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Resumo:
The A-level Mathematics qualification is based on a compulsory set of pure maths modules and a selection of applied maths modules with the pure maths representing two thirds of the assessment. The applied maths section includes mechanics, statistics and (sometimes) decision maths. A combination of mechanics and statistics tends to be the most popular choice by far. The current study aims to understand how maths teachers in secondary education make decisions regarding the curriculum options and offers useful insight to those currently designing the new A-level specifications.
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with A-level maths teachers representing 27 grammar schools across Northern Ireland. Teachers were generally in agreement regarding the importance of pure maths and the balance between pure and applied within the A-level maths curriculum. A wide variety of opinions existed concerning the applied options. While many believe that the basic mechanics-statistics (M1-S1) combination is most accessible, it was also noted that the M1-M2 combination fits neatly alongside A-level physics. Lack of resources, timetabling constraints and competition with other subjects in the curriculum hinder uptake of A-level Further Maths.
Teachers are very conscious of the need to obtain high grades to benefit both their pupils and the school’s reputation. The move to a linear assessment system in England while Northern Ireland retains the modular system is likely to cause some schools to review their choice of exam board although there is disagreement as to whether a modular or linear system is more advantageous for pupils. The upcoming change in the specification offers an opportunity to refresh the assessment also and reduce the number of leading questions. However, teachers note that there are serious issues with GCSE maths and these have implications for A-level.
Resumo:
Shape memory alloys (SMAs) have the ability to undergo large deformations with minimum residual strain and also the extraordinary ability to undergo reversible hysteretic shape change known as the shape memory effect. The shape memory effect of these alloys can be utilised to develop a convenient way of actively confine concrete sections to improve their shear strength, flexural ductility and ultimate strain. Most of the previous work on active confinement of concrete using SMA has been carried out on circular sections. In this study retrofitting strategies for active confinement of non-circular sections have been proposed. The proposed schemes presented in this paper are conceived with an aim to seismically retrofit beam-column joints in non-seismically designed reinforced concrete buildings. SMAs are complex materials and their material behaviour depends on number of parameters. Depending upon the alloying elements, SMAs exhibit different behaviour in different conditions and are highly sensitive to variation in temperature, phase in which it is used, loading pattern, strain rate and pre-strain conditions. Therefore, a detailed discussion on the behaviour of SMAs under different thermo-mechanical conditions is presented first.
Resumo:
The purpose of this study was to explore nurses' perceptions of their current practices related to administering pain medications to long-term care (LTC) residents. A cross-sectional survey design was used, including both quantitative and open-ended questions. Data were collected from 165 nurses (59% response rate) at nine LTC homes in southern Ontario, Canada. The majority (85%) felt that the medication administration system was adequate to help them manage residents' pain and 98% felt comfortable administering narcotics. In deciding to administer a narcotic, nurses were influenced by pain assessments, physician orders, diagnosis, past history, effectiveness of non-narcotics and fear of making dosage miscalculations or developing addictions. Finally, most nurses stated that they trusted the physicians and pharmacists to ensure orders were safe. These findings highlight nurses' perceptions of managing pain medications in LTC and related areas where continuing education initiatives for nurses are needed.
Resumo:
Background Advance care planning (ACP) facilitates communication
and understanding of preferences, nevertheless the use of
ACPs in primary care for patients with dementia is low. The disease’s
uncertain course and the inability to communicate with
the patient living with dementia are significant challenges for
GPs.
Aim The purpose of this study was to describe the attitudes and
practice preferences of GPs working within the UK’s National
Health System (NHS) regarding communication, and decisionmaking
for patients with dementia and their families
Methods A cross-sectional survey, using a purposive, cluster sample
of GPs across Northern Ireland with registered dementia
patients was used.
Results One hundred and thirty-three GPs (40.6%) participated
in the survey, representing 60.9% of surveyed practices. While
most respondents regarded dementia as a terminal disease
(96.2%) only 37.6% felt that palliative care applied equally from
the time of diagnosis to severe dementia. While most respondents
thought that early discussions would facilitate decision-making
during advanced dementia (61%), respondents were divided
on whether ACP should be initiated at the time of diagnoses
(39.8% in favour vs 45.8% disagreed). Interestingly, GPs who
were longer in practice placed greater importance on the presence
of an advance directive (F (2, 124) = 3.38, p = 0.037).
Discussion The timing of initiating ACP varies across individuals
requiring GPs to carefully consider strategies and receptiveness
of the patient and family carer.
Conclusion The findings promote both ongoing training in communication
and dementia management for GPs to meet the
needs of their patients living with dementia.