolated from the stem bark of this Croton was also evaluated. For this purpose, carbon steel AISI 1020 was immersed in saline media (3,5 % NaCl) in the presence and absence of a microorganism recovered from a pipeline oil sample. Corrosion inhibition efficiency and its mechanisms were investigated by linear sweep voltammetry and electrochemical impedance. Culture-dependent and molecular biology techniques were used to characterize and identify bacterial species present in oil samples. The tested natural products EHC, ECF and DCTN (DMSO as solvent) in abiotic environment presented respectively, corrosion inhibition efficiencies of 57.6% (500 ppm), 86.1% (500 ppm) and 54.5% (62.5 ppm). Adsorption phenomena showed that EHC best fit Frumkin isotherm and ECF to Temkin isotherm. EHC extract (250 ppm) dissolved in a polar microemulsion system (MES-EHC) showed significant maximum inhibition efficiency (93.8%) fitting Langmuir isotherm. In the presence of the isolated Pseudomonas sp, EHC and ECF were able to form eco-compatible organic films with anti-corrosive properties

Signal transduction-related responses to phytohormones and environmental challenges in sugarcane

Background: Sugarcane is an increasingly economically and environmentally important C4 grass, used for the production of sugar and bioethanol, a low-carbon emission fuel. Sugarcane originated from crosses of Saccharum species and is noted for its unique capacity to accumulate high amounts of sucrose in its stems. Environmental stresses limit enormously sugarcane productivity worldwide. To investigate transcriptome changes in response to environmental inputs that alter yield we used cDNA microarrays to profile expression of 1,545 genes in plants submitted to drought, phosphate starvation, herbivory and N-2-fixing endophytic bacteria. We also investigated the response to phytohormones (abscisic acid and methyl jasmonate). The arrayed elements correspond mostly to genes involved in signal transduction, hormone biosynthesis, transcription factors, novel genes and genes corresponding to unknown proteins.Results: Adopting an outliers searching method 179 genes with strikingly different expression levels were identified as differentially expressed in at least one of the treatments analysed. Self Organizing Maps were used to cluster the expression profiles of 695 genes that showed a highly correlated expression pattern among replicates. The expression data for 22 genes was evaluated for 36 experimental data points by quantitative RT-PCR indicating a validation rate of 80.5% using three biological experimental replicates. The SUCAST Database was created that provides public access to the data described in this work, linked to tissue expression profiling and the SUCAST gene category and sequence analysis. The SUCAST database also includes a categorization of the sugarcane kinome based on a phylogenetic grouping that included 182 undefined kinases.Conclusion: An extensive study on the sugarcane transcriptome was performed. Sugarcane genes responsive to phytohormones and to challenges sugarcane commonly deals with in the field were identified. Additionally, the protein kinases were annotated based on a phylogenetic approach. The experimental design and statistical analysis applied proved robust to unravel genes associated with a diverse array of conditions attributing novel functions to previously unknown or undefined genes. The data consolidated in the SUCAST database resource can guide further studies and be useful for the development of improved sugarcane varieties.

Desenvolvimento e caracterização de nanocompósito de resina epóxi com nanopartículas de sílica para revestimento de dutos para transporte de petróleo

The use of polymer based coatings is a promising approach to reduce the corrosion problem in carbon steel pipes used for the transport of oil and gas in the oil industry. However, conventional polymer coatings offer limited properties, which often cannot meet design requirements for this type of application, particularly in regard to use temperature and wear resistance. Polymer nanocomposites are known to exhibit superior properties and, therefore, offer great potential for this type of application. Nevertheless, the degree of enhancement of a particular property is greatly dependent upon the matrix/nanoparticle material system used, the matrix/nanoparticle interfacial bonding and also the state of dispersion of the nanoparticle in the polymer matrix. The objective of the present research is to develop and characterize polymer based nanocomposites to be used as coatings in metallic pipelines for the transportation of oil and natural gas. Epoxy/SiO2 nanocomposites with nanoparticle contents of 2, 4, and 8 wt % were processed using a high-energy mill. Modifications of the SiO2 nanoparticles‟ surfaces with two different silane agents were carried out and their effect on the material properties were investigated. The state of dispersion of the materials processed was studied using Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy (SEM and TEM) micrographs. Thermogravimetric analysis (TG) were also conducted to determine the thermal stability of the nanocomposites. In addition, the processed nanocomposites were characterized by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) to investigate the effect of nanoparticles content and silane treatment on the viscoelastic properties and on the glass transition temperature. Finally, wear tests of the pin-on-disc type were carried out to determine the effects of the nanoparticles and the silane treatments studied. According to the results, the addition of SiO2 nanoparticles treated with silane increased the thermal stability, the storage modulus and Tg of the epoxy resin and decreased wear rate. This confirms that the interaction between the nanoparticles and the polymer chains plays a critical role on the properties of the nanocomposites

Avaliação por pig de perfilagem de danos superfciais nos materiais das paredes de dutos de petróleo

The modern technology of materials and structural integrity of pipelines requests the use of inspection tools named inspection pigs to detect, localize and measure the length, width and depth dimensions of the thickness losses of walls of buried and underwater pipelines in service. These tools run them internally, performing and recording measurements, with performance that varies according to the pig s technology. It has been developed recently an instrumented pig technology, called feller pig. This work aims to indicate factors that influence the feller pig technology performance in the detection and in the accuracy of measurement of the length, width and depth dimensions of the thickness losses on the internal surface of an oil pipeline wall under normal conditions of oil pipe inspection with pig. In this work, is made a collection of factors and an analyses of the technology based on the available literature, as well as an experiment to observe the technology and the factors operating. In the experiment, a feeler pig is used in a pipeline built in carbon steel and in operation that flows petroleum, in witch are observed areas with internal thickness losses occurred naturally. Some of these areas and their dimensions taken by automated ultra-sound scanner are compared with the ones indicated by the feller pig. Based on the data collection, on the analysis and on the experiment, the influence of factors object of this research is discussed. It is concluded that, among these, there are factors related to pipe fabrication tolerances, to wear of pig components, to internal adhesive wear of pipeline, to other pipeline damages and to technology characteristics. Finally, actions are suggested to know better, improve and define the applicability of this technology

Desenvolvimento de um sistema para análise de integridade estrutural de equipamentos estáticos baseado em cad vps micro cracks e ultrassom

In general, the designs of equipment takes into account the effects and processes of deterioration it will undergo and arrives at an approximate useful life. However, changes in operational processes and parameters, the action of external agents, the kind of maintenance conducted, the means of monitoring, and natural and accidental occurrences completely modify the desired performance of the equipment. The discontinuities that occur in anisotropic materials often and due to different factors evolve from being subcritical to critical acquiring the status of defect and compromising the physical integrity of the equipment. Increasingly sophisticated technological means of detection, monitoring and assessment of these discontinuities are required to respond ever more rapidly to the requirements of industry. This paper therefore presents a VPS (Virtual Pipe System) computational tool which uses the results of ultrasonic tests on equipment, plotting the discontinuities found in models created in the CAD and CAE systems, and then simulates the behavior of these defects in the structure to give an instantaneous view of the final behavior. This paper also presents an alternative method of conventional ultrasonic testing which correlates the integrity of an overlay (carbon steel and stainless steel attached by welding) and the reflection of ultrasonic waves coming from the interface between the two metals, thus making it possible to identify cracks in the casing and a shift of the overlay