La responsabilidad contractual de los organizadores y los detallistas de viajes combinados

Con la entrada en vigor de la Ley 21/1995, de 6 de julio, reguladora de los viajes combinados (LVC) se instaura una nuevo régimen de responsabilidad contractual del organizador y el detallista. Ahora el consumidor de esos viajes no sólo mantiene una relación contractual con el organizador si no también, en su caso, el detallista, cuya actuación deja de tener carácter representativo. Ambos sujetos responderán frente al consumidor "en función de las obligaciones que les correspondan por su ámbito respectivo de gestión del viaje combinado..." (art. 11.1), circunstancia que plantea algunas dificultades en orden a delimitar el alcance de su responsabilidad. Esa misma norma establece la responsabilidad del organizador por los actos de los prestadores de los servicios del viaje utilizados como auxiliares en el cumplimiento contractual. Analizados los sujetos responsables, la presente tesis doctoral estudia los supuestos de incumplimiento del contrato de viaje, las partidas de daños resarcibles y su extensión. El trabajo propone distintos criterios en orden a calcular el valor de los daños por lesión al llamado interés de prestación, los daños corporales, los daños ocasionados por el extravío, destrucción o deterioro de objetos del consumidor, los daños por gastos inútiles y costes de negocios de reemplazo, los daños no patrimoniales y los daños por ganancias dejadas de obtener. Cada una de esas partidas e daños merece un estudio pormenorizado. Así, por ejemplo, se constatan enormes problemas en cuanto a la identificación e indemnización separada de los daños por frustración o pérdida de vacaciones, así como la nesesidad de establecer unas circunstancias a las que los jueces deban acogerse para llevar a cabo su valoración discrecional. La tesis propone que dichas circunstanciasd sean el alcance del incumplimiento del contrato de viaje, las condiciones personales del consumidor, el tipo de vacaciones objeto del viaje contratado y el valor residual de las vacaciones.

La ejecución de las sentencias urbanísticas

El Estado español tiene más de 100.000 construcciones ilegales. En la actualidad, la ejecución de las sentencias en materia urbanística no es eficaz. Existe, por tanto, una situación de inejecución de las sentencias urbanísticas. Un ciudadano puede construir una casa al amparo de una licencia. Sin embargo, a veces, esta licencia es ilegal porque infringe el plan urbanístico aplicable y incluso la propia ley de urbanismo. La consecuencia jurídica de la ilegal es la obligatoriedad del derribo de lo ilegalmente construido. Lo mismo sucede ante la declaración de ilegalidad de un plan urbanístico. En este caso, el juez o tribunal estimará la ilegalidad del plan y el fallo deberá ser ejecutado. La solución no es un fácil porque la demolición o derribo de la construcción ilegal trae consigo el pago de una indemnización a los propietarios que han edificado al amparo de una licencia ilegal.El derecho a la ejecución de sentencias es prescrito por el artículo 24 de la Constitución española. Este artículo 24 garantiza el derecho de todos ciudadanos a una tutela judicial efectiva. El Tribunal Constitucional español en sus sentencias número 67/1984 y 28/1989, reconocieron que el derecho a la ejecución de las resoluciones judiciales deriva del propio derecho a la tutela judicial efectiva. La justicia administrativa está regulada por la Ley 29/1998, del 13 de julio, reguladora de la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa. En su artículo 103.1 de la Ley 29/1998, establece que los jueces y los tribunales de la jurisdicción administrativa son los competentes para hacer ejecutar las sentencias. Por otro lado, el artículo 117.3 de la Constitución Española otorga la competencia en exclusiva a los jueces y tribunales para hacer ejecutar las sentencias, como manifestación del principio de división de poderes.En último lugar, los valores que la legislación urbanística española incorpora, tales como, el desarrollo sostenible, urbanismo sostenible y la cohesión social, quedan inaplicados si las sentencias urbanísticas no se ejecutan.

A influência da psicologia no discurso do sentenciador: severidade "punitiva"e psicologização na justiça de menores

RESUMO: A presente dissertação, integrada no Mestrado de Psicologia Forense e da Exclusão Social, da Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, tem dois objectivos fundamentais: a análise da severidade das medidas tutelar educativas, na Justiça de Menores em Portugal e, avaliar o contributo do saber da Psicologia, no momento da decisão e escolha dessas mesmas medidas, pelo aplicador da lei. Para isso, foram analisados 58 Processos Tutelares Educativos, presentes no Tribunal de Família e Menores de Lisboa, e 11 arquivados na Direcção Geral de Reinserção Social, incidindo a análise, sobretudo, no tipo de medidas aplicadas, o género de crimes cometidos, e a referência a avaliações psicológicas ou perícias sobre a personalidade, como fundamento da decisão. Estes processos são analisados à luz de um instrumento de medida da aplicação de medidas tutelares em jovens, com idades compreendidas entre os 12 e os 16 anos: o Índice de Severidade Penalizadora e Psicologização no âmbito da transgressionalidade e delinquência juvenil (Criminalização Secundária – IPSS-CS-TDJ), de 2011. Os resultados evidenciam índices médios de severidade punitiva e de psicologização. Este estudo, dado o seu carácter pioneiro, representa, uma tentativa de abordagem empírica do problema. Para futuras investigações propõe-se a aplicação do instrumento a processos judiciais de outras regiões do país. ABSTRACT: The present thesis, integrated into Forensic Psychology and Social Exclusion Masters Degree, of Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies, has two fundamental objectives: an analysis of the tutelary educative measures severity, in juvenile justice system, in Portugal, and evaluate the contribution of the knowledge of psychology, at the moment of decision and choice of those measures, by judge. For this, were analyse 58 tutelary educative processes, belonging to the Family and Juvenile Court of Lisbon, and 11 archived in General Direction of Social Reintegration, focusing, mainly, on the type of measures applied, kind of crimes, and reference to psychological evaluations or personality investigation, as foundation of judicial decision. These processes are analysed based on an instrument to measure the application of punitive measure to young people: Punishment Severity Index and Psychologisation in the framework of Infringement and Juvenile Delinquency (ISPP-CSTDJ), 2011. The results show an average level of punishment severity and psychologisation. This study, represents a pioneer empirically approach to the problem. In order to future investigations is proposed apply the instrument to processes from other regions of the country.

As declarações do arguido e a estrutura acusatória do processo penal português

Changes to the rules concerning the admissibility of statements read in trial, previously provided by the defendant, despite its apparent simplicity, undermine the criminal procedural architecture projected from the constitutional structure accusatory criminal procedure. The principle that in judging only can be valued the evidence produced before the judge gives rise the production of evidence by the prosecution in the investigation phase.

El precedente constitucional-electoral: redefinición del sistema tradicional de fuentes (Tema Central)

El reconocimiento de la jurisprudencia como fuente jurídica principal concede a todo fallo efectos vinculantes de alcance general y abstracto. Este cambio de esquema ha trastocado los cánones de tradición romano-germánica. La ubicación de la jurisprudencia dentro del sistema de fuentes dependerá, por la forma, de la jerarquía orgánica del juez o tribunal del que emanare. En cuanto al fondo, existen dos aristas. La primera, en cuanto a la materia, en aplicación del principio del paralelismo de las formas jurídicas: si existiese reserva constitucional o legal sobre una materia determinada, la jurisprudencia estará creando subreglas de idéntica naturaleza y jerarquía. Finalmente, desde la perspectiva axiológica, en atención al principio de interpretación pro homine y de progresividad de los derechos fundamentales, la jurisprudencia que prevalecería es aquella que presente un estándar mayormente garantista, sin importar la jerarquía orgánica del juez o tribunal emisor.

Lidiando con la diferencia. Respuestas desde la justicia constitucional ecuatoriana y colombiana (Tema Central)

Este artículo asume que uno de los problemas contemporáneos más acuciantes es la enorme dificultad de relacionarnos con la diferencia, cualquiera que esta sea, y de construir formas de convivencia que superen las visiones dominantes basadas en las jerarquizaciones. el derecho no es ajeno a esta interpelación. En cada sentencia encontramos una disputa para dar sentido y significado a los derechos que están en juego en el caso concreto, tal disputa está ligada a las creencias, ideologías, formas de entender el mundo de quienes juzgan. es así que en este estudio analizo sentencias emitidas por las cortes constitucionales de ecuador y Colombia, para ensayar contestaciones a la interrogante: ¿Cómo responde la justicia constitucional ecuatoriana y colombiana en los casos que afronta la diferencia?

Turing Test: Mindless Game?

The Turing Test, originally configured for a human to distinguish between an unseen man and unseen woman through a text-based conversational measure of gender, is the ultimate test for thinking. So conceived Alan Turing when he replaced the woman with a machine. His assertion, that once a machine deceived a human judge into believing that they were the human, then that machine should be attributed with intelligence. But is the Turing Test nothing more than a mindless game? We present results from recent Loebner Prizes, a platform for the Turing Test, and find that machines in the contest appear conversationally worse rather than better, from 2004 to 2006, showing a downward trend in highest scores awarded to them by human judges. Thus the machines are not thinking in the same way as a human intelligent entity would.

Greening the United Nations' Human Development Index?

The Human Development Index (HDI) introduced by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in 1990 has helped facilitate widespread debate amongst development researchers, practitioners and policy makers. The HDI is an aggregate index, calculated on an annual basis by the UNDP and published in its Human Development Reports, comprising measures of three components deemed by them to be central to development: W income (the gross domestic product per capita), (ii) education (adult literacy rate) and (iii) health (life expectancy at birth). The results of calculating the HDI are typically presented as country/regional league tables, and provide a quick means for policy makers and others to judge performance. Perhaps partly because of the relative simplicity of the index, the HDI has managed to achieve a level of acceptance and use amongst politicians and policy makers that has yet to emerge with any indicator of sustainability. Indeed, despite its existence for 11 years, including nine years after the Rio Earth Summit, the HDI has not even been modified to take on board wider issues of sustainability. This paper will critically examine the potential for 'greening' the HDI so as to include environmental and resource-consumption dimensions. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.

HESS Opinions ``Ensembles, uncertainty and flood prediction''

Ensemble predictions are being used more frequently to model the propagation of uncertainty through complex, coupled meteorological, hydrological and coastal models, with the goal of better characterising flood risk. In this paper, we consider the issues that we judge to be important when designing and evaluating ensemble predictions, and make recommendations for the guidance of future research.

Some factors affecting variation in milk yield in crossbred dairy cows on smallholder farms in north-east Tanzania

A 2-year longitudinal survey was carried out to investigate factors affecting milk yield in crossbred cows on smallholder farms in and around an urban centre. Sixty farms were visited at approximately 2-week intervals and details of milk yield, body condition score (BCS) and heart girth measurements were collected. Fifteen farms were within the town (U), 23 farms were approximately 5 km from town (SU), and 22 farms approximately 10 km from town (PU). Sources of variation in milk yield were investigated using a general linear model by a stepwise forward selection and backward elimination approach to judge important independent variables. Factors considered for the first step of formulation of the model included location (PU, SU and U), calving season, BCS at calving, at 3 months postpartum and at 6 months postpartum, calving year, herd size category, source of labour (hired and family labour), calf rearing method (bucket and partial suckling) and parity number of the cow. Daily milk yield (including milk sucked by calves) was determined by calving year (p < 0.0001), calf rearing method (p = 0.044) and BCS at calving (p < 0.0001). Only BCS at calving contributed to variation in volume of milk sucked by the calf, lactation length and lactation milk yield. BCS at 3 months after calving was improved on farms where labour was hired (p = 0.041) and BCS change from calving to 6 months was more than twice as likely to be negative on U than SU and PU farms. It was concluded that milk production was predominantly associated with BCS at calving, lactation milk yield increasing quadratically from score 1 to 3. BCS at calving may provide a simple, single indicator of the nutritional status of a cow population.

Some factors affecting reproductive success in crossbred dairy cows on smallholder farms in coastal north-east Tanzania

A 2-year longitudinal survey was carried out to investigate factors affecting reproduction in crossbred cows on smallholder farms in and around an urban centre. Sixty farms were visited at approximately 2-week intervals and details of reproductive traits and body condition score (BCS) were collected. Fifteen farms were within the town (U), 23 farms were approximately 5 km from town (SU), and 22 farms approximately 10 km from town (PU). Sources of variation in reproductive traits were investigated using a general linear model (GLM) by a stepwise forward selection and backward elimination approach to judge important independent variables. Factors considered for the first step of formulation of the model included location (PU, SU and U), type of insemination, calving season, BCS at calving, at 3 months postpartum and at 6 months postpartum, calving year, herd size category, source of labour (hired and family labour), calf rearing method (bucket and partial suckling) and parity number of the cow. The effects of the independent variables identified were then investigated using a non-parametric survival technique. The number of days to first oestrus was increased on the U site (p = 0.045) and when family labour was used (p = 0.02). The non-parametric test confirmed the effect of site (p = 0.059), but effect of labour was not significant. The number of days from calving to conception was reduced by hiring labour (p = 0.003) and using natural service (p = 0.028). The non-parametric test confirmed the effects of type of insemination (p = 0.0001) while also identifying extended calving intervals on U and SU sites (p = 0.014). Labour source was again non-significant. Calving interval was prolonged on U and SU sites (p = 0.021), by the use of AI (p = 0.031) and by the use of family labour (p = 0.001). The non-parametric test confirmed the effect of site (p = 0.008) and insemination type (p > 0.0001) but not of labour source. It was concluded that under favourable conditions (PU site, hired labour and natural service) calving intervals of around 440 days could be achieved.

Assessing the PhD: a constructive view of criteria

Research and informed debate reveals that institutional practices in relation to research degree examining vary considerably across the sector. Within a context of accountability and quality assurance/total quality management, the range and specificity of criteria that are used to judge doctoral work is of particular relevance. First, a review of the literature indicates that, although interest in and concern about the process is burgeoning, there is little empirical research published from which practitioners can draw guidance. The second part of the paper reviews that available research, drawing conclusions about issues that seem to pertain at a general level across disciplines and institutions. Lest the variation is an artefact of discipline difference, the third part of the paper focuses on a within discipline study. Criteria expected/predicted by supervisors are compared and contrasted with those anticipated and experienced by candidates and with those implemented and considered important by examiners. The results are disturbing.

The Nutritional Significance of Lipid Rafts

The structure, size, stability, and functionality of lipid rafts are still in debate, but recent techniques allowing direct visualization have characterized them in a wide range of cell types. Lipid rafts are potentially modifiable by diet, particularly (but not exclusively) by dietary fatty acids. However, it is not clear whether dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are incorporated into raft lipids or whether their low affinity to cholesterol disallows this and causes phase separation from rafts and displacement of raft proteins. This review examines the potential for dietary modification of raft structure and function in the immune system, brain and retinal tissue, the gut, and in cancer cells. Although there is increasing evidence to suggest that membrane microdomains, and their modulation, have an impact in health and disease, it is too early to judge whether modulation of lipid rafts is responsible for the immunomodulatory effects of n-3 PUFA. In addition to dietary fatty acids, gangliosides and cholesterol may also modulate microdomains in a number of tissues, and recent work has highlighted sphingolipids in membrane microdomains as potential targets for inhibition of tumor growth by n-3 PUFA. The roles of fatty acids and gangliosides in cognitive development, age-related cognitive decline, psychiatric disorders, and Alzheimer's disease are poorly understood and require clarification, particularly with respect to the contribution of lipid rafts. The roles of lipid rafts in cancer, in microbial pathogenesis, and in insulin resistance are only just emerging, but compelling evidence indicates the growing importance of membrane microdomains in health and disease.

Passive verb morphology: the effect of phonotactics on passive comprehension in typically developing and grammatical-SLI children

In this study we explore the impact of a morphological deficit on syntactic comprehension. A self-paced listening task was designed to investigate passive sentence processing in typically developing (TD) children and children with Grammatical-Specific Language Impairment (G-SLI). Participants had to judge whether the sentence they heard matched a picture they were shown. Working within the framework of the Computational Grammatical Complexity Hypothesis, which stresses how different components of the grammar interact, we tested whether children were able to use phonotactic cues to parse reversible passive sentences of the form the X was verbed by Y We predicted that TD children would be able to use phonotactics to parse a form like touched or hugged as a participle, and hence interpret passive sentences correctly. This cue is predicted not be used by G-SLI children, because they have difficulty building complex morphological representations. We demonstrate that indeed TD, but not G-SLI, children are able to use phonotactics cues in parsing passive sentences. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.